waa 



m 



■ 


Wm 


1 


H 






'oO N 






xP \V 









V V 













THE 

AMERICAN MANUAL; 

CONTAINING 

A BRIEF OUTLINE of THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OP POLITICAL 

POWER, AND THE LAWS OF NATIONS; 

A COMMENTARY ON THE CONSTITUTION 

OF 

THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, 

AND 

A LUCID -EXPOSITION OF THE DTTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF 
VOTERS, JURORS, AND CIVIL MAGISTRATES ; • 

WITH 

QUESTION'S, DEFINITIONS, AND MARGINAL EXERCISES; 

DESIGNED TO DEVELOPE AND STRENGTHEN THE MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL 

POWERS OF YOUTH, AND IMPART AN ACCURATE KNOWLEDGE OF 

THE NATURE AND NECESSITY OF POLITICAL WISDOM. 

ADAPTED TO THE USE OF 

SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, AND THE PUBLIC: 
JOSEPH BARTLETTOURLEIGH, A.M. 

A Member of the Baltimore Bar, and Prudent of Newton University. 
% 




PHILADELPHIA: 

GRIGG, ELLIOT <fc CO. 

li NORTH POURTi BTR1 

1848. 



TK2.2-.I 

•TVU 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by 

JOSEPH BARTLETT BURLEIGH, 

in the clerk's office of the District Court of the United Slates for 
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



STEREOTYPED BY J. FKAN. 
PRINTED BY T. K. AND P. G. COI.MNS. 



(2) 



PREFACE. 



This Volume is designed to promote a know- 
ledge of the nature and necessity of political 
wisdom, — the paramount importance of the Con- 
stitution of the United States, and the momentous 
duties and responsibilities of Voters, Jurors, and 
Civil Magistrates. — If it shall tend in the smallest 
degree to incite an interest in the Philosophy of 
our own Language, — to foster a devotion to the 
Union, — awaken a conscientiousness, — a desire for 
excellence among the rising generation, and im- 
bue their minds with fidelity to the social and 
political institutions of the Republic, the object 
of the author will be realized. 



\l 



(3) 



PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. 



The publishers commit this work to the practical teach* 
the United States, believing that it will greatly assist them in the 
discharge of their important duties, and reflect the highest honor 
on their profession. The Author is a laborious practical teacher, 
of twenty years' experience ; he has travelled extensively in every 
section of the Union, with a view to ascertain the true condition 
and the real wants of the schools of the country. He lias ftfeo 
made many and important improvements in the system of instruc- 
tion, and we think nothing is hazarded in the assertion that QO&e 
understand the true character of the schools of the whole Union 
better, or are more ardently and zealously devoted to the cause of 
universal education. 

The work seems to be imperatively demanded. It has 
the highest commendation from all who have carefully examined 
it. Many politicians from the leading parties of the country, and 
some of the ablest divines from the prevailing denominations of 
Christians in the Union, have given it their heartiest approval. 

It is intended, both by us and the Author, that it shall contain 
no sentiment that will in the least militate againsl the views of any 

denomination of Christians, or that shall conflict with the political 
opinions of the patriotic citizens of any party in our land. 

On every page are inculcated principles that will tend to make 
the mind purer, and the heart better. The spirit of the entire 
work is of the most patriotic character ; it advocates the rights 
and the privileges of the people. It sets forth in vivid light their 
duties, and the necessity of the universal dissemination of sound 
education, and the purest principles of patriotism and morality. 

The proper use of the marginal exercises cannot fail to give the 
pupil an accurate use of words and an extensive command of lan- 
guage. It must tend to render the Teacher's Profession delightful, 
because the plan, carried out, will always be attended with suc- 
cess, and enable him. at the close of each day, to see that labor 
has not been spent in vain. 

======================== 



CONTEXTS. 



UB980N I. 

Design of the Work — Mun.ii.V 

.utition ol their Use and Advantage — 

-Marginal words 

tried Definitions, 

ic., given —Their Apph- 

s _ Simple Sentences — Pro- 

- 4 the Pupil— Pages 9-11. 

LESSON II. 

Definitions and Svnonvms not found in the 
Margin, to he given by the Scholar— Pains 
met uruuse Thought and faves- 

a ni a Class lo he secured 
—Muds of patting Questions to accomplish 
tin* End exnl. lined — Tact necessary in the 
Tea r»i Reading most advanta- 

geous to the Scholar— Pages 11-12. 

N III. 
to he varied according to 
ssity of 
distinct Articulation and correct Pronuncia- 
tion— ine Instructor to commit Errors Pur- 
posely, in ordr r that the Scholars may make 
. :i Feature to be made a 
_• > . until well understood — 

Anec iris Rhetorician —N» 

comprehend what he reads 
— Paramount importance of the Reading 
Lessou— Pages 12-14. 

LESSON IV. 
An oral or written Account of the Reading 
Lesson to he given by the Pupil from Memory 
improvement of the Learner 
Application of Words, 
and Ease and Rapidity of Composition— At- 
>f the Scholar thus riveted— Habit of 
tfa Acc u racy and Preci- 
sion thus acquired — Immeasurable benefit 
thereby accruing to all the Sons and Daught- 
ers of "the Laud— Pages 14-15. 

LESSON V. 

Judgment of the Teacher to be used in sim- 
_. suppressing, or extending the Mar- 
ginal Easterns*, and in illustrating sad vary- 

[>es»ons— Local Prejudices to be thus 

• Plan will not suit every 

ed application of 

■Marginal 

Terms 

Literary and Sri.-ntir.c '1 hen 
of Distinction in the varied Use of the same 
Word pointed out by them— Pages 13-17. 

LESSON" VI 
Errors to be corrected by the Pu; 
Answers to be at first porn 

• ns — Attractiveness of the 

Pn- 

- Pages 17-19. 

VII. 
The Pupil's own Ti. oughts to be elicited— At- 
tributes of the Mind to be exercised— Exer- 



1* 



tion required in Educators— Opposition to be 
met bv them; their final Success — Equal 
not derived by all from the same 
Book— Thoroughness necessary in Reading 
— Error sometimes printed — Some Books to 
ba shunned— Rehections— Appeal on behalf 
of proper Education- The American Consti- 
tution— Pages 19-21. 

LESSON VIII. 
Our principles of Action formed in early Life 
from the Books studied in School— Extensive 
influence of Teachers on the Destiny ol Man- 
kind— Their Labors often inadequately re- 
warded—Plan of rigid Moral and Intellectual 
Training to be earned out— Enthusiasm tor 
Critical Study thereby excited— Consequent 
Advantages to Society— Pages 21—24. 

LESSON IX. 

Political Science an important Study — Excel- 
lencies of the National Constitution— Some 
knowledge of the Rise and Progress of the 
Science of Government necessary lor all — 
Ongin of Government — Far reaching cha- 
racter of the Mosaic History — Only reliable 
account of the Antediluvian World — Mo- 
mentous Events only related— Paternal Au- 
thority the source of Government— Longevity 
of trie Antediluvians— Consequent early dense 
Population of the World — Absolute Sway 
over Families formerly exercised by Fathers 
— Blessings at present enjoyed by us— Pages 
24-29. 

LESSON X. 

Difference between Family Law and Law ge- 
nerally— Imperfection of early Governments 
—Prevalence of Licentiousness and Deprav- 
jty— Wickedness destroyed by the Almighty 
through a Deluge-' Reflection?.— Age ol the 
World— Wise Laws enjoyed by but a small 
Portion of its inhabitants— Noah and his Sons 
commanded to replenish the Eartbr-A Por- 
tion of Noah's Descendants, regardless of the 
Almighty's commands, build the lower ol 
Babel, to make themselves a Name — I utility 
of their Scheme— A Lesson for us 
son of Languages— Resolution ol - 
its Primitive Stah — Result ol Man's painful 
and long-continued Erforts- 

LESSON XL 
Early Governments not the result of Delibera- 
tion — Influence and Dominion acquired in 
re Times bv Men noted for Strength, 
Bravery, and Skill— Nimrod founder of the 
first Empire — Primeval Governments des- 
potic— Herodotus' sccount ofthe 1 

• lianking, Dejoces— Early Crowns 

reumsenbed Dominions n\ 

Brsl Monarch*— Kings consequently nu- 

m , | i division of Egypt, < bina, 

end Japan — Similar examples now existing 

R iled dan-efrerded 

■ »r of Rulers Inctaase-— Rule, at 

I irped and made, hereditary 

—Pages 34-10. 



T*T 



LESSON XII. 

Ceremonies of Marriage, regulation of Pro- 
perty.and punishment of Crimea, among the 
first. Laws instituted — Penal Laws at first 
extremely severe — Many Grime* punished 
with Deadi by the Mosaic Code— Its tender- 
ness of the irrational Creation— Is the Basis 
of our own Laws — Publicity uecessary to 
authentic Engagements— Writing unknown ; 
Laws transmitted to Posterity in oral 
— Executive power needed— The early Kuler 
a Magistrate and Pnest — Land assigned to 
every Family— Prohibition to remove Land- 
marks— Title to Lund gained by cultivation 
—Modem Changes in old Kegulations— Pages 
4(M7. 

LESSON XIII. 

Laws of some Sort have always governed the 
whole human Race— Examples— The l in- 
verse pervaded by Law— All protected and 
restrained by it — Condition of Society in 
which human Restrictions would not be 
needed, impossible under present Circum- 
stances—Incorrectness of a common Asser- 
tion shown — Non-existence of natural Li- 
berty — Human Laws defective and inade- 
quate—Those of God pnrfecl m ail R< - 
— Even Americana are not fcoverned by Laws 
of their own making— Demonstration — All 
are dependent — Reflections —An Appeal — 
Pages 47-57. 

LESSON XIV. 

Man created for Civil Society —Causes Which 
bind Men together— Each Individual should 

relinquish the claim of Maintaining and Re- 
dressing Personal Kighta and \\ rougs, to Au- 
thorities delegated by the Community — The 
ablest Minds generally selected to establish 

Rules — Security ami Happiness afforded by 

Christian Commonwealths — l. aw of Nations 
—Based upon Christianity— Not enforced by 

any Human Tribunal— No Courts lor adjust- 
ing National disputes — Moral obligations dis- 
regarded by ancient Empires ami Republics 

— The fame of Koine tarnished by her Per- 
fidy — Superior Moral Character of Modern 

JSations— Additional Remarks — Pages . 

LESSON XV. 

Divisions of the law of Nations — Necessary 
Law of Nations defined — Positive or Inter- 
national Law explained at large — Applica- 
tion of the two Divisions contrasted — Lach 
Nation at liberty to legislate for itself, pro- 
vided thai by so doing it does not injure an- 
other—A Stale breaking the Law of Nations 

liable to attack from all the Rest— National 
rights of Navigation — Passports — National 

Agents— Ambassadors— Paires tvi-ofcl. 

LESSON XVI. 
Envoys — Plenipotentiaries— Ministers — Nature 
of the distinction between Ambassadors. En- 
voys, Plenipotentiaries, and Resident Minis- 
ters — Charges d'Aflaires — Consuls — Their 
Business — War — Its Formalities and Laws- 
Declaration of— The Tax-payer a belligerent 
as well as the Soldier — Difference between 
Offensive and Defensive War — Dangers aris- 
ing from Military Ambition and Renown- 
Pages 66-72. 

LESSON XVU. 

Nature and Effect of a Blockade — Truces and 
Armistices denned — Consequences of a De- 
claration of War — An Embargo — Letters of 



Marque and Reprisal — Privateers — Ti 

— Observations on the tendency of War — 

Pages 72-76. 

LESSON XVIII. 
Origin of the American Constitutio n ■ K ecmpi- 
tulatiou — Earl) 

formed by the People of America for n 
Defence and Protection — Congn 
Difli I ..■ 

and those of its Members generally-] 
United Government drawn up by I i 
rejected not only by the Kins, but by all the 
Colonies — Reasons and Cause — Indignation 
roused by the passage of the S 
Cong : declaration oi 

Adopts an Address to the Kins:, and ■ Pi ution 
to ea< h House of Parliament — Coogl 
1771 — Knst recommended by the People of 
Providence, Rhode Island- 

ubsson xix. 

The "Revolutionary Government, 

nental Congress"— Pass< ttiou of 

Rights, October ll'h, 1774, and the I'. 

tion or Independence, J —The 

uate nationality of the United 
dales from the tir^t. and the ' 
based upon both— Various prioi I 
lomal Government — G< irks — 

\ V 
Declaration -of Rights— Its reception by 'he 
imhnlii rnuiiiij romwnnj nniniil of H 

ties— Pages E) 

\\r. 

Declaration of Independent 102 

LESSON XXII. 

Sketch of a Confederation »uhm 
I rankhn to < "n. 

— i , 

tutional plan oi Union — ' until 

Cle.S of ( 'i.utedeiatioil. N 

— 1 hey are sanctioned by all t In 
hist one. Maryland, agn 
March. i781 — Coi 

day under the m I lie two Pe- 

riods of the Continental ' 
gradually progressive— Beginning; of tl 
tionahtv of the Colonies, and n*»e of the Ge- 
neral Government — Tb< 
abroad as the " UniW d Mates"— Pow< 
Congress inadequate— Amended and e> 
ed from nine to turn — Pecuniary 
ments of the Country on the return ol 

— A Government of and from the ft 
wanted — Incompetency or the Ann i 
Confederation for managing National Alfiuri 
demons! rated to Madison, Hamilton, and Liy. 
— Washington in Retirement bruoda 

H of the Country, and disappointed 
Hopes— First idea of a Revision of the Arti- 
cles of Confederation started at Mount Ver- 
non — A Convention proposed by • 
Held at Annapolis, with but five S 

presented — Recommends another to met t m 
Phdadetphia — Constitution of the I'mted 
Mares framed by this Last — Remarks— Pages 

1U2-1U9. 

5SON XXIII. 
Violation of the essential Principles of rational 
Liberty and English Common Law, the nn- 
mediate Cause of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence — Proceedings of Congress pending 



CONTENTS. 



VI 1 



it—" Committee of the Whole" explained in 
full— Extracts from the Journals o: 
of 1778 — Committee of five appointed to pre- 
pare the Declaration — Bf agreement each 
draws up a Form independent ot the Others 
— Jeffe v - i i in Comra 

adop-'ed onaaimoasly— True Ca 

Revolution exhibited by the 
.•:>n— Ail the Excellencies of the Eng- 
i uur own — A 
— 1 Me Revolu- 
tion oo4 1 in inn-it ->: our 
- nitted to us the 
: ted by their Bravery — Critical 

g nation of the S gnera of the Declaration— 
nf them by Emissaries 
rowD — Their great Merit— Americans 
of the present Day should be Friendly la 
itish brethren — British Parliamentary 
» in fav >r of American Revolutionary 
Liberty— Exhortation— Pa^es 10&-118L 

ra xxiv— xxv— xxvi & xxvn 

- ,:i! of America- 
Pages 118-11'2. 

- >N XXVIU. 

intendment of the 
i of the United States of Amenca 

• 

5S A* XXTX. 

Commentary on the Constitution — Derivation 
of the word " Constitution — The Constitu- 
Fn-land and other Monarchies, de- 
pending up^n immemorial Consent of the 
ze. it is difficult 
for the Majority of the Ruled to an 
then:- - ifour own in this Respect 

— Derivation of the word " Preamble'' — 
f 'he Preamble in elucklatii R 
Pnn u'ioo — Remarks — 

— The " more i 

Pist Read and 
• :* the Constitution 
before they 'can rastaia it — Comparatively 
Bomber of Men and W(»raeii who have 
stitution — Number of false 
Oatt <• ■ n by Office- 

hold'- i er and Glory of our I 

try sustained by its Teachers— Pa^es 118-156. | 

LESSON XXX. 
Commentary on the Preamble continued— Im- 
port i gh Male and Female Edu- 

Gorernmenls — Tb« 
Itshment ot J --The" en- 

durance of Domestic 1 niu<juillity" — Com- 
ment*— Pages 15G-160. 

YXI. 
Commentary on the Preamble concluded— Pro- 



■ '-Remarks- - 

—General ObsenraUone— Pages 180-167. 

W'H. 
Commentary on the Constitution — legislative 
Depa — ntatives — I 

: .polar Branch ha* the po •••• ■ 
Impeachm* 

haaty Action —A O.urt for the tnal 
peachmen's — Skilful dist 
—Pages 109 



LESSON XXX HI. 
Pines and Compensation of Members; and 
Powers of Congress generally — Election — 
Uuorum — Adjournment — Fay — Exemption 
from Arrest lal Privilege— Free 

dom from being Questioned for Speech or 
-Revenue Bills to emanate 

from the Lower Housi — Veto — Dun. - 
to be alike throughout the Country— Con- 
eroe— Establish uni- 
form Naturalization— Can pass general Bank- 
rupt Lawn— la alone to com Money and fix 
SI indard— The Post -Office and Mad Sen. 
vice — Copy-lights and Pa'cn's— Piracy— De- 
claration and Conduct of War — Navv— (Gov- 
ernment of I .and and Sea Forces — Militia— 
Paramounr Authority requisite for the treue- 
ral Government— Pages 173-182. 

LESSON XXXIV. 

Prohibitions upon* the Powers of Congress and 

upon the States- -Migration or Import ation 

Off Persons — Slave-trade — Habeas Corpus — 
Bills of Attainder— Ex Post Facto Laws— No 
Dutv to be laid bo Exports of any Stati — No 
Preference tu be given to Port-s of any Sta'e 
— No Vessel from one State bound to enter, 
clear, or pay Duties in anorher — No Money 
to be drawn, but in consequence of Appro- 
priations made by Law — Exhibit of the State 
of Public Finances to be published from 
time to time — No Titles off Nobility to be 
granted — Office-holders not allowed to ac- 
cept Presents. &c . from Foreign Govern- 
ments — Rights of and Restrictions on the 
States — Continental Money — Nothing hut 
Gold and Silver a legal Tender — The States 
not to pass Bills of Attainder, Ex Post Facto 
Laws, and Laws impairing Contracts— Not to 
grant Titles of Mobility— In extremity can 
wage Defensive War — Executive Department 
— President — Vice-President — Remarks — 
Rule for finding t tie Name ^t any Co ng ress 
— Actual mode of electing Executive Magis- 
trates—Pages 182* I 

LESSON XXXV. 
Duties of the Presidential Flexors — Contin- 
gency of an Election by the Mouse of Repre- 

provided Tor — Way of Prom 
of the Doctoral College — Qui 
President and v*we-Pteaident--Salariea— 
Oaths of Office — Denunciation— -Warning— 
Powers and Duties of the President — la 

niai:der-m- r *hief of the whole Mditarv | 

— Can Reprieve and Pardon, but not io 
of Impeachment — Has, io connection with 
the Senate, the Treaty-making Power, and 
See— Removes from 
OAo nsultinc the Senate — An 

-♦-195. 

KXvT 

I of the President, continued— Is to give 
Congreai information of the "State of the 

I'mori.'" and recommend Measures for the 
. i «|— Has Power to convene Con- 
rresi— \nnual pfeesaee— Special Men 

• lip' 1. HI 

U>". iVIitv tO Im- 

! any aotl given by 

Judicial De- 
par* n — A law- i 

fontei '• 

if the Jod a the 

Executive and I> - rs— Duties of 



Vlll 



CONTENTS. 



the Judiciary— Range of its Powers— Judges 
— How appointed — Duration of their Term 
of Office — Subject to removal only on Im- 
peachment — Supreme Court — Its Jurisdic- 
tion, Original and Appellate, defined and de- 
scribed—Trial by Jury— Pages 195-202. 

LESSON XXXVII. 
Treason — Its Nature— Two Witnesses needed 
to Convict of it— Effects of Attainder limited 
to the Life of the Offender— Horrible ancient 
English Common Law punishment of Trea- 
son—Its punishment here — Public Records- 
Privileges of Citizens — Fugitive Criminals 
and Slaves— Formation and Admission of new 
States — Government of the Territories — 
Amendments to the Constitution provided 
for — Public Debt — Supremacy of t lit* Consti- 
tution and Laws — Religious Test — O.ith of 
Office — Ratification <>f the Constitution — 
Remarks— Pages 2<r2-208. 

LESSON XX XVI II. 

Commentary on the Amendments — No Reli- 
gion to be established by Law — Freedom of 

Speech and Liberty of the Press guaranteed— 
Righi of Petition confirmed to the Peoph — 
Militia — (tight of the People Ul keep and 
bear Arms not to be infringed— Remai 
Standing Armies and Military Habits— Addi- 
tional observations — In tune of Peace Sol- 
diers are not to be quartered in any House 
without the Owner's Consent — ! 

LESSON XW1X. 
Houses of the People protected against unrea- 
sonable Searches— Speedy trial guaranteed 

to tiiose accused of < "i lint — Life not to lie 

twice jeoparded — Other Privileges— Jury 

trial extended to dvil Ca*es— Manner of ex- 
amining Causes once tried, prescribed — Pio- 
hllntion of excessive Bail ;nid lines, and un- 
usual punishmi ni— Rights enumerated do not 

affect those retained— Reservation of Towers 
— Prohibition additional upon the Powers of 
the Supreme Court — Remarks — Present 
Manner of electing the President and Vice- 
President shown by Article XII —Reason {)( 
the Change — Duration of the Constitution — 
General Reflect ions— Washington's Farewell 
Address— Extract from Bryant— Pages 216- 
225. 

LESSON XL. 

Duties and Responsibilities of Voters — Popular 
Phrases rendered obsolete by the peculiar 
Character of our Institutions— Subject con- 
sidered at Length — Reflections — Pages 225- 
234. 

LESSON ILL 

Subject continued — Enlightenment necessary 
—Ignorance in any Part detrimental to the 
Whole— Apostrophe— Rights of the Minority 
— Party Virulence dangerous — Admonition to 
Voters— Pages 234-239. 



LESSON XLII. 
Duties and Responsibilities of Jurors — Prepa- 
ratory Mental Discipline an essential thm? to 
a Juryman — General Remarks— Two kinds 
of Junes — Grand Juries defined and ex- 
plained—Preliminary Oaths of their Foremen 
and Members— Extent of their Jurisdiction- 
One Member appointed Secretary, hut DO re 
cords kept — Bills of Indictment supplied by 
the Attornev-General — Secret examination 
of Witnesses— Pages 239-245. 

LESSON XLI11. 
Subject continued— Vigilance and Caution re- 
quired — Presentments— Further Explana- 
tions and Remarks- Jury of Trials or Petit 
Jury— The Oath— Qualifications should be of 
an equally high order as those of 
Jury— Definition— Trial Public— Kv 
be tiist given by the Plaintiff— Cr« 
nation — Challenged Questions decided apou 
by the B wl — Sum- 

ming up of Testimony by the Judgl 
terpreta'iou of the Law — I 
mined by the Jury— Pages 245-252. 

\[ IV. 
Subject continued — Admonition— Way of pro- 
w b— In intricat 
Common Law • \ between 

ancient and modern Jury treatment — Crimi- 
nal prosecutions— Surest preventm 
— Privileges of the Accused — Further Re- 
mark! J(50. 

LESSON XLV. 
Disclaimer — Danger to l»e apprehended — No- 
thing stationary — General Observations — 

LESSON XI. VI. 
Duties and Responsible 
— Term defined — Iinprovemi 
tion of Society — Extracts from I 
others, on the Subje< 
panvins extracts from earlv English 
—Pages 96B-376L 

LESSON XLVI1. 
General Observations and Reflections — Pages 
276-282. 

LESSONS Xl.VIII. A XUX. 
Concluding Remarks— Pages 282-200-301. 

STATISTICAL TABLES— Pages 301-3ia 

APPENDIX— Pages 1-54. 

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION — Pages 
45-48. 



THE 



AMERICAN MANUAL. 



DIRECTIONS, EXPLANATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS. 

LESSON I. 

This ' Work is designed for general read- 
ers, and also for a text-book in ' Elementary 
Schools and Academies. The marginal ' Ex- 
ercises are peculiar to the ' Author's School- 
5 books. It is easy, however, to ' show their 
use and ' advantage. Before the first letter 
of some word in ' every line is the figure 1, 
which ' denotes that the word is defined, or 
the synonym given, at the ' end of the line. 

10 The pupil, in reading, may 'omit the marled 

word, and in its place supply the definition or 

synonym: thus, "work" in the first 'line, 

may be omitted, and the sentence read 

"This book is designed for 'general read- 

15 ers,'' and then proceed in a similar ' man- 
ner, till the paragraph is finished After this 



3 £. cd 3 =n 

p r 3 = = 

~ 5 « Q £ 

W^ •" 3 ■ 



Book. 
Primary. 

Lessons for 
practice. 

Writer's. 

Exhibit. 

Benefit. 

Each. 

Marks. 

Termination. 

Not mention. 

Give. 

Row of words 

Public. 

Peculiar w«j 

'"onipleted. 



iVBITItfl 

Tlif I m the Appendix. 

To what does their, in the 5th line, refer] In how minv sentences 
w<»rd work so that in every instance it shall convey a 
different meaning ! What is a paragraph J 

(») 



10 DIRECTIONS, EXPLANATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS. 



the 'pupils should analyze the paragraph, 
and 'name all the simple and compound sen- 
tences it contains. Each word in the ' mar- 

20 gin may then be spelled, and the ' varied defi- 
nitions, ' synonyms, roots, derivations, &c, 
1 given ; the pupils may then apply them in 
composing the 'easiest simple sentences, and, 
either ' orally or in writing, form sentences 

25 which ' contain the marginal words, their 
1 definitions or synonyms ; thus, " I bought 
the book ;" " my ' father, aunt, brother, or 
sister, ' reads the volume ;" " the librarian 
' lent me the volume ;" " my cousins, James, 

30 John, Susan and Mary, read the ' work ;" 
" Caroline ' has the book ;" " Harriet reads 
in the American 'Manual." After a little 
1 practice, there will generally be great 
interest taken in the exercises, and ' surprising 

35 skill ' elicited. 

The preliminary remarks, in the first 8 lessons, are intended merely as 
hints: educators will invariably exercise their own judgment For some 
classes, and under peculiar circumstances, it may be advisable not to use the 
marginal exercises — sometimes only spelling— the drfirutwns — the synonyms — the 
difference between the definitions and the synonyms— and generally, l 
ners, to take but one exercise in the margin at a lesson. It would be well for 
the teacher to have some Unabridged Dictionary, and a work on English syno- 
nyms, to assist in the explanations and illustrations. 



Scholar*. 

Specify. 

Side of the 
page. 

Numerous. 

Words of si- 
milar mean- 
ing. 

Told. 

Plainest. 

Verbally. 

Include. 

Explanations. 

Parent. 

Peruses. 

Loaned. 

Volume. 

Possesses. 

Handy-book. 

Training. 

Wonderful. 

Brought out. 



What is the meaning of analyze, in the 17th line ? What does them, 
in the 22d line, mean? What is a simple sentence? What is a com- 
pound sentence? Is it a good or a bad plan to think, out of school, 
about the subject of the lessons you have recited in school ] What 
is the meaning of orally, in the 24th line ? Illustrate the difference in 
the meaning between definition and synonym. Is it pleasant or pro- 
fitable to read what one does not understand ? What is the object of 
going to school] What part of speech is or, in the 27th line? Does 
or ever have any other meaning, and is it ever used as a noun ? Is there 
more than one way to spell synonym ? W r hat authority is generally fol- 
lowed in this work ? What would be the difference if you substitute or 
for and, in the 30th line ? 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



11 



LESSON II. 

Each scholar should be 'supplied with a 
dictionary, and encouraged to discover de- 
finitions or synonyms not found in the mar- 
gin : great pains should always be taken to 
5 arouse thought and investigation on the 
part of the pupils; they may 'sometimes 
spell and define the words in 'concert — in 
case of difficulties or backwardness, the 
'teacher may take the lead. 

10 Much 'aid may be derived in securing the 
attention of a class by 'avoiding the usual 
plan of reading in rotation, selecting either 
at random from the class, or from those 
paying the least 'attention to the lesson, using 

15 due vigilance that each has suitable exer- 
cises. The questions should be 'distinctly 

ASKED, WITHOUT AFFORDING THE 'SLIGHTEST 
KNOWLEDGE WHO WILL BE CALLED UPON TO 'AN- 
SWER. Then, after a suitable pause, the 'one 

20 whom it may be supposed has 'paid the least 
attention should be 'selected. It should al- 
ways be 'borne in mind, that the usefulness 
of the teacher depends much upon 'tact in 
arousing the minds of the pupils to the 'uti- 

25 lity and necessity of understanding the 



Furnished. 
hailed. 

Words of si- 
milar mean- 
ing. 

Care. 

Excite. 

Occasionally. 

Company. 

Impediments 

Instructor. 

Assistance. 

Shunning. 

Method. 

Chance. 

Heed. 

Watchful- 
ness. 

Plainly. 

Least. 

Reply. 

Person. 

Given. 

Chosen. 

Kept. 

Peculiar skili 

Benefit. 

Need. 



The difficult Questions are eluod tied in the Appendix. 
Is it noccssarv to study one's reading lesson ? When there is any part 
of a lesson von do not understand, what ought to he done? Does it 
injure or benefit Be, to reason and think ahout what we have seen, 
heard, or rtodt What should he our main object in reading ? To what 
does tOtk refel in the 15th foe ? From what is the word scholar in the 
1st line derived ? Can you mention some of the words derived from the 
word school ? 



12 PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



whole of every lesson. The ' learner is 
more benefited by reading 'correctly and 
'understanding^ a single paragraph, ana- 
lyzing the sentences, defining the words, va- 

30 rying their 'meanings, tracing them to their 
roots, or [following out their derivatives, 
'throwing words into sentences in which 
they show a 'variety of meanings — the posi- 
tion of words, and the ! nice shades of 

35 'thought the same word may impart to the 
mind, than by the 'heedless perusal of a 
'whole volume. 



Properly. 

Intelligently. 

Changing. 

Definitions 

Tracing. 

Putting. 

Numl>er. 

Precise. 

Imagination. 

Inattentive. 

An entire. 



Illustrate the meaning of analyzing in the 28th line. To what does 
their refer in the 30th line ? When you substitute entire for whole, in 
the 37th line, why should you change a to an J 



LESSON III. 

The marginal exercises should be en- 
larged, 'explained, and applied by the teacher 
in a 'plain and familiar way, varying ac- 
cording to the 'proficiency of the pupils; the 
5 'difficult words and those in italics may be 
used in exercising the learners in distinct 
'articulation and correct pronunciation — im- 
portant parts of an education, which should 
never be 'neglected. The pupil's proficiency 
10 in this particular is mostly committed to the 
care of the teacher, who should generally 
read a few sentences in each lesson and 'pro- 
nounce the 'difficult words for the scholars 



Lessons. 

Illustrated. 

Clear. 

Attainment. 

Hard. 

Plain. 

Utterance. 

Tuition. 

Omitted. 

Usually. 

Articulate. 

Hard. 



Illustrate the meaning of italics in the 5th line. Is scholar, in the 
13th line, used in the limited or extended sense? 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



13 



to imitate. To vary the exercise and se- 
15 cure their attention, the instructor may add 
or leave out words, commit errors in arti- 
culation, pauses, inflections, accent, empha- 
sis, vS:c., invariably requiring the pupils to 
make corrections. It may be well to take 
20 one of the above features and make it a 
leading subject till it is well understood. A 
Rhetorician in Paris carried distinct articu- 
lation to such perfection, that a word con- 
veyed by a whisper could be 'understood to 
25 the height of seven stories. The scholar 

CANNOT RKAD WELL, UXLESS HE UNDERSTANDS 

what he heads — and inasmuch as 'proper 
training in reading has a more 'vigorous 
influence over the moral and intellectual 
30 powers than any other study, the reading 
lesson should be studied more by the scho- 
lar, and receive more attention from the 
elementary teacher, than any other ' branch 
of education. 



Copy. 

Application. 

Perpetrate. 

Modulations. 

Constantly. 

Amendments 

Examples. 

Compre- 
hended. 

Expression. 

Excellence. 

Heard. 

Elevation. 

Without. 

Suitable. 

Potent. 

Control. 

Faculties. 

Learned. 

0;>ta;n. 

Part. 

Knowledge. 



To what does their refer in the 15th line? To what does it refer 
in the :20th line ? What does one mean in the 20th line? What does 
it mean in the 21st line? What P<iris is meant in the 22d line? Is 
there more than one Paris? Is there more than one London, Bos- 
ton, Washington, Philadelphia, or Pekin? When you see either of the 
let, how do you know which i< meant ! Why an 1 houses 
-illy built higher in cities than in the country? What is the most 
int part of an education? \< there more than one way to spell 
instructor, in the 15th line? Illustrate the meaning of Rhetorician. 
it is the ditFerenee between moral and intellectual, in 
ine ? Illustrate the meaning* of powers, in the 30th line. 
■r,r.< always the same part of 
i? In how many simple sentences can yon use the word 
different meaning in each instance? Illus- 
trate in meanii - mr, ttrengt h, and authority. 



14 PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



. LESSON IV. 

The teacher may 'require the pupils to 
give 'an oral or written account of the 
'whole reading lesson, and sometimes even 
take all the books from the class, read the 
5 ' lesson himself, and require each one to give, 
either 'orally, or, what is better, in writing, 
a 'detail of the whole. This plan improves 
the pupil in writing, spelling, the 'proper use 
and application of words, case and rapidity 

10 in composition, and is one of the best me- 
thods for developing, strengthening, and ele- 
vating all the faculties of the mind; it 'fixes 
and strengthens the attention and admirably 
trains the scholar for the duties of after 

15 lite: the daughter acquires the habit of 're- 
lating with accuracy and precision what 
she hears — the son, a solid foundation on 
which to stand when he assumes the respon- 
sibility of a 'citizen — takes his place ai a 

20 juryman, to listen to, and judge of testimony 
which affects the fortunes, the happiness, 
the lives of individuals, the 'stability and the 



I ause 

A spoken. 

Entire. 

Manuals. 

Task. 

By mouth. 

Minute ac- 

n.uat. 

Correct. 

Quicknew. 

Way*. 

L'ufolduvg. 

Concentrates 

lent] jr. 

IVrparcs. 
Commniu- 

Kirm. 

Evitln. 

Property. 

i'l-rmanency. 



The difficult Qnas • l:i. 

To what does one, in the 5th lino, refer? What i> the meaning of 

whole, in the 7th line, ami what part of speech is it? What i- tilt 
difference in the meaning of developing, slrenztheniyig, and elevat- 
ing, in the 11th line? Illustrate the moaning of faculties, in the 
12th line. What is the meaning of juryman, in the '20th line ? How 
many persons compose a jury ? How many kinds ot juries are tfe 
What are the duties of a jury? May every voter serve on a jury ? 
Would the community or country he safe, if ignorant, inattentive, or 
wicked men served as jurors? What word is understood after j 
to, in the 20th line? 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



15 



welfare of society — and both sons and 
daughters, the future 'guardians of the re- 

25 public, will be imperceptibly, but inconceiv- 
ably more 'benefited both temporally and 
'eternally by the immense treasure, and the 
noblest talent of the 'laud annually conse- 
crated to the dissemination of Christianity 

30 by means of lectures and oral 'instruction 
from the pulpit. 



Benefit 

Protectors. 

Insensibly. 

Profited. 
For i v.t. 

Country. 

Kcliirion of 
. Christians. 

Sacred Desk 



What does im, placed before words, mean, as, imperceptibly^ in the 
25th Uriel What is the meaning of temporarily ? Illustrate the dif- 
ference between temporarily and eternally. Do you think a wicked 
man is as happy as a good man in this life? Which would you 
rather be when yon come to die/ Must every person now living die 7 
What do you think is the difference between the mind and the body f 
What guide enables us to attain botli temporal and eternal happiness/ 



LESSON V. 

It 'ought,* however, to be borne constantly 
in mind, that much depends upon the 'judg- 
ment of the teacher in simplifying this fea- 
ture, as well as in 'suppressing or extending the 
5 marginal exercises — in illustrating and va- 
rying the lessons so as to suit the capacity 
of the pupils, and the wants of different 
classes, and 'especially in overcoming the 
l<»cal prejudices so common indifferent sec- 
10 tions of the Union. A plan that would 
secure unparalleled success in one district, 



Discrimina- 
tion. 

[Uostratiits 

i y i v.uu >le. 

Abridging. 

Changiog;. 

Ali.litv. 

VTftrioOs. 

Ptatksularif 

SeCtfooaL 

Doited 
Unequalled. 



* In substituting thou Id f<»r Ought, why is it necessary to omit to before 
be borne? What i- the meaning 6C feature, in the 3d line 1 What is the 
difTor'-noe between tuppreiung and extending, in thr 1th line! Illustrate 
the meaning of prejudice*, in the '*th line. What ii the meaning of 
un placed before a word, as unparalleled, in the 11th line! or, un- 
tfitlimited, aaboonded, aaacc o nn table, &c. ! 



16 PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



might, from 'ignorance, prejudice, or some ^*^ 
other cause, prove a 'total failure, under the complete. 
'management of the same teacher, in ari- 

15 other part of the confederacy. Hence an- 
other advantage in the almost endless appli- 
cation of the marginal 'exercises. Some 
may find it best to use them only for defini- 
tions — others for spelling — teaching the ru- 

20 diments of composition — the 'parts of speech 
in grammar— 'articulation — correct pronun- 
ciation — tracing words to their roots — or 
following out their 'derivatives. Youth de- 
rive 'immeasurable benefit, and generally 

25 take much delight in using the marginal 
words in 'composing sentences, paragraphs, 
and essays. The first :*, .">, 10, or 15 words 
may be 'assigned for a written exercise in 
geography, chronology, biography, history, 

30 — any scientific or 'literary exercise. The 
words in the margin may be used in illus- 
trating the importance of the position of 
words, their nice shades of distinction in va- 
rying the meaning of the same word, and 

35 in exemplifying thai the connexion of words 
in sentences conveys to the mind their true 
'signification. 



Direction. 

Union. 

Employment 

I.t^VIlS. 

Solely. 

pies. 

Kimls. 

iMstmct ut- 
lerai 

Originals. 

Immense. 
Putting togw- 

IIUT. 

Treatise*. 

ition. 

Lrmlitiunal. 

Place, 
Exact. 
boa 

l mon 

impart. 

Meaning. 



What wonl is understood after fome, in the 17th line? What ii 
the meaning of i?n placed before a word, as immeasurable, in the 24th 
line? or, immoral, imperfect, immovable, Sec. ? Why does not im 
have the same meaning before prove as improve, impart, &c? What 
is the difference between a sentence, a paragraph, an essay, and a 
treatise? What is the meaning of Grammar, Geography, Chronology, 
Biography, and History? Illustrate the difference between scientific and 
literary. Do you think there are any two words that have precisely the 
same meaning? What, then, do we mean when we say words are 
synonymous? What is the nominative case to conveys, in the 36th line ? 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



17 



LESSON VI. 

The pupils may sometimes be allowed to 
correct the errors made in pause, tone, em- 
phasis, &c It may be well, at first, to 'per- 
mit the easiest answers to the questions : 
5 there should, however, be constant progres- 
sion, and every 'opportunity improved to in- 
terest and incite the 'sentient faculties, and 
elicit more than simple affirmative or nega- 
tive answers. This plan will effectually 

10 secure the attention, and impart energy and 
accuracy of 'expression. The reading les- 
sons should invariably be studied, and the 
principles and emotions of the author com- 
prehended. The plan it may be 'expedient 

15 to adopt should be mildly but 'perseveringly 
followed, so that every word shall be 'com- 
prehended, and improvement 'accompany 
the enunciation of every sentence. This 
system will soon 'inspire the class with en- 

20 thusiasm and delight, the 'modulations of the 
voire and emphasis will be generally 'cor- 
rect, and their tasks performed with ease 
and propriety. 

Another, and by far the most 'important 



Occasionally. 

Mistakes. 

Allow. 

Propositions. 

Advance- 
ment. 

Chance. 

Mental. 

Mere. 

Replies. 

Mind. 

Utterance. 

Always. 

Feelings. 

Requisite. 

Steadily. 

Understood. 

Attend. 

Utterance. 

Animate. 

Variations. 

Accurate. 

Execute! 

Arrnr 

Momentous. 



The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix. 
Illustrate the meaning of j/ausr. tone, and emphasis, in the 2cl line 
What does ^-c. mean after empkatiif Illustrate the difference be- 
prnnrression and advniircment . in the 5th line. What is sentient 
re 1 fro,n, in the 7th line ! Why would it not be as well to use 
in the plare of inrjfe, in the 7th line ? What is the meaning of 
Aced before words, :»-. »/i-pirr». in the 19th line 7 Can you name 
tome oth^r words in whiHi in ha- the <amr meaning? Illustrate the 
difference between modulation and emphasis, in the 20th line. 

~2 ¥ ~ 



18 PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



25 duty devolving upon Educators, is the proper 
'discipline of the moral powers; the neglect of 
this fundamental principle, the want of 'con- 
scientiousness, is the most 'prolific source of 
social evil and political corruption. The 

30 Creator has 'implanted in every human being 
a 'sense of right and wrong : and a leading 
'feature of this work is to arouse and call into 
active exercise this 'faculty. It is of the utmost 
moment, that the young rely not uynn others, 

35 but become themselves the principal agents ; 
their minds may come into intense action 
and be vastly benefited b.y it: there is not 
the slightest danger of 'monotony or over- 
exertion. In youth the 'senses are keenly 

40 awake to right and wrong, and impressions 
arc certain and indelible; but in maturity 
neither human law, nor even the instructions 
of the pulpit have the power of making 
patriotic, 'religious, or wise citizens. The 



Correct. 

Training. 

M of 
justice. 

Fruitful. 
Depravity. 
Ingrafted. 
Feel 1 115. 

tic. 

vment 

Imr>onancp. 

Unremitted. 
Infinitely. 

• - 

Influences. 
Mient. 
Adm< 
Ability. 



! 



Illustrate the meaning of moral powers, in the 20th line. The ex- 
pression " i>is/rurtions of (he pulpit ," in the 4 2d line. What is a ineton- 
o?nyl Illustrate its meaning. What is the most important part of 
one's education? What is the purest source of all morality? Shall 
we be more useful while living, and happier when we come ti 
if we follow this unerring lair? If all did by others, as, in similar 
circumstances, they would like to be done by, what do you suppose 
would be the result? If one commits a crime, can he, under any 
circumstances, escape punishment? Is there any power that watches 
over us, knows and holds us responsible, not only for every wrong 
thing we say and do, but for every evil thought? Is it, then, a good 
or a bad plan for us to reflect upon what we say, do, and think? 
When we have done wrong, what ought ice to do? Is there any one 
living but sometimes does wrong? What is the difference, then, be- 
tween the good and the bad? What unerring st andard will enable 
us to attain the utmost usefulness and enjoyment while living — the hap- 
piest death, and secure to our souls eternal felicity ? 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



19 



45 clergyman meets vice in its full growth and wickedness. 

power, but the teacher, taking it in embryo, An J £ n £ rmed 
may easily prevent its existence. Hod*. 



Do we know when we >hall die ? Do the young as well as the 
old die ? How do you think all ought to live? 



LESSON VII. 

In asking questions, the teacher should Propound 
constantly endeavor to elicit the pupil's own Aim. 
thoughts, as, What do you think? What views. 
is y>ur opinion of the action, person, or 
5 Subject under consideration ? Is it our duty? 
[s it right f or wrong ? Or any other 'way 
that will interest the pupils, and bring into 
active exercise not only the memory, but 
also the attention, reflection, comparison, 
10 judgment, and all the attributes of the mind. 
It will, at first, require some 'exertion on the 
part of educators to carry out the above 
hints and suggestions; they may occasion- 
ally meet with opposition for not teaching umtm**. 

Imperfectly. 
Trifling. 



Idea. 

Matter. 

Manner. 

Engage. 

Vigorous. 

Vigilance. 

Discrimina- 
tion. 

Pains. 
Those who 

train the 
young. 

Intimations. 



15 superficially more — for deviating from the 
usages of predecessors, and other 'futile ob- 
jections ; but, after awhile, when the result a short time 
of their instruction is 'manifest, they will Mass*. 
generally receive unlimited 'praise, with 



Commenda- 
tion. 



ThedinV'* "'■*• 

II v en .- i\ ,: • sentences are there in the first ten lines 1 Il- 
lustrate the in the .0th line. How many sentences 
yoa name in which, tubjed will ha\ ml meaning? Illus- 

•h line. What i- the meaning 
■ '. in the r.'th line ! Can you illustrate the 

! un with any other STOI 



20 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



20 what is worth more than 'gold, or even ho- 
nor and fame among men, the 'approbation 
of their own conscience. 

Educators cannot too 'carefully impress 
upon the 'young that all do not derive equal 

25 'benefit from the same book — that the use- 
fulness of reading 'depends not so much on 
the number of books read, as upon their 
'judicious selection, and the thoroughness with 
which they are read and understood. ' More- 

30 over, that which is printed, like what is 
said, may 'sometimes be untrue. Many 
books should be 'shunned as the deadly upas, 
even if 'one had an abundance of time to 
read them. From the perusal of 'immoral 

35 books, thousands, in the morning of life, 
with the brightest earthly prospects before 
them, have been insidiously allured to 'irre- 
trievable ruin. And among the innumerable 
school-books of our country, there may }»<»s- 

40 sibly be danger that some may fascinate 
and please the young, while they engender 
indolent habits, 'create only a taste for light 
reading, and enervate the mind. Let, then, 
this volume, though it presents no fascinating 

45 and alluring title to the young lady and 
young gentleman, receive due attention from 
those icho are responsible for their proper 



Wealth. 

Sanction. 

Moral sense. 

Scrupulously 

Learners. 

Profit. 

Relies. 

Variety. 

Proper. 

Furthermore 

That which. 

Occasionally 

A |» rson. 

Prime. 
Advantages. 

Numberless. 

Perhaps. 

Begoili. 

Form. 

Captiv i 

Nnnie. 

CoiiHilera- 
tion. 

Suitable. 



What is the meaning of " more than gold;' in the 20th line f What 
is the meaning of all, in the 24th line? To what does they refer, in 
the 29th line? What is the meaning of deadly upas, in the 32,1 line ! 
What is the meaning of them, in the 34th line ? What is the meaning 
of those, in the 47th line ? 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



21 



instruction. Let it be 'remembered, that it 
contains the principles of all that renders 

50 life desirable, and home sacred. Equality of 
rights — the trial by jury — the safety of pro- 
perty — political freedom — the greatness of 
the nation — and the inestimable privileges 
of the Christian, are 'entirely dependent on 

55 the general 'diffusion and inculcation of mo- 
ral and political science, and the correct 
understanding of the 'reasons and the true 
principles of our national 'compact; these 
are indispensable in 'sustaining our republi- 

60 can institutions, and 'requisite in order to 
transmit in 'unsullied purity the noblest of all 
human productions, the American Constitu- 
tion. 



Borne in 
mind. 

M;ikes. 
Holy. 

Security. 

Liberty. 

Invaluable. 

Wholly. 

Dissemina- 
tion. 

Civil. 

Causes. 

Union. 

Upholding. 

Necessary. 

Spotless. 

Works. 



What country do you suppose has the best government? Who is 
it that sustains our government ? Illustrate the advantages that the 
United States have over all other governments. What is meant by 
Republican Institutions, in the 59th line? What is meant by Ameri- 
can Constitution, in the 62d line? Why do you think it important 
that the Constitution of the United States should be understood by 
all? What do you think would be the consequence if the Constitu- 
tion should be destroyed? What insures to a nation prosperity, hap- 
piness and power! What do you think the greatest pririlegee any 
citizen can enjoy? What is it that guaranties our religious free- 
dom? 



LESSON VIII. 



It is in early 'life that we form principles 
of action that 'generally govern all our sub- 
sequent career; the Reading Bonks studied 
at school contribute greatly to mould the 
5 habits of thought, and make indelible im- 



Existenre. 

Usually. 

tim, 



22 PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



pressions on the mind ; they either 'weaken 
or strengthen the moral and 'intellectual 
'character. The teachers, in their profes- 
sion, 'exercise a more extensive and power- 

10 ful influence over the destiny of mankind, 
than all the other learned professions 'com- 
bined ; and, though their ' labors may not, in 
the present age, be 'duly appreciated and 
rewarded — though it may be the 'lot of the 

15 most 'meritorious to toil obscurely amid 
privations, and to 'die in poverty — yet their 
'reward is not of earth, but in heaven — they 
are the 'instructors of mankind, and have a 
loftier, a holier 'duty to perforin than t< 

20 ther gold, or trifle away the invaluable 
time of their pupils in monotonous parrot- 
like exercises; they have to derelopa and 
strengthen all the 'faculties of the immortal 
mind. Let the 'plan of rigid moral and in- 

25 tellectual training be carried out by 'educa- 
tors, and the school-room will 'never become 
a place of 'aversion, causing a permanent 
dislike for books and intellectual enjoyment, 
but a 'desire will be incited in mental culture 

30 for the sake of 'knowledge. The young 
will be inspired with 'commendable zeal and 
enthusiasm, for the 'critical niceties and 
beauties of our own 'language, and, after a 



Enervate. 

Mental. 

Reputation. 

WiclJ. 

Lot. 

United. 

Exertion*. 

Properly. 

Fate. 

Deserving. 

Expire. 

;<€um:. 
Teaohera. 
Obligation. 

Precious. 

I'ninttllec- 
luul 

Unlbld. 

MiieuU 
Sjrtti in. 

who 

instruct. 
At no time. 

Dread. 

Wish. 

Learning. 

Praiseworthy 

Accurate 

Idiom. 



The difficult Queatiom are elucidated in the Appendix. 

To what does they, in the 6th line, refer? Who is meant by their, 
in the 12th line? What does the dash, between rewarded and though, 
in the 14th line, denote? Does the dash always have the same mean- 
ing? 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS TO EDUCATORS. 



23 



suitable knowledge of their 'vernacular Native. 

35 tongue is obtained, they will 'covet pure i**"* *««u r . 

refreshment from European and Oriental Eastern. 

literature, and a zest for knowledge will be Thin*. 

acquired, totally unknown to those who sun*. 

use books of a light and trifling character ; unimportant 

40 the teacher's calling will, indeed, be ardu- ATocation. 

ous, but in the highest degree delightful and Extent. 

attractive — the youthful mind will be im- Youns. 

bued with an unquenchable 'thirst for know- Desire. 

ledge. The 'time will then soon come when p er iod. 

45 every voter and 'juror can read and write, juryman. 

and the intellectual 'insignia of Freeman sign. 

will eventually be stamped on the brow of ultimately. 

every American citizen. inhabitant. 



What do you suppose the author means by European literature? 
WoulJ not the expression Greek and Latin languages have conveyed 
his meaning as well ? What do you suppose he means by Oriental 
literature? Would not oriental languages have conveyed his meaning 
as well in this case, inasmuch as the oriental languages are not 
divided into ancient and modern? \V T hat is the expression "pure 
refreshment' called ? Illustrate the meaning of the author ? Can you 

ose some sentences, and use any expression figuratively ? Which 
i think the best plan, to read understanding^ a little, or to read 
inattentively through many books? What influence do you suppose 
inattentive habits, formed at school, will be likely to exert over us in 
after life ? Can you name, in this lesson, a simple sentence, a compouwl 
sentence, and a paragraph. What is the meaning of the last two 

nces in this lesson? How many white persons, over 21 years 
of age. in the United States, could neither read nor write, according 
to the census of 1840? Was the enumeration of the census probably 
much smaller than the real number? What is probably now ihe 
number of white persons over 21 years of age that can neither read 

write, in the United States ? Can you give any reasons why 
••r, and every juryman, in our country should both read 
understandingly and write ? If property, life, the stability and per- 
petuity of our republican institutions, and the C8J1M of Christianity. 

ud on the general diffusion of Learning and morality, what ought 
each one of us to do? Do we live under a Christian government? 



24 



UTILITY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE. 



LESSON IX.* 

•f (^1.) Political 'Science is an exceedingly 
interesting and ' important study, and justly 
'claims the attention, both of the young and 
of the old ; it expands and strengthens the 

5 m ind— ' increases our knowledge of human 
'nature— enables us to judge of the actions of 
men, and understand the system of govern- 
ment 'under which we live. (§ &) No Ameri- 
can citizen can creditably perform the duties 
10 incumbent on him, without a knowledge of 
the nature of political power. The Consti- 
tution of the United States is the most 'com- 
plex yet perfect system of human policy 
ever established, and combines alike the 

15 cellencies of all the 'illustrious States of an- 
cient and modern times. (§3.) It is, therefore, 
'necessary for every citizen to know s<>me- 



Kuowledge. 
Useful. 
Demands. 
Enlarges. 
Adds to 
Chan.- • 

pis*. 

Ofl to. 

Honorably. 
Arqurunt- 

Authonty. 
Intricate. 

Hon rnment. 

Good quali- 
ties. 

Famous. 
Eras. 



The difficult Q.u^»tinn« are eln< idate/1 in the Appendix. 

(§ 1.) 1. What is the meaning of "both of the young and of the old," in 
the 3d line? '2. What conjunction usually follows both? 
give an example in which both is substituted for a nounl (§ 2.) 
4. When yon substitute acquaintance for knowledge, in the LOth line, 
why do yon change a to an/ 5. In what country do yon think the 
people the happiest and most powerful at the present time ? 6. What 
do yon think is the only guarantee of the perpetuity of liberty and 
the happiness of communities? 7. Can you name some of the < 
which led to the settlement oi" this country? S. What do you think 
has contributed to make the people of the United States so prosperous 
and happy ? (§ 3.) 9. Why is the study of political science interesting 

* Lesson IX. is the besrinnins; of the main subject of this work. To meet the convenience of 
different Teachers, who must necessarily have classes of varied attainments, th< 
generally divided into 10 or 12 sections, each of which usually contains from 8 to 12 hi.. 
will be borne in mind, that these sections are merely arbitrary divisions, and no? panu 
According to this arrangement, Teachers may. with the utmost ease, van- the lessons they wish 
to assign. For some classes, one section maybe enough tor a task ; others may 
sections, or it may be. even a whole lesson, for a single exercise. The answers t<. the <j . 
are often not found in the Lesson, and are intended to stimulate (tie pupils to industrious halnts 
out of school — to d/'velope thorowjhhj (he mental find moral powers — to train properly the young ioi 
the momentous duties and reffjionszbdities that aicait them in flu future. 
+ T*aehers will perceive that each lecti'in of queitiorm is intended to correspond to its numbered tection in the context. 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



25 



thing of the 'origin and progress of political 
science, its nature and 'necessity ; to under- 

20 stand the causes and 'circumstances which 
have 'contributed to found States and Em- 
pires ; the means by which they 'acquired 
honor and 'renown; the reasons of their 
real happiness and grandeur ; and the true 

25 causes of their degeneracy and 'ruin. 

(§4.) Government is 'a science of the most 
exalted character, and can only be ' learned 
by study. It 'combines reason, morality, 
and wisdom, and 'approximates to the attri- 

30 butes of Divine power. In 'treating, there- 
lore, of the Constitution of the 'United States, 
and the duties of citizens, it seems proper 
to commence with the 'origin and progress 
of 'government. 

(§ 5.) ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 

35 It is the nature of each 'order of created 
beings to take 'pleasure in one another's 
company: the beasts of the 'forest, and 



Rise. 

Need. 

Incidents. 

Helped. 

Attained. 

Fame. 

Splendor. 

Destruction. 

•One. 

Acquired. 

Unite*. 

Approaches. 

Discoursing. 

Confederacy, 

Obligations. 

Beginning. 

Political 
power. 

Class. 

Enjoyment. 

Wilderness. 



and useful to all ? 10. Why is it necessary for every one to know 
something of the nature of political power? 11. What is the differ- 
ence between ancient and modern times? 12. Can you name some 
of the most famous nations of antiquity ? 13. Illustrate the difference 
between ruin, in the 25th line, and destruction. (§4.) 14. Can you 
illustrate the meaning of government, in the 26th line? 15. How 
many simple sentences can you name in each of which government 
shall have a different meaning ? 16. Why is the science of govern- 
ment a subject of much importance? 17. In what country is it neces- 
sary for every one to understand the principles of government? 18. 
Why do you suppose it is more necessary for people to be enlightened 
under a republican than under a despotic government? 10. Ought all 
the people in every country to be educated ? 20. Why do you sup- 
pose, in treating of the Constitution of the United States, it is p roper 
to begin with the origin and progress of government ? • What do 



26 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



the birds of the air, herd and ' flock together; 
but the 'power is given to the human race 
40 alone, to ' look through the vista of past and . see. 
future time — to derive 'wisdom from the Knowledge 
Creator of all, and enjoy the 'inestimable invaluable 
blessings of 'rational government. (§6.) The 
history of the people of ' Israel is the only one 
45 that carries on a continued 'narration from 
the 'beginning of the world without any 
'interruption, and even with this, there are 
occasionally chronological 'difficulties; yet 
these are of minor importance, compared 
50 with the universal obscurity and uncertainty 
which pertain to the 'annals of all other na- 
tions. (§7.) The Mosaic 'history, contained 
in the first seven chapters of 'Genesis, is the 
only reliable 'account of the world before 
55 the 'deluge. Moses has related only those 
'momentous events which it was necessary 
for man to know; all minor "details, which 



Collect. 
Ability. 



Keasuiiabb- 

Jacob. 

Story. 

Origin. 

I>isturb:mce 

Impediments 

Contrasted. 

My»W -ry. 

Histories. 

Aooount. 

The first hook 
ol Ibt liiblc 

.'.ion. 
Flood. 
Weighty. 

nations 



vou think is the difference between a and one? (§5.) 21. What 
is the meaning of all, in the 4 2d line? 22. What do you think II 
the nature of each order of created beings? 23. Can you name any 
created beings, besides the birds and the beasts, that take pi 
each other's company? 24. Can you name some of the advanl 
the human race has over all other orders of created beings 1 2.) 
you assign any reason why forest, in the 37th line, is used instead of 
forests, inasmuch as there are many forests in the world, and the 
author is speaking in general terms ? (§ 0.) 26. What is the meaning 
of one, in the 44th line ? 27. Can you tell why Jacob was called Israel ! 

28. In how many simple sentences can you use story, in the 45th line, 
so that the word shall in each case convey a different moaning ! 

29. What is understood after this, in the 47th line ? 30. What is the 
meaning of chronological, in the 48th line? 31. What does these refer 
to, in the 49th line? (§7.) 32. Give an account of the eventful life 
of Moses. 33. Can you give an account of the flood ? 34. IX 
suppose they had any printed books in the time of Moses? 35. How 
do you suppose this account of Moses was originally recorded ? 






ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



27 



would be exceedingly interesting and grati- 
fying to us, have been omitted. (§8.) We are, 

60 however, led to ' infer from this history, that 
the origin of government arose from pater- 
nal authority, and is nearly coeval with the 
creation. We are informed that the first 
man ' lived 030 years ; that his children and 

65 their descendants generally attained a similar 

1 longevity. (§ 9.) This great length of human 

life would, in a few centuries, have filled the 

earth with a dense population ; and it would 

certainly have been natural for all to 'reve- 

70 rence the authority of their common 'progeni- 
tor, who probably 'received much knowledge 
by inspiration, and retained a greater amount 
of 'virtue and wisdom than any of his cotem- 
poraries. Moreover, it is reasonable to 'sup- 

75 pose, that the one who stood 'preeminent in 
experience and years would be 'sovereign of 
those in his vicinity. (§ 10.) The duties of 
'rulers and of parents are in many respects 
nearly 'allied ; both are bound by the holiest 



Pleasing. 

Neglected. 

Conclude. 

Fatherly. 

Of equal age. 

Told. 

Ex.sted. 

Offspring. 

Length of life 

Hundreds of 
years. 

Thick. 

Regard. 

Ancestor. 

Obtained. 

Divine influ- 
ence. 

Moral good- 
ness. 

Conceive. 
Excellent 

above 

others. 
Ruler. 

Neighbor- 
hood. 

Governors. 
Connected. 



36. Why do you suppose we have not a more detailed account of the 
world before the flood? (§8.) 37. Whence do you suppose govern- 
ment originated? 38. Assign all the reasons you can for this conclu- 
sion ? 39. Who was the first man ? 40. What can you say of his 
extraordinary career. (§ 9.) 41. What does all mean, in the 69th 
line ? 42. Can you name some of the different parts of speech in the 
margin? 43. * Which of the marginal exercises affords you the 
greatest facility in composing simple sentences? 44. Who do you 
suppose is meant by ancestor, in the 70th f line? 45. How do you 
suppose his attainments in virtue and wisdom compared with his cotem- 
poraries ? (§ 1") \ r >. In what respects are the duties of riders and of 
parents similar ? 47. Who do you suppose, among rulers, merits most 

• Intended to exercise the discriminating powers. 

t The line in the margin is always used as gvnonymous with the one in the context. 



28 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



80 ties to promote the happiness of those 'com- 
mitted to their 'charge — both are entitled to 
respect and obedience; and the most 'envia- 
ble and exalted title any ruler can ' acquire 
is " the father of his 'country." (§ 11-) For- 

85 merly, fathers exercised an 'absolute sway 
over their families and considered it ' lawful 
to 'deprive even their children of life; and this 
'custom is still sanctioned by many savage 
tribes, and 'prevails in the oldest and most 

90 populous 'empire in the world.* How thank- 
ful ought we to be, who are alike 'exempt 
from 'despotism and unrestrained liberty ; 
and enjoy the 'inestimable blessings of a 
'republican government, and the heavenly 

95 'influence of the Christian religion. 



Entrusted. 

Care. 

Desirable. 

Receive. 

Native land. 

Unlimited. 

Right. 

QMpMMB 

I'sajre. 

l*r edomi- 
nates. 



Arbitrary 
rule. 

Trirelesv 

live. 
Power. 



the gratitude of mankind ? 48. Who, among all the innumerable hosts 
that have ever lived, do you suppose deserves most our gratitude and 
veneration? 49. What is enviable, in the 82d line, derived from, and 
is it generally used in a good or a bad sense? 50. Can you name any 
word that may convey one meaning in one sentence, and directly its 
opposite in another? 51. What is the difference between the meaning 
of acquire and receive, in the 83d line? (§ 11.) 52. Name, in tin 
son, a simple sentence — 53. A compound sentence — 54. A paragraph. 
55. Can you name any revolting custom that formerly prevailed, and 
is sanctioned by the unenlightened at the present day? 56. Name 
some of the peculiarities, advantages, and blessings resulting from 
Christianity. 57. What is the oldest and most populous empire in the 
world ? 58. How many times larger, in population, is China than the 
United States? 59. What nation do you suppose is the most power- 
ful? 60. In which do you suppose the people the happiest? 61. Can 
you name any peculiarities in the natural productions, works of art, 
language, literature, &c, of China ? 62. How do you suppose the power 
of the Emperor of China compares with that of the President of the 
United States? 63. In which country would you rather live? 64. 
Why? 65. What invaluable privilege and unfailing source of happi- 
ness have the people of our country that the Chinese do not enjoy ? 

* A prominent feature of this work is to excite investigation, thought, reflection, and reason ; 
Teachers and Parents should, therefore, afford all possible facilities m encouraging the youn? to 
read out of school, and give extended narrations of all the knowledge thus indusinuusly obtained 






ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



29 



LESSON X. 

(§ 1.) Between the laws in 'Christendom, 
however, and the 'regulations of a family, 
there are several 'material differences; the 
latter are of a more 'limited character — 
5 when children arrive at age, they are as free 
as their parents — but citizens are 'always un- 
der the control of the ' laws of their country. 
(§ 2.) Governments may and often do 'inflict 
'capital punishment, but no parent is ever 

10 allowed to exercise this 'prerogative — the 
law speaks with authority, and 'commands — 
the parent admonishes, entreats or advises — 
the child, in his 'turn, may become a parent 
— but it does not 'consequently follow that 

15 the parent may exercise the 'functions of 
government. 

(§ 3.) The first 'governments, like the first 
arts and sciences, were exceedingly imper- 
fect. The 'patriarchs often ruled with des- 

20 potic sway, yet they were not able to impart 
harmony and happiness even among those 
who were 'affiliated to them by the tendcrest 



Regions inhabit- 
ed by Chrislia 



Very import- 
ant. 

Restricted. 

Twenty-one 
years. 

At all tunes. 
Regulations. 
Impose. 



Peculiar au- 
thority. 

Orders. 

Persuades. 

Vicissitude. 

Accordingly. 

Powers. 

Polity. 
Systems of 
polity. 

Collections of 
leading truth* 
relating to any 
subject. 

Ancient fathers 
of manl 

Power. 

Felicity. 

Bound. 



The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix. 



(§1.) 1. In what sense was Christendom formerly used ? 2. What are 
of the differences between national and family government? 3. 
Wherein consist*! the propriety of assigning a fixed age as minority? 
(§ 2.) 4. What is meant by capital punishmeyit ? 5. What is the design 
of punishment ? 0. Is there any other way of inducing a compliance 
with rectitude ? 7. What is the proper treatment of incorrigible of- 
fenders ? ($3.) 8. Why were the earliest systems of government 
defective? 9. Has experience the effect to improve polity? 10. 
Can you tell the condition of the first laws, arts, and sciences, and 
namp some of the improvements that have been made in each? 
11. What is pndeiStOOd by despotic power? 12. In what grade of 

- 3 . - 



30 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



ties; 'discord and murder entered the family 
of the first ruler of the human 'race. (§ 4.) 

25 Want of proper order and 'government among 
the families of mankind increased till ' licen- 
tiousness and depravity prevailed to so great 
an extent, that from the vast 'multitudes of 
the earth only eight 'righteous persons were 

30 to be found 'worthy of preservation, when 

the 'vengeance of heaven was kindled at the 

1 frenzied disorders of men, and the Almighty, 

who governs with the 'utmost harmony and 

regularity the boundless 'universe, deter- 

35 mined to 'destroy the whole dense popula- 
tion of the earth with an 'universal deluge. 
(§ 5.) Hence it appears that an 'abiding sense 
of the 'omniscience and 'omnipresencef of 
God, and personal accountability to him for all 

40 that each one 'does, says, and even thinks, is 
necessary to secure undying grandeur ; and 



Contention. 
Family . 

Discipline. 

Unrestrained 

liberty. 
Destitution 
of boliness 

Population. 

Pious. 

Deserring- 

Retribution. 

Maddening. 

Greatest. 

Sy.lrm of tre- 
ated war id*. 

Extirpate. 

Overwhelm- 
ing. 

Permanent • 

Power of know- 
ing ill thing* 
at once. 

3 rreaeDC* la 
evrry plarr at 
the aarae time. 

Performs. 
Immortal 



society can despotic power be exercised ? (§ 4.) 13. Under what cir- 
cumstances are licentiousness and depravity most likely to prevail ? 
14. Do you think of any appalling desolation that the Almighty sent 
upon the earth, on account of the lawless spirit and wickedness of its 
inhabitants ? 15. Why does the author use boundless before universe, in 
the 34th line? 16. Can you give some idea of the extent of the uni- 
verse? 17. Which is the easiest to define, the extent of the universe, 
the commencement of time, or the duration of eternity? 18. What 
should these things teach us? 19. How does human life and all 
earthly happiness compare with the duration and joys of eternity? 

20. Had the earth probably become very populous before the flood ? 

21. What cause could have accumulated so numerous a population in 
the comparative infancy of the earth? (§ 5.) * When you substitute 
permanent for abiding, in the 37th line, why do you alter an to a? 22. 
How are you pleased with the study in which you are now engaged ? 
23. Do you consider it important? 24. Who do you think will be the 
legislators and governors in our country 40, 50, 60 or 70 years hence? 
25. Should you ever be a legislator, a judge, or a governor, what is it ne- 

fThe figures 2, 3, 4, etc., before words, refer to words similarly marked in the margin. 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



31 



this 'immutable truth should be indelibly 
'engraven alike on the hearts of rulers and 
the ruled — by this sense, the former can 

45 alone 'attain the pinnacle of earthly fame 
and have their names 'transmitted in grate- 
ful remembrance to 'posterity — from it both 
the former and the latter can alone 'secure 
temporal comfort and 'everlasting happiness. 

50 (^ B.) The world has been 'created nearly 
six thousand years, yet, for want of 'order 
and suitable government, individuals, 'tribes, 
and 'nations have been to each other the great- 
est scourge; and even at the present day, of 

55 the estimated nine hundred millionsof the hu- 
man race that now inhabit the globe, how 
few are in the enjoyment of wise ' laws and 
salutary government ! 

(§ 7.) Immediately after the flood, the 'Lord 

60 blessed Noah and his sons and 'commanded 
them to " replenish the earth," which 'de- 
noted that they should be divided into 'sepa- 
rate nations, under 'various governments, 
and dwell in different countries, till every 



Unchangeable. 

Impressed. 
Governed. 

Reach. 

Handed 
down. 

Succeeding 
generations. 

Make certain 

Eternal. 

Made. 

Method. 

Races. 

Communities 

Punishment. 

Computed. 

Family. 

Regulations. 

Control. 

Supreme Be- 
ing. 

Ordered. 
Signified. 
Distinct. 
Several. 
Dissimilar. 



cessary for you constantly to remember? 20. Should you forget this, 
what would be your future fate among posterity — and before what 
infallible tribunal will you have to appear and answer for your conduct I 
\fter we die, where must we all appear and for what purpose? 
28. What effect should this consideration produce on youth ? 29. 
What on men? (§0.) 30. What is the reputed age of the earth? 
31. What its present population? 32. How is that population politi- 
cally divided ! 33. What has been the nature of their respective 
intercourse ? 34. Does this intercourse resemble that between the 
respective States of the American confederacy? (§7.) 35. Illustrate 
the diiToroncr' between denoted and signified, in the 61st line — 36. sepa- 
rate and dutinrt, in the Odd line — 37. various and several, in the 03d 
line — 3m. different and dissimilar, in thfl 1th line 39. What was the 



32 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT, 



65 part of the earth was 'reinhabited. Up- 
wards of one hundred years after the 'flood, 
the descendants of Noah, under the 'com- 
mand, 'doubtless, of Nimrod, "journeyed 
from the east, and settled on a plain in the 

70 land of Shinar." (§8.) They rapidly in- 
creased in number, but, 'regardless of the 
commands of the Almighty, they determined 
to have but one government — to 'remain one 
nation — and 'formed a plan " to build a city, 

75 and a 'tower whose top would reach unto 
heaven." Thus, among other 'purposes, the 
tower would be a 'beacon to guide the inha- 
bitants back to the city when they had wan- 
dered to a great distance in 'search of the 

80 necessaries of life; it would be a centre of 
union, and they would thereby not be disu- 
nited and 'scattered abroad upon the face of 



inhabited 
Inundation. 



Control. 

Without 
doubt. 

their 
habitations. 

Augmented. 
I tful. 
K< -.solved. 
Continue. 
lVvi>ed 
Loft jr fortress 
Use* 
S«n. 
Strayed. 
giu-st. 
Requisite*. 
I>ivided. 
Dispersed. 



exact number of years after the Hood, when the people commenced 
building the Tower of Babel, and why do yen suppose the term "up- 
wards of 100 years'' should be used in the 65th line I Ian you tell 
where it is recorded that the Lord blessed Noah and bis sons? 41. 
Can you tell who Nimrod was, and why do you suppose it without 
doubt that the hordes that "journeyed from the «'a>t" were under Nim- 
rod's command? 42. As Noah was living at this time, what r< 
can you assign why he had not the command instead of Nim 
43. What leads us to infer that the hordes that 'journeyed from the 
east and settled on a plain in Shinar"' did not include all the inhabit- 
ants of the earth ? 41. Can you tell where the land of Shinar « 
(§ 8.) 45. What is the difference between disunited and divided, in the 
: 81stline? 40. Why do you suppose the people did not intend the 
tower as a place of refuge in case of another flood? 47. What do 
you suppose were some of the objects of the tower ? 48. What name 
was given to the tower? 49. What was the meaning of the name? 
50. What do you suppose were some of the reasons why the people 
wished to have but one government? 51. How did the Lord counte- 
nance this plan of having one grand ruler of all mankind ? 52. What 
effect has increasing the territory and population of a country on the 
power of rulers? 53. Does the ?norc power rulers possess generally! 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



33 



the whole earth. (§9.) It appears, moreover, 
that they sought their own glory, and wished 

85 to obtain 'adoration and fame among pos- 
terity. Yet it is 'remarkable that of all that 
ambitious 'host not a single name is men- 
tioned by any ' historian. 

We may here derive a most instructive 

90 lesson on the 'vanity of all earthly fame, and 
weakness and ' folly of man when not guided 
by the 'unerring precepts of heaven. (§ 10.) 
The whole race at that time spoke the same 
language : Jehovah, who gave to man speech, 

95 by a miracle dissolved this powerful bond 
of union, scattered the different 'tribes, and 
thus, by dividing the languages, divided the 
governments ; 'accordingly, since then, every 
nation has had a language and government 

ioo 'peculiar to itself. Thus it appears that the 
'descendants of Noah, after the confusion of 
languages, 'occupied a position similar to 
that of the first 'parents of mankind ; and 
nearly two thousand years after the 'world 



Habitable 
globe. 

Renown. 



Extraordi- 
nary. 

Multitude. 
Writer. 
Obtain. 
Pride. 

Irrationality. 
Infallible. 
Entire. 
The Lord. 
Wonder- 
Hordes. 
Separating. 
Therefore. 
Dialect. 
Appropriate. 
Offspring. 
Held. 
Ancestors. 
Earth. 



increase or decrease their regard for the rights of their subjects and 
their morals and piety? (§9.) 54. In how many simple sentences 
can you use the word host, in the 87th line, so that in each case it 
shall convey a different meaning? 55. Can you use it so that in one 
sentence it shall convey a meaning directly the opposite of what it 
does in the other? 56. Can you name any Republic that lias a Christian 
government? 57. Can you mention any powerful nation that once 
adopted a republican government, and rejected Christianity 9 58. 
What has been the fate of every nation that has not been governed 
oy Christian laws? (§ 10). 59. Do you know whether learned men 
thought the term confusion of language! might bear another edi- 
tion? 60. What reasons can you assign that seem to prove be- 
yond doubt that the opinjon generally receive 1 18 C O t re O t J 61. What 
he exact number of years, according to the moat 1 au- 

thorities aftei the creation, that the oonfuston of languages occur ted ! 



34 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



105 had been created, we find society 'resolved 
to nearly its 'primitive state, and govern- 
ment in its infancy. (§11.) The post-diluvians 
had, however, 'retained some important fea- 
tures of the Divine 'statutes, and, after centu- 

no ries of 'experience, trials, and sufferings, we 
find mankind governed by those 'rules and 
precepts which derive their origin from sen- 
timents of 'equity and justice, engraven on 
the human heart by the 'invisible hand of 

us Providence. 



Reduced. 

First. 
Persons liv- 

flood. 
Kept. 

Laws. 

Tests. 

Maxims. 

First exist- 
ence. 

Rectitude. 
L'nseen. 

Divine guid- 
ance. 



62. What natural monuments go to prove, independent of revelation, 
that the Lord intended that there should be many governments? 
(§ 11.) 63. Do the natural divisions of the earth into separate conti- 
nents, islands, &c., seem to indicate that the Almighty intended one 
nation to have absolute sway? 64. What reasons can ymi assiga why 
it would not be well to have a republican president govern the whole 
world? 65. What has heretofore been the fate of republics that have 
attempted universal dominion ! on. Is our own republic the most 
powerful that has ever existed? 67. What do you suppose contri- 
butes most to the happiness of man? 



LESSON XI. 

(§ J.). It appears evident, that the first go- 
vernments were not the result of 'delibera- 
tions. The 'usages of the patriarchs, estab- 
lished without the 'sanction of legislative 
5 assemblies, gradually became the first laws 
among mankind: consequently, these 'cus- 
toms were the origin of all the 'political 



Systems of 
polity. 



Customs. 

Support. 

Parliaments. 

Usages. 

National. 



The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix. 

(§ 1.) 1. What do you think ought to be the object of every 
government? 2. Mention some of the advantages likely to result 
from legislative deliberation. 3. Under what government* do you 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



35 



regulations that have either depressed or 
'ameliorated the condition of the human race 

10 in all succeeding ages. (§2.) In the differ- 
ent societies that were formed after the con- 
fusion of tongues, and the 'dispersion of " the 
people," at the building of the Tower of 'Ba- 
bel, were persons noted for 'physical power, 

15 skill, and bravery. Those who enjoyed 
these blessings soon acquired public confi- 
dence and admiration. Hence the 'utility of 
their services, and the favorable 'opinion of 
men, enabled them gradually to acquire 'do- 

20 minion. (§ 3.) The 'records of all nations 
prove that the first rulers owed their 'ascend- 
ancy to the services they had rendered so- 
ciety, or to military prowess. j\imrod was 
the founder of the first empire of which we 

25 aave any authentic account; and we are in- 
brmed by the 'sacred historian that he was 
a mighty hunter, and are led to 'infer that the 
people were often with him, that they 'gra- 
dually put themselves 'under his authority, 

30 and, in 'process of time, he conquered na- 
tions, increased his power, and founded the 



Degraded. 
Made better. 
Following. 
Organized. 
Separation. 
Confusion- 
Superior 
strength. 

Courage. 
Advantages. 
Benefit. 
Sentiment. 

Supreme au- 
thority. 

Authentic 
memorials. 

Superiority. 

Benefits. 

Valor. 

Establisher. 

Reliable. 

Divine. 

Conclude. 

By degrees. 

Subject to. 

Progressive 
course. 

Established. 



think a majority of the people enjoys the most happiness? (§ 2) 4. 
Do you suppose there were any distinguished personages at the 
,»)? of the Tower of Babel? 5. Who do you suppose of 
Babel-builders acquired dominion ? 6. Do you think of any 
endowments that are requisite for every ruler to possess in rendering 
service to the community ? 7. What is of the utmost consequence thnt 
all should pos>' "day everyone possess this inestimable bless- 

ing ? (§^0 •'• What sort of men have generally been the first rulers of 
Who wa* the founder of the fir<t empire of which we 

have any authentic booouoiI 11. Who inform* u* what this man 
was, and what he became? 12. Illustrate the meaning of Sacred His- 



36 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



Babylonian, or Assyrian 'empire, for he be- 
came a " 'mighty one in the earth." 

(§4.) It is a 'remarkable, but irrefutable 

35 'fact, that the first human governments were 
of a 'despotic character; yet they were 
1 baneful in their operation, and signally failed 
in securing either the order, 'harmony, pros- 
perity, or 'tranquillity of individuals — peace 

40 between tribes and nations, or the 'perma- 
nent power and 'magnificence of empires. 
The 'deleterious influences of the arbi- 
trary will and 'unbridled passions of rulers, 
the 'usurpation of human rights by petty 

45 chiefs and mighty 'monarchs, affected all 
classes, and universal 'contamination and 
'depravity prevailed. (§ 5.) Herodotus, who 
is styled the father of 'profane history, in- 
forms us that the Medes, after having rejected 



Powerful. 

Extraordi- 
nary.* 

Truth. 
Absolute." 
Ruinous. 
Concord. 



Lasting. 

Grandeur. 

Destructive. 

Licentious. 

Unlawful 
seizing. 

Sovereign* 

Pollution 

Wickediess. 
Shakm off. 



tory. (§ 4.) 13. *In substituting extraordinary for remarkable, and (bsolute 
for despotic, why do you change a to an? 11. What was the charicter of 
the first human laws? 15. What was their result in relation to indviduals 
— 16. tribes and natioiis — 17. and empires? 18. Do you suppose people 
generally look to their rulers for examples to imitate? 19. Do jou sup- 
pose evil rulers tend to make good people wicked? 20. If rulers 
usurp, or steal, or rob, or get intoxicated, what are their subjects likely to 
do? 21. What would be the tendency of righteous rulers on a vicious or 
corrupt people? 22. Do you suppose people would be likely to become 
wicked or corrupt, if they always had pious rulers? 23. Do you think 
any one can commit a crime and escape punishment? 21. Is it urise or 
foolish, then, to do wrong ? 25. Is it the mark of a great or a little mind 
to do wrong? 26. Can you mention any authority from the Bible that 
has reference to this subject? 27. Who do you think are the happiest 
in this life, those that do wrong, or those that strive to do right ? 28. Who 
do you think stand the best chance of being happy in the life to 
come, those that are indolent and vicious, or those that are industrious 
and strive to be good ? (§ 5.) 29. What is history? 30. Who is styled 
the father of profane history? 31. What is profane history? 32. Can 
you give any account of the nature and power of the Assyrian or 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



37 



50 the'. tstyrian yoke, were some time without 
any form of government, and anarchy pre- 
vailed and subjected them to the most 'hor- 
rible excesses and disorders. It was at 
length resolved by them, that, in order to 

55 avoid their direful calamities, they would 
elect a king: and Dejoces, a man of 'con- 
summate prudence and skill, was 'unani- 
mously 'elected. 

(§ 6.) In the 'primitive ages crowns were 

60 often elective, and those were 'selected who 
were either capable of 'dispensing justice 
to their subjects, or of 'commanding them 
in time of war. The dominions of the first 
monarchs were of small extent. In the 

65 early ages, every city had its king. 'Sacred 
and 'profane historians alike bear testimony 
to the narrow bounds of ancient kingdoms, 
and the valor and even excellent 'traits of 
their rulers. Joshua defeated thirty-one 

70 kings; and Adonibezek owned that in his 



Tyranny of 
ttie Assyrians 
Intestine 
broils. 



Tumults. 

Determined. 

Woeful. 

Complete. 

Without dis- 
sent. 

Selected. 

Pristine. 

Chosen. 

Distributing. 

Directing. 

Territories. 

Limit. 

Holy. 

Secular. 

Primitive. 

Qualities. 

Overthrew. 

Confessed. 



Babylonian empire? 33. What do you suppose contributed to the 
overthrow of tin- Assyrian empire? 34. What was the character of 
the government of the Medefl after they had shaken off the tyranny 
of the Assyrians ? 35. Why do you suppose their government did 
not continue a democracy? (§6.) 30. From whom did sovereigns in 
die primitive ages derive their power to govern? 37. If sovereigns 
sometimes derived their power to govern from the Lord, what name 
ougli- - jivernment? 38. Can you name any remark- 

able I ipture to prove that the Lord did not approve of kingly 

gove What do you suppose was the earliest kind of go- 

. What was \he first kind of human government ? 41. 
ia the second hind of human government 1 1J. What were 
requisites in a king ! 43. Do you suppose modern 
the most learned and virtuous people in tin- nations they 

I tllil opinion | 
46. Were monarchies formerly extensive ? 46. What reasons can you 



38 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



wars he had destroyed "'three score and ten 
kings." (§ 7.) Egypt was 'originally divided 
into several states. The different 'provinces 
that compose the present 'empires of China 

75 and Japan,formed anciently as many distinct 
'sovereignties. A few families assembled in 
one neighborhood composed all the subjects 
of many of the first 'monarchs. Africa, a 
'part of Asia, and the Indian tribes of our 

80 own 'continent, present us with samples 
similar in many 'respects to the primitive 
'monarchies. 

(§ 8.) But the 'ambition of monarchs — the 
desire to 'transmit to their posterity their 

85 power and their 'fame, as well as their pro- 
perty, among other causes 'induced them to 
usurp the rights delegated to man by his 



Seventy. 

Primarily. 

Dominions. 

Region*. 

Of old. 

Dominions. 

Vas>als. 

Kings. 

Portion. 

Hemisphere. 

Particulars. 

Kingdoms. 

Inordinate 

- 

Hand down. 

Keimwn. 

Influenced. 



assign for this opinion? (§7.) 47. What was formerly the political 
condition of Egypt? 48. What other sources prove that monarchic 
were not originally extensive? 49. Do you suppose crowns are still 
elective? 50. What is your reason for this opinion ? 51. What coun- 
tries, at the present day, are in some respects similar to the primitive 
monarchies? 52. What remarkable fact, independent of revelation, 
proves the existence of God, and of our souls after our bodies turn to 
dust? (§8.) 53. What is the principle which induces us to desire 
to transmit our possessions to our particular heirs? 54. What is your 
opinion about the justice and propriety of the law of inheritance? 
55. Why do you suppose the law of inheritance ought not to apply to 
power and office, as well as to property? 56. Wherever it has so 
applied, what has been the uniform result? 57. Do you suppose hu- 
man nature is the same now that it always has been? 58. What are 
your reasons for this opinion? 59. Do you suppose there is no dan- 
ger that the rulers of a republic will ever abuse authority entrusted 
to them? 60. What are your reasons for this opinion? 61. If a 
farmer hires a man to work, or a merchant employs a clerk, or a me- 
chanic an apprentice, and the employed, in either case, abuse the 
trust confided to him, what is usually done? 62. Who are the em- 
ployed, the rulers or the people? 63. What ought to be done, when 
rulers abuse the trust confided to them ? 64. Why do you suppose a 



ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 



39 



creator ; accordingly all history shows, that 
as the power of the ruler has been increased 

90 the rights of the ruled have been disregarded. 
(§9.) Hence, the mightiest empires of the 
earth, the Babylonian^ the Assyrian, the 
Egyptian, and the Chinese 'monarchies, and 
those of later ages, as they increased in 

95 territory and population, became hereditary; 
but the highest dazzling power ever pos- 
ted by any monarch, the renown of the 
mightiest armies that have ever been led to 
the field of slaughter, have exhibited alike 

ioo the insensibility, the degradation, the hope- 

a misery of the 'mass of the subjects, and 

the fatuity, the wretchedness of their rulers. 

Without the light of Divine 'revelation, what 

stronger proof need be adduced to demon- 

105 strate to all the absolute 'necessity of inte- 
grity and piety, than the total ruin of all 
ient empires and republics, whose sur- 
passing power and magnificence would be 
deemed a fable were it not that their crum- 
bling monuments still attest that they existed. 



Consequently 
Authority. 

Subjects. 

Most power- 
ful. 

World. 

Empires. 

Times. 

Area. 

Brilliant. 

Potentate. 

Hosts, 

Butchery. 

Stupidity. 

Body. 

Imbecility. 

Communica- 
tion. 

Evidence. 
tout. 

Duty to God. 
Old. 

Grandeur. 
Falsehood. 



people that can neither real nor write cannot tell when authority is 

What effect has absolute power always produced 

i r subject* 1 67. What rendered the Babylonian, 

.an empires, &c, unable to r- ( jpe with other nations? 68. How 

miny lire! sacrificed to gratify the vanity 

or ambition of ;i few men clothed with authority? 09. How much 

What incalculable good do you suppose might be ac- 

eomj the talent, and the lives that have beeti 

war ? 71 Do yon suppose it i- pleasing to the Almighty 

-»• \i, hai '. and contentio men ? 

- ived. 
." will coriif when wars 
7 i W | 



40 



PRIMITIVE LAWS. 



LESSON XII. 

(§ 1.) Among the earliest 'laws instituted, 
was, undoubtedly, the establishment of the 
'regulations concerning property — the pun- 
ishment of crimes — the ceremonies of mar- 
5 riage. These usages, which experience has 
proved to be indispensable to the ^well-being 
of mankind, were coeval with the first 'form 
of human government. (§ 2.) We 'find, in 
the early ages, that the penal laws were 

10 extremely 'severe. By the code of Moses, 
'blasphemy, idolatry, profanation of the sal>- 
bath, 'witchcraft, and many other crimes, 
were punished with death. Yet it is remark- 
able, that the laws of Moses were exceed- 

15 ingly tender of all the ' irrational creation, and 
that these same laws have 'received the ap- 
probation of the wise and good of all suc- 
ceeding ages — they are the basis of the 



Statutes. 
Institution. 
Rules. 
Matrimony. 

Happiness. 
S r.^trin. 
Learn. 
Punishing. 
Rigorous. 

• DC* tO- 

wanl J< bovah. 

Sorcery. 

Eminently wor- 
thy of Dole. 

T-anaeendcnUy. 

Following. 
Foundation. 



The difficult Question* are elucidated in the Appendix. 

(§ 1.) 1. Name some of the earliest laws instituted. 2. Have pe 
ever deviated from these usages ? 3. What are your r this 

opinion ? 4. Do you suppose these usages were designed or sanctioned by 
the Creator? 5. What are your reasons for this opinion? 6. Can vou 
name a few instances where men in the most exalted human stal 
possessing unlimited power, have been signally abased for deviating 
from these primitive laws? 7. Were the primitive laws lenient? 8. 
What are your reasons for this opinion ? (§ 2.) 9. What is the meaning 
of sabbath, in the 11th line ? 10. When was ihe sabbath first obserr 
a day of rest? 11. Do you think it a good or a bad plan to loiter away 
one's time on the sabbath? 12, Assign your reasons for this opinion. 
13. Can you name any nation that has attained either durable happi- 
ness or power, that profaned the sabbath ? 14. How do our laws com- 
pare with those of the primitive ages? 15. What reasons can you 
assign why ours may with safety be more lenient? 16. How do the 
laws of Moses compare with all other laws ? 17. Where are the laws 



PRIMITIVE LAWS. 



41 



laws of our country, and have remained 
10 unaltered, stood the test of the most pro- 
found erilirism. and received the "veneration 
of nations for upwards of three thousand 
years. (§ S.) In every age, the more 'im- 
portant business of society, such as pur- 
85 chases, sales, marriages, sentences of judges, 
the claims of citizens, &c, have had a 
certain degree of 'notoriety, in order to 
ure their execution and 'validity. Hence 
rtain forms have been established for 
30 drawing deeds, certain persons authorized 
ive them, and public places appro- 
priated to preserve them; for the 'welfare 
of society depends upon the 'sacredness of 
the engagements of its members. 
.').'> (§ J.) In the primitive 'ages, the art of 
writing was not 'practised; consequently all 
ntracts and deeds were verbal ; vet it was 



Continued. 

Scrutiny. 

.\ mm. u] ver- 
sion. 

iRcfflBfence. 

Weightj. 

A flairs. 

Judicial deci- 
sions. 

Titles. 

Publicity. 

Justness. 

Prescribed 

modes. 

Contracts. 

Apartments. 

Prosperity. 

Inviolable- 
ness. 

Mutual pro- 
mises. 

Eras. 
Exercised. 

Bargains. 



l v . Have our laws any similarity to those of Mo- 
ri for this opinion? 20. Why do you 
f Moses were so perfect? (§3.) 21. Illustrate 
the meaning of im before port ant, in the 23d line. 22. What does 
ling words, denote 'y, in the 24tli line? 23. What is 

-o ty, called ? 24. Why are they so called ? 25. What is 
the meaning of the affix ty. in notoriety, in the 27th line? 26. What 
_ of ty, in validity, in the 28tli line? 27. Why do you 
<se the line is always named in which the prefixes and affixes are 
used? 28. Does ty affixed to word.- always have the same meaning 1 
as a prefix? 3". Why is it not a prefix in the 
tyrant? 31. With what words are jirifi.rrs and affixes used ? 
32. In how many simple sentence- can you use the words notoriety, 
validity. /' tug, sarrrdntss, engagement^ and deeds, in the 27th, 

28th. I, and Tilth lines, so that in each ca>e they shall 

rent mean: From what is sarredness derived, ill 

■V thing peculiar in it> meaning 1 35. 

• is your reason for this opinion '. ( ( , I.) 36. What is the meaning 

of con. placed befor- 'illy, in the 36th line, and con- 



42 



PRIMITIVE LAWS. 



necessary to have them 'acknowledged and 
authenticated; hence, all 'proceedings in 

40 'transferring property were held in public, 
and before 'witnesses. The same method 
was 'adopted in dispensing justice among 
the 'people ; and the gates of cities were 
usually 'resorted to for these purposes. (§ 5.) 

45 Though the 'primitive inhabitants were not 
skilled in the 'art of writing, yet they had 
adopted several expedients to supply its place ; 
the most rational plan was to 'compose their 
laws, histories, &c, in 'verse, and sing them ; 

50 thus were the first 'laws of states and em- 
pires 'transmitted to posterity. It has been 
'found, in all ages, that it is not enough that 



Publicly re- 

• oiiveying. 

Deponents. 

Chosen. 

Citizen*. 

Repaired. 

Original. 

Pp.lVs.xl.,11. 

Devices. 

Form. 

BUMtaa 

Il.iinlnl 



tracts, 37th line? 37. *What is con called when placed before w 
38. * Why is it so called? 39. *Name some other syllables used in 
the same way. 40. Illustrate the meaning of con with some other 
words. 41. What is meant by deeds, in the 37th line? 42. What 
were verbal deeds? 43. How are deeds and contracts at the present day 
authenticated? 44. What is the difference between n > 1 ne- 

cessary, in the 38th line? 45. What do you understand b 
cities, in the 43d line? 46. Why do you suppose we have n 
cities in the United States? 47. Can you name any modern 
that have gates? (§5.) 48. What conjunction follows though, in the 
45th line? 49. Why does this conjunction usually follow though, and 
what is it called? 50. What is the meaning of in before habil 
in the 45th line? 51. Why does not in have the same meanii 
fore human, as inhuman? 52. As the ancients had not the art of 
writing, how did they record sentiments and events? 53. Can 
name any specimens of history transmitted in verse? 54. Wl 
are the functions of modern government essentially different from 
those of the ancients? 55. To what does its refer, in the 17th line ? 
56. What is the meaning of com, before pose, in the 48th line? 57. 
What is the difference between verse and poetry, in the 49th line? 
58. What is the meaning of trans, before mitted, in the 51st line? 59. 
Illustrate its meaning with some other words. 60. Why do you sup- 
pose the primitive inhabitants were not skilled in the art of writing? 

* The Teacher will bear in mind, that these questions, with all others of an intricate charac- 
ter, are to be omitted when the pupils are not advanced. 



PRIMITIVE LAWS. 



43 



laws exist; it is 'requisite to provide for 

their execution : and as the early patriarchs 
f>5 'presided over* their families, and settled the 

'disputes that naturally arose among their 
children, so the first monarchs 'distributed 
justice in person among their 'subjects. 
(§6.) It appears that the earliest 'rulers 
60 exercised the station of both 'magistrate and 
priest. We are informed that Moses, 'op- 
pressed with the multiplicity of 'affairs, chose 
a certain number of wise men to 'dispense 
justice among the people ; these judges 'de- 
Go cided all matters of small importance; but 
their de< dstonfi were 'subject to the "supervi- 
sion and reversion of Moses. The adminis- 
tration of justice was. in the early ages, ge- 
gMy given to the priests, who determined 
70 all 'disputes, and inflicted such punishment 

ssary. 
.) Probably the earliest, and certainly 
the most important regulation in reference 



Essential. 
Performance 

Superin- 
tended. 

r.mtrovrr- 

Al lot ted. 
Inferiors. 
Governors. 
Judge. 

Overbur- 
dened. 

Business. 

Administer. 

Settled. 

Weight. 

Liable. 

^Review. 

Equity. 

Spiritual di- 
rectors. 

Contests. 
Thought. 
Likely. 
Relating. 



writer mentioned in authentic history! (§6\) 62, 
e difference between a magistrate and a priest? 63. What 
is the meaning of in before formed^ in the 61st line? 64. Illustrate 
the meaning of in v. other words, 65. What is the meaning 

of in i t}i»« 70th line! 66. What meaning doei im, in. 

- have when prefixed to verbal 67. Illustrate their 
mear v What meaning doea tm, m, ig, tr, as, </is, 

and ill have when placed before adjectives 1 69. Are there any ex- 
Illustrate their meaning by examples. 71. 
■ offices did the earliest rulera fill ' 72. Do yon luppose one man 
•npetent to fill bo many i fficei ? 73. Doea it require more than 
erudition and ta'ent to fill any of tliem I 7 1. Who were generally 
appointed, in the primitive ag< ice? 

•The t«»rher will perceive that the defi nit i<: rN.iresome- 

tkmm given in the margin, in which raw 



44 



PRIMITIVE LAWS. 



to property, was 'assigning and securing 

75 to each family a certain portion of land ; 
this was the first step towards 'civilization, 
for among all savages lands are common; 
they have no 'boundaries, no land-marks; 
every one seeks his 'subsistence where he 

80 may see fit : but in the civilized 'state it is 
necessary to 'distinguish land, and adopt 
such rules as will secure to each 'member 
the 'benefit of his labor; so that he who 
sows may have a reasonable 'expectation of 

85 reaping and enjoying the profits of his skill 
and 'industry. The rights of all oUght to 
be 'guarantied, so that no one can seize the 
'profits of another's labor. (§ 8.) Laws were 
early 'established, not only to regulate the 

90 division of 'land, but also to guard against 
and prevent 'usurpation. With a view to 
curb the grasping desires of 'avaricious and 
tyrannizing oppressors, and to protect 'mu- 
tually the rights of all, we 'find that the ear- 

95 liest laws 'required every person to fix the 
boundaries of his 'possessions by land-marks. 



Allotting. 
Piece. 

The utate of be- 
ing refined in 
manners from 
primitive g rot 
new, and im- 
proved in arts 
and learning. 

Lmnts. 



Support. 

Condition. 

Separate. 

Individual. 

Profit. 

Prospect. 

Reward. 

Warranted. 
Proceeds. 

i ^tote. 

Occupation 
wiihuut n^'ht 

Covetous. 

rocally. 
Learn. 
Demanded. 
Property. 



(§ 7.) 75. What was probably the first and ?nost import ant regulation 
in reference to property'? 70. What is the meaning ui' step, in the 76th 
line? 77. Why does not step have the same meaning before father, f 

78. Illustrate some of the different meaning9 of step in sentences. 

79. How are lands held among all lavages? 80. How do savages ob- 
tain their support? 81. What regulations are observed among all 
civilized nations? 82. Why do you suppose it necessary to have 
such rules? (§8.) 83. Why were other laws established besides those 
that regulate the division of land ? 84. Do you suppose reason or 
revelation sanctions the ownership of a ivhole state by one, or two. three, 
four, or five men ? 85. Assign some reasons why it would not be well 
for a few men to own all the land in a whole nation? 86. What did 
the ancient laws require all persons to do? 87. What were all ex- 



PRIMITIVE LAWS. 



45 



Moses expressly forbids the Israelites from 
removing the ancient boundaries o( lands; 
and in the days of Job, those who removed 

100 these marks were ranked among the worst 
oi mankind. Profane history informs us of 
the importance attached to this most 'salu- 
tary regulation. 'Homer speaks of it as a 
custom of the highest antiquity. Virgil re- 

m fers it to the age of Jupiter, which 'appears 
with him to mean the 'beginning of time. 

(§9.) 'Agriculture first gave rise to pro- 
perty in 'lands; but this property must 
chamze after the death of the 'owner, and it 
reasonable to suppose that after cultivat- 
ing the land for years, men would become 
•ugly attached to it, and desire to 'trans- 
mit its enjoyment to those bound to them by 
the holies! ties. Furthermore, the peace of 

us so< ;uired that some 'permanent regu- 

lation should be 'established in reference to 



In direct 
terms. 

Limits. 

Displaced. 

Classed. 

Secular. 

Advantago- 

UllS. 

The father of 
poets. 

Age. 

Seems. 

Commence- 
ment. 

Husbandry. 

Real estate. 

Proprietor. 

Rational. 

Ground. 

Convey. 

Possession. 

Purest. 

Durable. 

Settled. 



v prohibited from doing? 88. How are lands measured? 89. 
If landmarks are removed, have people of the present age any means 
of knowinp where they stood ? 90. What nation first used surveying/ 
Vhnt charartcr separates land marks, in the 96th line? 92. Should 
you » ii fhnrartcr in composing letters, or in any other writ- 

ing? W • do you think it important to notice the differ eni pauses 

and « in the books we read? 91. Will you elucidate the 

meaning of the use of the hyphen by a few examples j 95. What 
marks are meant in the 1 00th line? 96. Do you know what the 
opinion of many lea sting Homer and his writing! ? 

Virgil? ($9.) 98. What tir-t gave rise to property in 
land? W p suppose men would naturally desire to 

transmit their property to their posterity ! 1'"). What do you suppose 
has produced many inventions and ZosM ? 1"1. Why do you suppose 
the peace of society require | ,, reference to 

property r : 1 persons 1 L02. What \- tin- difference between 

the meanings of peace and tranquillity, in the 11 1th line? 103. What 



46 



PRIMITIVE LAWS. 



the property of deceased persons. 'Neces- 
sity, which is said to be the " mother of 'in- 
ventions" as well as of laws, 'required some 

120 permanent regulations in reference to ' inhe- 
ritances, and also the power of making 'de- 
vises. Hence, 'property in lands was the 
origin of 'rights and jurisprudence, which 
'compose the most important part of the 

125 whole civil 'code. (§ 10.) Civil laws, like 
governments, were at first very ' imperfect ; 
jurisprudence was not formed into any regu- 
lar system till after the 'lapse of centuries. 
No one ruler or lawgiver, 'unaided by Di- 

130 vine 'inspiration, could foresee all events: 
unlooked-for occurrences gave occasion for 
the 'establishment of most of the laws that 
now 'govern civilized society. Old regula- 
tions have consequently been either 'extended, 

123 reformed, or 'repealed, in proportion to the 
'ingenuity and industry of man in extending 
'commerce — discovering the natural wealth 
of the earth— the 'multiplicity of inventions 
— the wonderful ' improvements in the arts — 



Nee,]. 

Discoveries. 
Demanded. 
Patrimonies. 
Wills. 
Ownership. 
Claims- 
Constitute. 
Book of lam's 
Defective. 

The science 

of right. 

OtaMfetoA 

I illusion. 

Incidents. 

Enactment. 

Regulate. 

Enlarged. 

Revoked. 

< ncss. 
Trade. 

Program 



is the meaning of civil code, in the 125th line? 104. What is the dif- 
ference between necessity and need — 105. inventions and dit — 

106. permanent and fixed — 107. inheritances and patrimonies — LOS 
vises and wills — f09. property and ownership — 110. rights and claims — 
111. compose and constitute — 11 '2. code and book of laics, on the 117th, 
118th, 120th, 121st, I22d, 123d, 1:21th, and i25th linos respectively! 
(§ 10.) 113. What is the meaning of un prefixed to aided, in the 129th 
line? 114. What meaning has un prefixed to words? 115. What 
were civil laws at first? 110. Can any ruler or body of legislators, 
however wise, foresee all events ? 117. What gave rise to most of the 
laws in force among civilized nations ? 1 IS. What lias happened to 
old regulations? 119. What has caused this great difference between 
many of the ancient and modem laws? 120. Who is meant by the 



NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



47 



140 sciences — letters — and, above all, the 'pro- 
mulgation of the 'ameliorating doctrines of 
the ' Saviour of mankind. 



Diffusion. 

Improving. 

.Redeemer. 



Saviour of mankind in the 142J line? 121. Where do we find his 
. tM$ 122. What do you suppose would be the result if all lived 
according to the doctrine taught by Jksus Christ? 



LESSON XIII. 

(§ 1). We see by reference to the 'unerring 
page of history, that laws of some 'kind 
have 'always governed the whole human 
race. 'Civilized societies have their exten- 
5 sivc and complicated systems of jurispru- 
dence. *Sc?ni~barb(irous states yield to the 
'commands of a king, or some other despotic 
ruler ; and even savages obey their chief, 'en- 
dure the rules which the 'customs of their 
10 tribes 'prescribe, or obey the obvious and 
indisputable laws of 'right and the voice of 
nature, which 'alarm the soul with excru- 
ciating 'remorse whenever justice is disre- 



Infallible. 

Sort. 

Ever. 

Cultivated. 

Intricate. 

Half savage. 

Orders. 

Abide by. 



Ordain. 
Justice. 
Frightens. 

Agony. 



(§ 1.) 1. What do you suppose is meant by infallible pnejo of history, 
in the l<t lino? 2. What is the dilh'renre between unerring and in- 
fallible? 3. What is the meaning of societies, in tho 4th line? 4. What 
part of speech is it? 0. What number? 6. What do nouns ending 
in ty always denote ! 7. How do they always form their plural? 8. 
I i- the meaning of states, in the 6th line ? 9. Do you know what 
moaning semi has beforo harharems, in the 6th line? 10. Do you sup- 
it alwaya lias this meaning 1 11. What it your reason for this 
opinion ?• 12. Illustrate the moaning of semi with some other words. 
13. What is tho meaning of pre before scribe, in the 10th line? 14. 
Does it always have the same power when used as a prtflxt 15. Il- 
lustrate its meaning with some other words. (§ 2.) 16. Do you mp- 

r a simple •An veil to require 

their reasons, inasmuch as ytj or nsniaj be iodiflerentij given vritbool either tboqghl or 
■■Mies. 



48 



NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



garded. (§ 2.) Law 'pervades the universe ; 

15 no created being is 'exempt from its protect- 
ing care — nor can any one ever 'deviate 
from its 'salutary influence with impunity. 
Even in 'societies possessing the greatest 
blessings, each individual is 'restricted to cer- 

20 tain 'limitations in his intercourse with 
others, and ' invested with rights which ex- 
tend alike to all, and which cannot be 'in- 
fringed without 'endangering the security 
and happiness of every 'member, who is an 

25 'integral part of the community. 

(§ 3.) If each and everyone possessed suffi- 
cient knowledge, and a 'disposition to do what 
was 'strictly just — to give to all their due — 
to take only what was 'lawful — then, indeed, 

30 there would be no 'need of human restric- 
tions. But the history of man in all 'ages 
proves that, cither from ignorance, the weak- 
ness of his judgment, or from his natural in- 



Is diffused 
through- 
Free. 

Turn aside. 
Wholesome. 

Communities 

Restrained 

within. 

Bounds. 
Clothed. 
Violated. 

Putting in 
hazard. 

Citizen. 

Component. 

Adequate. 

Desire. 

Rigorously. 

Proper. 

W.int. 

Times. 

Infirmity. 

Propensity. 



pose there is anyplace where there is not law? 17. What is the 
meaning of being, in the 1 5th line? IS. Why would not beings bfl a 
better word than being, in the 15th line, inasmuch as nothing is ex- 
empted? 19. If the wisest and best men are required to observe cer- 
tain rules, is it unreasonable that scholars should scrupulously regard 
the rules of school ? 20. Which do you suppose most benefits the pupils, 
the school with perfect order, or the school without any order? 21. Do 
you think each one at school should strive to aid the teacher in pre- 
serving perfect order ? (§ 3.) 22. Do you suppose there might be any 
condition in which human lair would not be necessary? 23. What 
does all history prove? 24. What is necessary for man's quiet and 
happiness? 25. What does reason and revelation alike prove? 2b'. 
What is the difference between disposed and inclined — strictly and rigor- 
ously — due and right — need and want — history and account- I peri- 
ods — iveaknessnm] infirynity, in the 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th. 3 1st, and "Ud lines 
respectively? 27. Why cfo you suppose man is used in the 31st line, 
as it is evident the author meant the whole human race? (§4.) 28. 



NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



49 



clination to evil, he has been 'prone to go 

35 astray, and that laws are ' indispensable to 
his 'tranquillity and happiness; and, more- 
over, reason and revelation alike attest that 
man was created for society, and ' intended 
by the ' Deity to be subject to that law and 

40 order which the created intelligences of 
heaven 'obey, and that there is no such thing 
as natural liberty. (§4.) It has often been 
'asserted, that man gave up certain natural 
rights when he became a member of civil 

45 society, but it appears 'evident that such 
was not the case ; no one ever had the right 
to do as he 'chose, for all were born with 
equal rights; and if one had natural liberty, 
then all were equally entitled to it. 'Suppose 

50 all have natural ' liberty, then our property, 
yea, our lives, are at the disposal of any 
person who is either able or 'willing to take 
them from us. In our country, every 'in- 
fringement of the law is a 'violation alike of 

55 public and natural liberty, for 'God created 
man subject to law, and that is his natural 
'state. 



Disposed. 

Necessary. 

Quiet 

Bear witness 

Designed. 

Creator. 

Spiritual be- 
ings. 

Comply with. 

Original. 

AirUmed. 

Privileges. 

Plain. 

Fact. 

Liked. 

Claims. 

Admit. 

Freedom. 

Mercy. 

Desirous. 

Breach. 

Tranagrewioa. 

Jehovah. 
Amenable. 

Condition. 



What lias often been asserted ? 29. Is such the case ? 30. What are 
some of your reasons for this opinion ? 31. In how many simple sen- 
tonnes can you use case, in the 4Gth line, so that in each instance it 
shall convey a different meaning? 32. Is the assertion that "all men 
were created equal" literally true? 33. What are your reasons for 
tin-* opinion? 34. If some are born deformed or with sickly consti- 
tution*, and others are born perfect and robust, what is the meaning 
of " all tcere born with fyual rights," in the 47th lino? r ;. r ). What rea- 
sons prove that no one has natural liberty? 36. What erTect do you 
suppose it would have in this country if every one violated the laws 
that appeared unjust? 37. What do you suppose || the natural state 



50 



NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



(§ 5.) The laws of one's 'country may or 
may not 'protect the natural rights of man 

60 according to 'circumstances or the pecu- 
liarities of the individual's condition ; but 
the law of God is a perpetual security 
against 'oppression, and no liberty has ever 
existed or can 'exist where the laws of God 

65 are not obeyed; for take away the 'sacred 
law, and the weaker are subject to the 
stronger, and the 'stronger may, in their turn, 
become subject to 'combinations of the 
weaker. (§6.) It may, moreover, be ob- 

70 served that liberty does not 'consist in laws 
of our own 'making; for let us examine the 
laws of our country, and we shall find most 
of them were in ' force before we had exist- 
ence ; furthermore, it is 'evident that a larga 

75 majority of 'people, even of this country, 
are never 'governed by laws of their own 
making, though the statutes may be 'enacted 
during their own lives. 



State. 
Guard. 

The worldly 
estate. 

Mode of be- 
ing. 

Protection. 
Tyranny. 
Have being. 
Divine. 

Liable. 

More power- 
ful. 

Coalitions. 

K» innrkfd. 
Depend on. 

r'nuiiiru,'. 

( luMnqr, 

Opt ration. 

Plain. 

Citizen*. 

Ruled. 

Made. 

EuMfeoa 



of man? (§ 5.) 38. What is the meaning of the expression, "one's 
country" in the 58th line? 39. May the laws of one's country operate 
unequally? 40. What laws always operate justly ? 41. Wbal would 
be the condition of society if the principles of the sacred law were 
banished? 42. Do you suppose any nation ever enjoyed true liberty 
that had not received the aid of Divine revelation ? 43. D.» you sup- 
pose we often enjoy many blessings which are the result of Chris- 
tianity without being conscious of the true source from when ■«• they 
flow? (§6\) 44. Do you suppose liberty consists in laws of our own 
making? 45. What are your reasons for this opinion? 46. How long 
do you suppose most of the laws of this country have been in force? 
47. Why are not a majority of the people in this country governed by 
laws of their own making, even when the laws are made during 
their lives? 48. What is the difference between people and citiz- 
governed and ruled — statutes and laws — enacted and made, in the 75th. 
76th, and 77th lines respectively? 49. What words do you consider 






NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



51 



7.) The I is of the United States 

80 consists, (1S4^.) in round number 

members; 31 in the senate and 116 in 
the house of representatives make a quorum 
for transacting business. Hence it Appears 
that a bill may pass both houses by a majo- 

85 rity of one vote : 58 would be a majority 
in the 'house and 16 in the senate: a 
contingency might therefore happen in 
which a bill would pass both houses by re- 
ceiving 74 votes, and the sanction of the 

90 President would make it a law ; conse- 
quently, every person in the whole union 
might be governed by a law made by 75 
men; and 217 senators and representatives 
might be 'opposed to the law made by 75 

95 men, which would ' govern upwards of 
twenty millions of people. On the other 



wh -:■■:■ 
Upper I 
Lower I 
Is evident. 
Law. 

Lecai Dum- 
ber. 

Hallofrepre- 

sentaliTes. 
Fortuiloof 
erent. 

Prerail in. 
Approval. 
MM* 

: :r.:rr 



Vttptktmm 

rAmrHi 

Rule. 



synonyms, and what definitions, in section 6 ? (§ 7.) 50. Why is 
the term round numbers used in the 80th line? 51. In the 
line, it is asserted that the fall number is 291 members, can you 
tell how many there are in the senate, and how many there are in 
the bouse of representatives ? 52. Can the largest State, with nearly 
three millions of inhabitants, send more senators than the smallest 
State, with less than one hundred thousand inhabitants? 53. If you 
I know the number of States and the whole number of members in 
I Congress, can you not tell how many representatives there are ? 54. 
S How many make a quorum in the house ? 55. How many in the 
senate? 56. How many may pass a law in the house? 57. How 
many in the senate ? 5S. How is it that, in the 85th line, it is said 
ay be a majority, when there are 116 necessary to make a quo- 
rum, an J M if only one-half of 116— why would not 58 be a tie, and 
not a majority ? 59. Could there possibly be a contingency in which 
75 men might make a law that would govern upwards of twenty 
millions of people? 6 . If such is the power of law-makers, what 
ought to be the character of all men elected to legislative bodies? 
people do you suppose the most likely to discern and elect 
men of pure principles and patriotic character, an intelligent or an 



52 



NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



hand, a bill of the 'utmost importance may 
unanimously pass both houses and be 'vetoed 
by the President ; it must then be returned 

100 to the house in which it 'originated — say the 
house of representatives — who 'pass it again 
'unanimously ; it then goes to the senate, who 
happen to have but a bare quorum — nineteen 
votes are given in ' favor of the bill and ele- 

105 ven against it ; consequently it does not 're- 
ceive a 'majority of two-thirds of the senate 
and is defeated: hence it appears that a 
bill of 'vital importance might be defeated 
by either the 'arbitrary will — the vanity — 

no the imbecility — or the mistaken 'views of 
one man, who has it in his power during his 
continuance in 'office to forbid any bill from 
becoming a law, though he is 'sustained by 
less than three-eighths of the 'members of 

us 'congress, and opposed by the unanimous 
voice of the nation, and that the 'final vote 
of eleven senators may be in 'opposition to 
the 'views of two hundred and thirty-one 
representatives and forty-nine 'senators; and 

120 'moreover, that these eleven senators may 



Highest. 
Prohibited. 
Sent back. 
Had origin. 
Sanction. 

Without a dia- 
•enting to ice. 

Legal number to 
transact buarocM 

Support. 

Obtain. 

Plurality. 

Bendered null. 

Essential. 
Despotic. 
Opinions. 

The prerogative. 

Authority. 

Upheld. 

Delegates. 

Tbe national •#• 



Ultimate. 

Contradic- 
tion 

Sentiment*. 

Legislatire 
counsellors. 

Further. 



illiterate people ? 62. What may prevent a bill from becoming a law 
aAer it has unanimously passed both houses of congress? 63. What 
is the meaning of the word vetoed, in the 98th line? 64. When a 
bill is vetoed, to which house must it be returned? 65. May a bill, 
under any circumstances, become a law though the President veto 
(forbid) it? 66. Name some circumstances in which a contingency 
might happen to defeat a bill of vital importance ? 67. Can Dela- 
ware, with a population of 78,085* inhabitants, send as many 
senators to congress as the State of New York, with a population of 
2,428,921* inhabitants? 68. Why is the term original collective con- 

•According to the census of 1&40, New York has at the present time nearly 3,000,000. 



NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



53 



be from the six 'smallest States in the Union, 
whose original collective constituency would 
be less than one-half that of a single sena- 
tor from the largest State — hence the 'hopes 

i*S of upwards of twenty millions may be tem- 
porarily blasted by, it may be, even a good 
man, though an unsuitable President. 

(§ 8.) Again, suppose a 'bill passes unani- 
mously both 'houses of congress, receives 

130 the sanction of the President, and becomes 
a law ; yet the original constituents of the 
'makers of the law would probably be less 
than one-tenth of the 'people that would be 
governed by the same ; and it is undoubt- 

135 edly true, that all the important laws passed 
by congress, whether for good or for 'evil, 
have received the 'sanction of less than two 
hundred votes, and that the 'constituents of 
these voters have, on l an average, been a 

ho minority of the ' legal voters of the country, 
to say nothing of those of their 'constituents 
who were entirely opposed to the action of 
their representatives. Thus the laws that 
govern upwards of twenty millions of people, 



Least popu- 
lous. 

Body of con- 
stituents. 

Legislator. 
Expectations 
For a time. 
Destroyed. 
Unfit. 



Branches. 

Approval. 

Though. 

Framers. 

Inhabitants. 

Ruled. 

A fact. 

Woe. 

Approbation. 

Employers. 

A mean pro- 
portion. 

LawfuL 
Electors. 
Adverse. 
Deputies. 
More than. 



stituency used in the 122d line? 60. What is the difference in the 

way in which U. S. senators and representatives are elected? (§ 8.) 

70. Do important bills generally receive the unanimous concurrence 

of COl 71. What are your reasons for this opinion ? 72. Do 

-nppose congress could pass an evil law? 73. What are your 

Dfl for this opinion? 74. What kind of men do you think ought 

elected as legislators? 75. Do you suppose those arc generally 

thp best legislators who give the people the most to eat and drink on 

election days ? 76. What men in former republics adopted this prac- 

M there is any danger that men may become 

candidates for congress with any other object in view than the purest 

5* 



54 



NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



Ho even in this country, have been directly 
'framed by about one-twentieth of the popu- 
lation ; it is, indeed, 'an axiom that no one 
has perfect ' liberty — no people can be go- 
verned by laws of their own 'making — we 

150 are all 'dependent — 'dependent on our parents 
and friends — dependent on our fellow citi- 
zens — dependent on x our cotemporaries — de- 
pendent on our 'ancestors — dependent on the 
'goodness, and protecting care of our Hea- 

155 venly Father. (§ 9.) If such are the ' intri- 
cacies and the imminent dangers of 'dele- 
gated pow r er in the purest 'republic on which 
the sun ever shone, how 'indispensable is it 
that all should understand the 'fundamental 

160 'principles of political science — that every 
citizen should 'profit by the sufferings which 
mankind have 'endured for nearly six thou- 
sand years — that the ambition of each 
should be aroused to obtain the ' imper- 

165 ishable wealth of the mind, to 'understand 
and 'support the Constitution of the United 
States, and transmit in 'unsullied bright- 
ness the 'character of the American name ! 
(§10.) That all should receive 'impres- 



Land. 

Made. 

A self-evi- 
dent truth. 

Freedom. 
Constituting. 

Unable to exiat 
by ojiicIvb. 

98vttfect to tbc 
power of. 



Forefathers. 
Benevolence. 
Complexities 
Deputed. 

Common- 
wealth. 

Necessary. 
Essential. 

Elements. 
Improve. 
Suffered. 
Ardent desire 

ment. 
Comprehend 
Sustain. 

Pure. 

Good quali- 
ties. 

Indelible. 



patriotism? 78. What is a self-evident truth? 79. How ought each 
one, then, to perform the trusts committed to his charge? (§ 9.) 80. 
In whose hands is power originally vested? 81. What is understood 
by delegated or deputed power? 82. Is deputize a correct English 
word ? 83. When power is deputed, has it irrevocably left its grantor? 
84. What are some of the sufferings which mankind have so long en- 
dured ? 85. What is meant by the " wealth of the mind,'' in the 165th 
line? 86. Why may the American name be considered bright? 87. 
What is meant by political science? 88. What is the difference be- 
tween an art and a science? (§ 10.) 89. What are republics or com- 



NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



55 



no sive lessons from the fate of former 'repub- 
lics, which, in their day, though far more 
powerful than ours, have either been 'crushed 
by military despotism, or rent asunder by 
'intestine broils — so that not onlv the arrogant 

its and preposterous predictions of kings and 'no- 
bles, but those of all the 'literati of Europe, pro- 
nouncing 'anarchy and despotism to be the 
future fate of the United States, shall be de- 
feated, and the rapidly 'augmenting number 

i*> of our 'adult population, now probably five 
millions, who can neither read 'understand- 
Bgiy nor write intelligibly, checked, 'dimin- 
ished, and finally 'extinguished by the well- 
directed efforts of every American citizen. 

i-6 (§11.) Ought not each then to weigh pro- 
perly the expediency of disseminating in 
every part of the republic the inestimable 
blessings of letters, 'fraternal union, and 
Christian sentiment, that our country may 

190 be, in all coming time, the ' hallowed ark that 
preserved in safety the 'rational liberties of 
mankind, when it became the sole depository 
of human rights, and the 'asylum of the op- 



Common- 
wculths. 

Time. 

Overwhelmed. 

Apart. 

Pomes' ic. 

Peers. 

Learned men 

Want of rule. 

Destiny. 

Increasing. 

Grown up. 

Knowingly. 

Lessened. 

Eradicated. 

Exertions. 

Consider. 

Propriety. 

Invaluable. 

Brotherly. 

Feeling. 

Sacred. 

Reasonable. 

Lodgment. 

Refuge. 



monwealths? 90. What republics, in their day, exerted apparently 
a more extensive influence, and were comparatively more powerful 
than the United States? 91. Why should we loam lessons from these 
republics? 92. Why should those lessons be indelibly impressed ? 
A'hat is the probable reason that monarchs and noblemen de- 
nounce our government? 94. Name some of the causes which may 
justly alarm the friends of our government. 95. Are crowned heads 
interested in promoting disunion in the United State*? 96. Are the 
literati interested in the perpetuity of our institutions? 97. What 
should be our conduct towards those who dilnr from us in opinion? 
98. What were some of the cau.-es which produced the fall of former 



56 



NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



pressed and trodden-down of 'the old world. 

195 In view of all these impending 'circum- 
stances and 'denunciations, may it not be 
well for us to use the utmost 'caution and 
unceasing 'vigilance in regard to the perpe- 
tuity of our 'unequalled institutions. (§ 12.) 

200 Let us justly 'compare the fame of our 
philosophers, 'legislators, heroes, and their 
influence on 'cotemporaries, with those that 
flourished in the 'palmiest days of Greece 
and Rome — should not the most ' indefati- 

205 gable exertions be used to 'convey know- 
ledge to every home, that one united intel- 
lectual 'phalanx may be presented to assert 
the rights of mankind — to 'demonstrate to 
the 'monarchies of the world, that while we 

210 praise our ' illustrious ancestors in words we 
'imitate them in actions, and that their envi- 
able names, and the glory they won while 
living will not be 'tarnished by the degene- 
racy of their 'posterity ; but that republican 

215 institutions, while they 'inculcate human 
equality and a reverence for the 'approxi- 
mating 'perfection of human statutes, im- 



Europe. 
Facts. 

Public men- 
aces. 

Prudence. 

Watchful- 
ness. 

Unrivalled. 

Estimate. 

Law-makers. 

Persona exiting 
•l the nine time 

Most pros- 
perous. 

Unwearied. 
Carry. 
Mental. 
Array of men 

Kingdoms. 

ftenowncd. 

Copy. 

Fame. 

Stained. 

Descendants. 

Instil. 

Approaching 

Supreme ex- 
cellence. 



republics? (§ 11.) 99. How are the inhabitants of Europe oppressed 
and trodden down? 100. Why may our institutions be considered 
unequalled? (§ 12.) 101. Who were some of the principal philoso- 
phers? — 102. Legislators? — 103. Heroes, of antiquity? 104. Whence 
is the word pahniest derived? 105. Why is it applicable to the sub- 
ject? 106. What is the nature of the indefatigable exertions we 
should use? 107. What is meant by a phalanx ? 108. What is the 
strongest bulwark of American liberty? 109. What is the general 
tendency of republican institutions? 110. Are republics favorable to 
literature? 111. What should we endeavor to show the monarchies 
of the world? 112. Which do you think the best way to honor our 



NATCRE OF LIBERTY. 



57 



part additional veneration for the wisdom of 

the Divine law — instil an implicit obedience 

■i to the decrees of heaven — secure the ten- 

derest regard for the rights of every human 



being. 



Adoration. 

Compliance 
with. 

Kindest. 
Just claims. 
Creature. 



illustrious ancestors, to praise them in words or imitate them in ac- 
tions ? 113. What ought to be the character and tendency of our 
republican institutions ? 



LESSON XIV. 

(^ 1.) It has been 'shown that man was 
created for civil society — that the wide dis- 
parity in the 'condition of the race — the 
general 'propensity to exercise power to the 
5 'disadvantage and injury of the ignorant or 
the weak — the necessity of 'curbing the ex- 
cesses of the vicious and the 'base — to 
secure to all, the rights and 'privileges essen- 
tial to the pursuit and 'enjoyment of happi- 

10 ness — the love for society — the 'communion 
with those of like 'dispositions, or similar 
conditions, and the 'desire for knowledge, 
form some of the reasons which 'perpetually 
bind men together. (§2.) In all civil socie- 

15 ties, it is 'requisite that each individual 
should 'relinquish the claim of asserting in- 
dividual rights, and redressing personal 



Indicated. 

Orderly. 

State. 

Inclination. 

Detriment. 

Checking. 

Vile. 

Claims. 

Fruition. 

Fellowship. 

Inclinations. 

Wish. 

f'on'inually. 

Communities 

Essential. 

Quit. 

Repairing. 



(§ 1.) 1. What is the difference between disparity and inequality, in 
the 3d line? — What do their prefixes denote? 2. What M ibe diiler- 
ence between ignorant and illitrratf. in \ho Ml llO€ I — What <h> tli**ir 
prefixes signify H ow would it tflect the tease, if ibe eommi 

were omitted after all in ttkt \ tb« dirt"«*r- 



58 



NATURE OF LIBERTY. 



'wrongs ; every one must take the general 
will of the community for a 'guide, and re- 

20 nounce all resort to individual ' force, for 
each receives 'instead of it the protection 
of the 'commonwealth. None are allowed 
to consult 'exclusively their own happiness, 
without regard to the peace and order of 

25 the society with which they are connected. 
Men with the best 'intentions often err; 
'precipitancy, or the want of knowledge or 
talent, may prevent them from coming to 
correct 'conclusions concerning what is 

30 'just. 

(§ 3.) Civil society is intended to 'remove 
these 'difficulties ; the ablest minds are gene- 
rally 'selected to establish such rules as may 
best promote the general good, and it is re- 

35 quisite that all subject themselves to the legal 
authority appointed to 'enforce these regu- 
lations. Christian communities administer 
in the highest possible 'degree to man's pre- 
sent and 'perpetual happiness ; they have 

40 the 'immunity to enforce laws that best pro- 
mote the general welfare — maintain 'perfect 



Injuries. 
Rule. 
Violence. 
In place. 

Solely. 

Regrular dis- 
cipline. 

L'ruted. 

Hastino*. 
Hinder. 
Deductions. 
Proper. 
Displace. 
Impediments 
riiusrn. 
Nt KM v-ary. 
Lawful. 
Administer, 
t.ute. 
MatMra. 

ronstant. 

error . 
Entire. 



ence between relinquish and quit, in the lGth line? 5. What is it 
requisite for every one to do in civil society? 6. What may pr< 
even good men from coming to just conclusions? 7. To what does it 
refer, in the 21st line? 8. What is the meaning of noyxe, in the 22d 
line? (§ 3.) 9. What is the difference between administer and contri- 
bute, in the 37th line? — What do their prefixes ad and con denote? 
10. In how many simple sentences can you write degree, in the 38th 
line, so that in each case it shall convey a different meaning? 11. 
What is the difference between perpetual and constant, in the 39th 
Jine? — What do their prefixes per and con denote? 12. To what does 
they refer, in the 39th line? 13. What is the character of laws en- 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



59 



'subordination without oppression — regulate 
private conduct without ' invading the right 
ot individual opinions, and binding to pre- 
45 scribed 'modes of worship. 

(§ 4.) LAW OF NATIONS. 

The Law of Nations designates the 'rights 
and ordains the duties of nations in all their 
varied relations with each other; it is a 
plain system of rules 'emanating from the 

50 principles of justice, which 'govern and regu- 
late the allairs of men in their 'social rela- 
tions. On no subject have writers 'differed 
more than on this; yet none is more simple 
rier of comprehension. It is 'estab- 

55 lished on the basis of Christianity, and is 
'recognized, understood and observed only 
among 'enlightened and Christian communi- 
ties. (§5.) Its binding power is entirely of a 
■ ral and religious nature ; its ' fundamental 

60 principles are contained in the text " Do ye 
unto others as ye would that others, in 'simi- 
lar circumstances, should do unto you," 
and enjoins benevolence, kindness and cha- 
rity among all 'mankind. There is no hu- 

65 man tribunal to enforce an observance of 
national law. Nations, in this respect, 'sus- 
tain a similar position toward each other 
that individual members of society would 
if all the halls of justice were 'abolished 



Submission. 

Infringing. 

Dictated. 

Forms. 

Immunities. 
Prescribes. 
Dealings. 
Proceeding. 

Control. 

Companion- 
able. 

Varied. 

Notwithstanding 

Erected. 
Foundation. 

Acknowledged. 

Intelligent. 

Authority. 

Essential. 

Embraced. 

Like. 

Situations. 

Commands. 

The human race. 
Seat ef juatioe. 

Bear. 

Attitude. 
Single. 

r*-vt roved. 



by Christian communities? ( f : 1.) 14. What vrai 
sen the law of nations and mfcrnational 
■ }' the pr<-: national 7 L5. 

What i-» the vali<l bans of the law of nation- \ ("• ."> ) \C K What relation 



60 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



70 (§ 6.) There are no courts for the 'adjust- 
ment of national 'misunderstandings. Each 
nation is a judge of its own 'wrongs, and 
decides its own 'standard of justice. Hence, 
when a 'controversy arises between nations, 

75 and the 'parties disregard the voice of reason 
and the established usages of the Christian 
world, they have no other 'resort than that 
of 'arms. (§ 7.) It appears that the most 
'renowned and powerful empires and repub- 

80 lies of antiquity paid no 'regard to the moral 
national obligations of justice and 'humanity. 
Athens, that fruitful mother of philosophers 
and statesmen, who instructed the world in 
the arts and 'sciences, encouraged her navy 

85 in 'piracy, and put to death or sold into per- 
petual slavery, not only the prisoners taken 
in war, but also the women and children of 
the 'conquered country. 

(§8.) Rome, the boasted mistress of the 

90 world, is celebrated alike for her tyrannical 
triumphs, her treacherous treaties, and her 
continual violations of justice. To the eter- 
nal disgrace of the Roman name is it re- 



settlement 

Quarrels. 

Injunea. 

Criterion. 

Dispute. 

Litigants. 

Customs. 

Expedient 

War. 

Famous. 

taptot, 

lU-in-voleno<\ 
Prolific 
Taught 
Systematic 

I!:l'Ii sea rob- 
In ry 

Females. 
Vanquished. 

VuilIlN J 

Imperious. 
Perfidious. 



Registered. 



do nations sustain toward each other ? (§ 6.) 17. Repeat the substance 
of section sixth. 18. What is the difference between controversy and 
dispute, in the 74th line? 19. Disregard and slight, in the 75th line? 
20. Usages and ettstortts, in the 76th line? (§ 7.) 21. Give a synopsis 
of section seventh. 22. What Es the difference between renoittied and 
fatuous, in the 79th line? 23. Regard and respect, in the 80th line? 
24. Fruitful and prolific, in the 8 2d line? 25. Instructed and taught, in 
the 83d line? 36. Conquered and vanquished, in the 88th line? (§8.) 
27. Of what does section eighth treat ? 28. What is the distinction 
between celebrated and illustrious, in the 90th line? 29. Treacherous 
and perfidious, in the 91st line? 30. Recorded and registered, in the 93d 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



61 



corded, in her most 'approved legal code, 

95 that whoever 'passed from one country to 
another became immediately a slave. (§ 9.) 
It is only in modern times that nations 
'assuming a moral character have, like the 
individuals 'composing them, considered 

ioo themselves bound by the 'immutable prin- 
ciples of justice. In a state of 'peace all 
the nations in Christendom stand in an 'equal 
'relation to each other, and are entitled to 
claim equal regard for their national rights, 

m and require reciprocal obligations in good 
faith, whatever may be their 'relative size or 
p.»\ver, or however varied may be their poli- j 
tical and religious 'institutions. It is a funda- ' 
mental principle in the law of nations, that all 

no are on a perfect equality and entirely indepen- 
dent. (§ 10.) Every nation has the sole 'privi- 
lege of regulating its internal policy, and no 
political power has a right to 'jyrescribe for 
another a mode of government or 'form of 

ii5 religion. The Law of Nations, which 'equally 
dispenses its rights and requires the fulfil- 
ment of its obligations, has for its 'objects the 
peace, the happiness, the 'honor and the un- 
fading glory of mankind. 



Commended. 

Moved. 

Bondman. 

Recent. 

Taking. 

Forming. 

Unchangeable. 

Tranquillity. 

Uniform. 

Connection. 

Consideration. 

Mutual. 
Particular. 
Diversified. 
Establishments. 

Doctrine. 

Complete. 

Advantage. 

Domestic. 

Dictate to. 

Ceremony. 

Equably. 

Immunities. 

Ends. 

Dignity. 

Humanity. 



• line * (§ 9.) 31. Give a detailed account of section ninth. 32. What 

is the difference between modem and recent, in the '.•Tth line? 33. 

\ Peace and tranquillity, in the 101st line? 34. Equal and uniform, in 

j the I02d Line? 35. Power and strength, in the 107th line? (§ 10.) 36. 

Repeat the substance of section tenth. 'M . What is the difference l>e- 

n prescribe and dictate, in the 113th line? 3*. Mode, in the 1 11th 

and the word method 1 39. Form and ceremony, in the 111th line? 

Equally and equably, in the 115th tine I 41. Object* and ends, in 

the 117th line? 42. Honor and dignity, in the 1 1 Mh line? 



62 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



LESSON XV. 

(^ 1.) The Law of 'Nations may be divided 
into two parts, 'viz. : the Necessary Law of 
Nations, and the 'Positive Law of Nations, 
or International Law. Those 'principles of 
5 justice which reason 'dictates and revelation 
enjoins, may be 'considered the Necessary 
Law of Nations, 'for these principles, indis- 
- pensable to international 'commerce, are of 
'universal application, and are sanctioned by 

10 the ablest jurists, numerous historical 'pre- 
cedents, and the long-established 'usages of 
Christian governments; no 'power can, by 
its separate laws, invalidate any portion 
of the 'necessary law of nations any more 

15 than 'single individuals can, by their private 
acts, 'alter the laws by which the States 
wherein they ' live are governed. (§ 2.) The 
'Positive, or International Law, consists of 
treaties or 'compacts between two or more 

20 sovereigns or nations. 'Treaties are of va- 
rious kinds: — as, treaties of 'peace — of 
'alliance, offensive and defensive — for regu- 
lating 'commercial intercourse — for settling 
'disputed boundaries — any matter of national 

25 'interest, policy or honor. When treaties are 



Commonwealth* 

Namely. 
Absolute. 
Precepts. 
Prescribes. 
Regarded as. 

■mpM 

Intercourse. 

General. 

Examples. 

Customs. 
Nation. 

Requisite. 

Sr;.;.r;i! ( v 

Change. 

Dwell. 
Kxj.hnt. 

Negotiations 

Amity. 

Union. 

Trado. 

Contested. 

Concern. 



The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix. 

(§ 1.) 1. Of what does section first treat? 2. What is the differ- 
ence between principles and precepts, in the 4th line? 3. Sanctioned 
and countenanced, in the 9th line? 4. Alter and change, in the 10th 
line? (§2.) 5. Of what does section second treat? 6. What is the 
difference between sovereigns and monarchs, in the 20th line? 7. Dis- 
puted and contested, in the 24th line? 8. Display and exhibit, in the 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



63 



made, ministers, usually called plenipotentia- 
ries — chosen, one, two, three, or more, by 
and for each nation, meeting at some place 
mutually agreed upon, and generally in the 
30 territory of some neutral state — often 'display 
much ingenuity in making the preliminary 
arrangements, as each strives to 'secure 
the best possible 'terms for his respective 
country. 
35 (§ 3.) After the plenipotentiaries have 
come to 'an understanding, they write out 
their agreement, which is then sent to their 
live nations or sovereigns — if its 'arti- 
cles are confirmed, they immediately be- 
ne an international law to those countries 
— but if either power refuses to 'sanction the 
acts of its ministers, the treaty is 'inoperative 
and things remain in statu quo. In the 
United States, the concurrence of the Pre- 

ient and two-thirds of the senate is 're- 
quisite for the adoption and 'ratification of 
a treaty. The Necessary Law of Nations 
may apply to the whole human family; 
whereas international law is more 'circum- 

ribed in its extent, and binds only the 
contracting nations. (§4.) It is 'an acknous 

Iged principle that, having a right to 'adopt 



Ambassadors of 
full power. 

Appointed. 

(\mvcr.in?. 

Reciprocally. 

Exhibit. 

Acuteness. 

Obtain. 

Conditions. 

Nation. 

Diplomates. 

A stipulation. 

Covenant. 

Terms. 

At once. 

Lands. 

Support. 

Null. 

As before. 

Approbation. 

Necessary. 

Confirmation 

Compact. 

Rule. 

Restricts] 

Limit. 

A recognized 

Select. 



ine* ($3.) 0. Give a detailed account of section third. 10. 
What i* the difference in the meanings of agreement and covenant, in 
7th line? 11. Sanction and support, in the 41st line? \->. Cir- 
cumtrribed and in the 40th line? 1 . no is the name 

of a certain kind of treaty — ^n you tell the condition in which it 
leav- (V) It- Gf what drx-s section fourth 

treat' 15. What is the diflerencc Q acknowledged and rccog- 



64 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



such 'form of government as it deems expe- 
dient, every nation may alter, or even abo- 

55 lish, its internal regulations at 'pleasure, 
provided the 'changes do not in the least 
'effect any of its obligations to other govern- 
ments, and that the claims of individual 
creditors are not thereby 'weakened. No 

60 division of territory, 'coalescence with other 
powers, or change in government, can im- 
pair any of its rights or 'discharge it from 
any of its just engagements. 

(§5.) A community or 'kingdom that 

65 should resort to any subterfuge to shake off 
its 'obligations — or that should make war 
upon its 'unoffending neighbors without as- 
serting any 'just cause for the same, and ap- 
parently for the 'sake of plunder and a desire 

70 of conquest, would 'forfeit alike its claim to 
the protection of the Law of Nations, and 
the 'regard of the civilized world; would 
be treated as a 'common enemy, and the 
act of 'appropriating the spoils thus obtained 

75 would be called national robbery. Every 
government would be bound to join a league 
to force the 'relinquishment of such unlaw- 
ful possessions. (§6.) It is generally 'ac- 
knowledged that every nation may 'use its 



System. 

Abrogate. 

W.U. 

Variations. 

Impair. 

Private. 

Invalidated 

Tnion. 

Injure. 

Free. 

Liabilities. 

Kerilm. 

Kv:iM..n 

• menu 
InonVndinp. 

Purpose. 

I,.se 

Defence. 

Im;r [iialinf. 

Confederacy. 

Abandonment 

Allowed. 
Employ. 



nized, in the 51st line? 16. Abolish and abrogate, in the 54th line? 
17. Coalescence and union, in the GOth line? 18. Impair and injure, in 
the 61st line? (§ 5.) 19. Of what does section fifth treat? 20. What is 
the difference between subterfuge and evasion, in the 65th line ? 21. 
Unoffending and inoffending, in the 67th line ? 22. Sake and purpose, in 
the 69th line? 23. Robbery and depredation, in the 75th line? (§6.) 
24. Give a synopsis of section sixth. 25. What is the difference be- 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



65 



80 own 'discretion in making commercial and 
other treaties — that 'one government mav 
surrender to another a part or all of its ter- 
ritory, provided that in so doing the rights 
o\ no other power are either molested or 

85 'endangered. Every country, has a right 
to monopolize its own internal and colonial 
trade, and can exclude or admit at 'option 
any or every other 'nation. 

(§ 7.) It is generally 'conceded that every 

BO nation has an exclusive right to rivers flow- 
ing through its territory — to all inland bays 
and navigable waters whatsoever — and to 
the adjoining sea-coast for the distance of 
three miles from shore. 'Custom has ren- 

95 dered it necessary for 'vessels sailing beyond 
the jurisdiction of their own country to 
be provided with passports. (§8.) A pass- 
port, is an official certificate, bearing the 
i of the government 'under whose flag 

joo the vessel sails ; it gives permission to pass 
from and to certain ports or countries, and 
to navigate 'prescribed seas without molesta^ 
(ion. It should contain a 'minute description 
of the vessel, her 'master, crew, loading, &c. 



Judgment. 
Any. 
Cede. 
Conditioned. 

Commonwealth 

Jeoparded. 
Engross. 
Choice. 
Count ry. 
Granted. 
The sole. 

Arms of the sea. 

Watrrs affording 
free pasoage to 

Contiguous. 

Usage. 

Ships. 

Limits. 

Furnished. 

Authoritative 

Beneath. 

Leave. 

Harbors. 

Determinate. 

Circumstan- 
tial. 

Cnptain. 



. use and employ, in the 79th line? 26. Discretion and judgment, 
in the SOtli line? 27. Surrender and eerie, in the 82d line? 28. Op- 
tion and choice, in the B7th line? (§7.) 29. Repeat the substance of 
section seventh. 30. What is the difference between adjoining and 
■ 1 line? 31. Between custom and Mtoge, in the 
. I v It and ships, in the 95th linel 33. Provided and 
furnished, in the 97th Linel (§ 8.) 34. Of what does lection eighth 
treat? 35. What is the difference between under and beneath^ in the 
99th lino? 36. Perm l leave, in the 100th line I 37. Porte end 

harbors, in the 10 1st line? 38. Mmutr end nnumstantitil, in the 103d 

6* 



66 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



105 and request all 'friendly powers to permit 
her to 'pursue the prescribed voyage with- 
out 'interruption; and although the vessel 
may 'be the property of a single merchant, 
yet any injury done the vessel or 'crew 
no would be considered a national ' insult, and 
one requiring full 'reparation, according to 
'the laws of nations* 

(§9.) The 'mutual welfare of nations re- 
quires that they should have 'accredited 
us agents to 'represent them at the national 
courts, or legislative 'assemblies of each 
other. These officers have usually been 
divided into the following classes, to wit: — 
1st class, or highest 'order, Ambassadors 
120 and 'Papal Legates, — 2d class, Envoys Ex- 
traordinary and Ministers plenipotentiary. — 
3d class, Ministers 'resident, accredited to 
sovereigns or 'independent nations, — 1th 
class, 'Charges (V Affaires, accredited to the 
125 minister of foreign 'affairs. (§ 10.) An am- 
bassador is a foreign 'minister of the highest 
'rank ; he acts in the place of the sovereign 
or government that employs him, and 'is en- 
titled to all the respect and ' immunities that 
130 the ruler of the country he 'represents would 
be if 'personally present. An ambassador 



Am*raNe. 

Disturbance. 
Belong to. 
Sailors. 
Affront. 

Amendment. 

International 
law. 

Recip? • 

Authorized. 

Personate. 

Convocations 

Officials. 

Namely. 

Rank. 

lntcniunrms 
Of fill' 

Free. 

BaMW 

K ipc w taliTfc 

IVcrre. 
Has a claim. 
Privileges. 
Personates. 
Individually. 



line? 39. Friendly and amicable, in the 105th line? 40. Pursue and 
prosecute, in the 106th line ? 41. Insult and affront, in the 110th line? 
(§ 9.) 42. Of what does section ninth treat? 43. What is the differ- 
ence between mutual and reciprocal, in the 113th line? 44. What is 
the difference in the meanings of class, order and rank, in the 119th 
line? (§ 10.) 45. Give a detailed account of section tenth. 46. What 



- 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



67 



is not answerable, even for the most atro- 
cious crimes, to the judicial tribunals of the 
country to which he is sent. For flagrant 
i3o offences he may. however, be sent to his 
own government, witli a demand that he 
should receive adequate punishment Am- 
bassadors are usually selected from the 
ablest 'politicians of their respective coun- 
uo tries — their residence is at the 'seat of govern- 
ment of the power with which they 'nego- 
tiate, (k 11.) In times of peace, it is usual 
f>r each Christian 'nation to be represented 
at the national legislature of every foreign 
145 government, and the duties of an ambassa- 
dor consist in transacting all public business 
to the best possible 'advantage for his own 
government — in penetrating into the secrets, 
the designs and the policy alike of the go- 
ut vernment in which he 'resides, and that of 
every nation whose 'representatives he may 
meet ; hence there is 'constant danger of 
'immorality and crime among the highest 
national functionaries. It is a mournful fact, 
155 that foreign courts have been more cele- 
brated for intrigue and corruption than for 
'purity of morals and patriotic deeds. Na- 
tional gratitude has oftener been awarded to 
private 'citizens than to public functionaries. 



Responsible. 

Courts. 

i'uormous. 

Crimes. 

Requirement 

Commensu- 
rate. 

Commonly. 

Statesmen. 

Capital. 

Treat. 

Seasons. 

Country. 

Court. 

Obligations. 

Negotiating. 

Benefit of. 

Fat homing. 

Schemes. 

Sojourns. 

Envoys. 

Continual. 

Dishonesty. 

Officers. 

Noted. 

plots. 
Chasteness. 

Thanks. 

Individuals. 



is the difference between demand and requirement, in the 136th line? 

47. Between adequate and commensurate, in the L37tb lino? (§11.) 

48. Give a synopsis of section eleventh. 49. What \i the difference 
between timet and seasons, in tho 14 2d line? 50. Between grandeur 
and magnificence, in the 15Sth line? 



68 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



LESSON XVI. 

(§ 1.) An envoy is a person 'deputed by a 
sovereign or government to 'negotiate a 
treaty, or to 'transact any other business 
with a foreign nation. The 'word is usually 
5 applied to a public 'minister sent on an 
'emergency, or for a particular purpose. 
A plenipotentiary is a person 'clothed with 
full 'power to act for his sovereign or gov- 
ernment, 'usually to negotiate a treaty at the 

10 close of a war. The representatives of the 
government of the United States at foreign 
courts are usually 'styled ministers, and their 
duties depend entirely on the 'nature of the 
'instructions given them by the executive 

15 'cabinet at Washington. (§ 2.) The business 
of the foreign ministers of the United States 
is generally to keep their government 'cor- 
rectly informed of the 'proceedings of foreign 
'courts — to see that their countrymen are not 

20 'molested within the realms in which they 
reside, and to 'countenance all enlightened 
proceedings that tend to 'ameliorate the 
'condition of the human race. The distinc- 
tion 'between ambassadors, envoys, plenipo- 

25 tentiaries, and resident ministers, 'relates 



Appointed. 

Make. 

Manage. 

Tenn. 

Agent. 

Authority. 

Commonly. 

Deputies. 

Pistant. 

I »e nominated 

Sort of. 

Atlvirc. 

poiwdL 

Amrr;. 
pulilir. 

•itely. 

I u-tions 

Admmistra- 

P.sturbed. 
Encourage. 

Si'u ition. 
F.etwixt. 
Applies. 



The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix. 



(§ 1.) 1. Repeat the substance of section first. 2. What is the dif- 
ference between icord and term, in the 4th line ? 3. Between emergency 
and exigency, in the 6th line? (§2.) 4. Give a synopsis of section 
second. 5. What is the difference between correctly and accurately, in 
the 17th line ? 6. Between encourage and countenance, in the 21st line ? 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



69 



chiefly to diplomatic precedence and 'eti- 
quette, and not to their 'essential powers 
and privileges. Governments generally re- 
serve to themselves the right to 'ratify or 

30 dissent from treaties concluded by their pub- 
lic ministers. 

(§ 3.) A charge d'affaires 'ranks lowest 
in the class of foreign ministers, and is 
usually a person intrusted with public 'busi- 

35 ness in a foreign country l in the place of an 
ambassador or other minister of high 'degree. 
A consul is a commercial 'agent, appointed 
by the government of a country to 'reside 
in foreign dominions, usually in 'seaports. 

40 Consuls are not entitled to the 'immunities 
of public ministers, 'nor are they under the 
special 'protection of the law of nations. 
The power of a consul may be 'annulled at 
'pleasure by the ruler of the country where 

45 he 'resides, whereas the power of a foreign 
minister can be 'annulled only by the govern- 
ment which he 'represents. (§4.) Consuls 
must carry with them a certificate of their 
appointment, and must be 'publicly rccog- 

50 nized and 'receive from the government in 
whose dominions they 'propose to reside, a 
written declaration, called an exequatur, 'au- 
thorizing them to 'perform their specified du- 



iVreinony. 

Requisite. 

I'levouahves. 

Confirm. 

Reject. 

Agents. 

Stands. 

Order. 

Concerns. 

In lieu. 

R;mk. 

Factor. 

Dwell. 

Maritime towns. 

Exemptions. 

Neither. 

Shelter. 

Cancelled. 

Option. 

Lives. 

Abrogated. 

Supplies the 
place of. 

Bear. 

OfliriaJly. 

Get. 

Intend. 

Empowering 

Attend to. 



(§3.) 7. Of what floes section third treat? 8. What is the difference 
between business and concerns, in tho 34th line? 0. Between mzent 
and factor, in the 37th line? (S l) 10. Repeal the substance oi 
tion fourth. 11. What i- the diffe □ rnmj and hear, in 

the 4Sth line? 12. Between empowering and mtihorizingi in the 52d 



70 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



ties. The 'business of consuls is to attend 

55 to the 'commercial rights and privileges of 
their 'country and its citizens. Unless it is 
'stipulated by treaty, the refusal to receive a 
consul is considered no breach of 'etiquette 
between nations ; but the 'refusal to receive 

60 a foreign minister denotes 'hostility. 

(§ 5.) War, the greatest 'scourge that has 
ever 'afflicted the human race, has, among 
civilized nations, its ' formalities and its laws. 
It is customary to 'precede it by a demand 

65 for redress of grievances. When every 
means has been resorted to in vain to obtain 
'justice — when peace is more dangerous and 
'deplorable than war itself — then nations 
usually 'set forth their grievances, accompa- 

70 nied with a declaration of war, and proceed 
to 'hostilities. In monarchies, the right to 
'declare war is usually vested in the sove- 
reign. In the United States, the 'power to 
declare war is confided to the national /r- 

75 gislaturc. (§ 6.) When war is once declared, 
each and every man in the belligerent coun- 
tries is x a party to the acts of his own gov- 
ernment; and a war 'between the govern- 
ments of two 'nations is a war between all 

80 the ' individuals living in their respective do- 
minions. The 'officers of government are 
considered 'merely as the representatives of 



Occupation. 

Mercantile. 

Government. 

Covenanted. 

Decorum. 

Declining. 

Enmity. 

Evil. 

Troubled. 

Ceremonies. 

Preface. 

Wtaiffc 

Procure. 

Kctln ss. 

Lamentable. 

Publish. 

and 

curry on. 

War. 

Proclaim. 

Authority. 

Congress. 

Commenced. 

rned in 

Countries. 
Persons. 

Functionaries. 

Only. 



line? (§5.) 13. "Repeat the substance of section fifth. 14. What is 
the difference between obtain and procure, in the 66th line? 15. Be- 
tween declare and proclaim, in the 7 2d line? (§ 6.) 16. Of what does 
section sixth treat? 17. What is the difference between evident and 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



71 



the people. It is evident that every citizen 
indirectly contributes to sustain war, inas- 

85 much as it requires 'enormous sums of mo- 
ney, and can be waged only by the general 
'consent o( the citizens of each country in 
paving taxes. The 'soldier is therefore the 
direct, and the tax-payer the indirect 'belli- 

90gerent; both participants, though perhaps 
in an unequal degree, in whatever of 'honor 
or of ' infamy may be attached to the com- 
mon 'cause. 

(§?.) When one nation 'invades the ter- 

95 ritory of another, under any pretence what- 
ever, it is called an 'offensive war on the 
part of the invading nation, and a 'defensive 
war on the part of the nation 'invaded. 
'Offensive wars are generally waged by the 

ioo most powerful nations ; and nothing more 
clearly demonstrates the absurdity and 
'injustice of wars than the fact that by them 
chiefly tyrants sustain their power — fill the 
world with 'wretchedness, and enslave man- 

io5 kind. The most 'unhallowed armies that 
ever 'desolated the earth and converted it 
into a human slaughter-house, have 'cla- 
mored most about the justice of their cause. 
The most idolized generals, those who have 

no commanded the mightiest armies and boasted 



Manifest. 

Support. 

Vast. 

Prosecuted. 

Concurrence 

Warrior. 

Combatant. 

Sharers. 

Glory. 

Shame. 

Object pursued. 
Hoatilely enters. 

Pretext. 
Aggressive. 

War of resist- 
ance. 

Attacked. 

Invading. 

Potent. 

Proves. 

Wickedness. 

Despots, 

Misery- 

Wicked. 

Ravaged. 

V..ritV rated. 

Party. 

Adored. 

Vaunted. 



manifett, in the 83d line? 18. Between enormous and vast, in the 85th 
line? (^ 7.) L9, Give a bvim ; lion seventh. 20« What is the 

difference between / n '• woftpet, in the 1 1 1th line ! 21. Can 

yon i le renowne : . — i 1 1 l: to be republicans, 

I the world and I the liberties of the people ! 22. 



72 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



most of their republican 'principles, have been 
the first to snatch the 'imperial purple, and 
'usurp the unalienable rights of man. 



Motives. 

Dreaa of kloff*. 
Steal. 



Why ought not people to entrust their liberties to those who vaunt 
most about their patriotism and devotion to republican principles ? 



LESSON XVII. 

(§ 1.) A Blockade is the 'surrounding of a 
place with hostile troops or 'ships in such a 
manner as to prevent 'escape and hinder 
supplies of provisions and ammunition from 
5 entering, with a view to 'compel a surrender 
by hunger and 'want, without regular at- 
tacks. No neutral nation is 'permitted to 
afford any 'relief whatever to the inhabitants 
of a place blockaded, and all 'supplies in a 

10 state of 'transmission for such relief are 
liable to 'confiscation. A mere declaration 
of a blockade is not considered 'binding 
upon 'neutrals unless the place be actually 
'surrounded by troops and ships in such a 

15 manner as to render an entrance hazardous. 
It is also requisite that neutrals be apprised 
of the 'blockade. (§ 2.) A Truce is a tem- 
porary 'suspension of arms, by the mutual 
agreement of the 'belligerent parties, for ne- 

20 gotiating peace or any other 'purpose ; at 



EocompoMlng. 

?«pak 

A departure. 

Military ■tore*. 

Force. 
Need. 

Allowed. 

Succour. 

Commodities 

Conveyance. 

Forfeiture. 

Obligatory. 

Non-combatant • 

Encircled. 

Dangerous. 

Informed. 

Investment. 

Cessation. 

Hostile. 

Cause. 



(§ 1.) 1. What is the difference between surrounding and encompass- 
ing, in the 1st line? 2. Why would not apprized answer as well as 
apprised, in the 16th line? 3. How many simple sentences are there 
in section first? 4. Of what does section first treat? (§ 2.) 5. What 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



73 



the expiration of a truce, hostilities may be 
'renewed without a new declaration of war. 
Truces are either partial or general. A par- 
tial truce 'suspends hostilities only between 

25 'certain places, as between a town and the 

army besieging it ; but a general truce 

- nds to all the territories and dominions 

of the belligerent nations. An Armistice 

has a more limited meaning, being applied 

30 to a short truce, and solely to military 
affairs. 

(§ 3.) A declaration of war is a total pro- 
hibition of all commercial intercourse and 
dealings between all the citizens of the hos- 

35 tile powers; and all contracts made with the 
subjects of a national 'enemy are null and 
void. It is unlawful for a 'citizen of one of 
the ' belligerent countries to insure the pro- 
perty, or even to remit money to a citizen 

40 of the other 'country. (§ 4.) An embargo 
is a prohibition upon shipping not to leave 
port. This 'restraint can be imposed only 
by the 'supreme government of a country, 
and is an implied declaration of some im- 

45 mediate and impending public danger. Let- 
ters of marque and reprisal, are letters under 
seal, or commissions 'granted by a govern- 



Close. 

Revived. 

Uinittd. 

Stops. 

Specified. 

Investing:. 

Includes. 

Hostile. 

Restricted. 

Brief. 

Matters. 

Proclamation 

Communication. 

Traffic. 

Bargains. 

Foe. 

Subject. 

Contending. 

Transmit. 

Land. 

An injunction. 

Restriction. 
Paramount. 
A virtual. 
Threatening. 

I.ici'lisr. 



is the difference between reneived and revived, in the 22d line? G. 
What do their prefixes denote? 7. Of what two subjects does section 
second treat? (§3.) S. Repeat the substa tion third. 9. What 

is the difference between dealings and trujfir, in the 84th line? 10. 
Between contracts and bar^'iin.*. in the 85th lino? ($4.) 11. Give a 
synopsis of section fourth. 12. What is the iiflereiMM betwe en (frclined 



74 



LAW OF NATIOxXS. 



ment to its citizens to make seizure or 're- 
prisal of the 'property of an enemy, or of 

50 'persons who belong to a government which 
has 'refused to do justice to the citizens of 
the country 'granting the letters of marque 
and reprisal. The x icar-vesseh thus permitted 
by a government to be 'owned by its private 

55 citizens are 'called privateers. 

(§ 5.) A Treaty is a solemn 'contract be- 
tween two or more nations, 'formally signed 
by commissioners 'duly appointed, and rati- 
fied in the most sacred manner by the su- 

60 preme power of each state, which thereby 
'plights its national fidelity and honor. 
Treaties 'usually take effect from the day 
they are 'ratified, and arc as binding upon 
nations as private 'contracts arc upon indi- 

65 victuals. Treaties should always receive a 
fair and liberal 'construction and be kept 
'inviolable. (§6.) Nations, like individuals, 
know not what 'changes may await them. 
The most powerful states, whose citizens 

70 vainly 'boasted of their perpetual grandeur 
and 'duration, have been subverted and their 
monuments of 'art demolished by the unspar- 
ing ravages of ruthless conquerors. Hence 
it 'behooves the most powerful nations to 



Capture. 

Goods. 

Individuals. 

Declined. 

Giving. 

Men-of-war. 

J'o.-vstssei], 

Named. 

Agreement. 

CeremonioMljr. 

Properly. 
Hjghest. 

Br that muni. 

PtodfMi 

tlly. 

Approved 

nets. 

mat ion 
Sacred. 

•udes. 

iments 
Vaunted. 
Tontinuance. 
Human skill. 
Barbarous. 
Becomes. 



and refused, in the 51st line? 13. Between called and named, in the 
55th line? (§5.) 14. Of what does section fifth treat? 15. What 
is the difference in the meaning of agreement and contract, in the 56th 
line? 16. How many different parts of speech are there in the mar- 
ginal exercises in section fifth ? (§ 6.) 17. What is the difference in 
the meaning of changes and vicissitudes, in the 68th line? 18. What 



LAW OF NATIONS. 



75 



75 apply to themselves the same 'unerring rules 
and principles of justice and humanity which 
they 'require their weaker neighbors to ob- 
serve — to 'check fraud, oppression and vio- 
lence : to sustain liberty, order, 'equity and 

BO peace among all the weaker powers of the 
earth ; to unite in the enforcement of the 
positive law of nations, and the 'rational 
usages of 'the Christian xrorld. 

(§7.) It may be observed, in 'concluding 

85 this subject, that the 'tendency of war is to 
;grandize the few, to strengthen more and 
more the bands of 'tyrants, and bring the 
'direst miseries upon the many — that it cher- 
ishes nothing good, and fosters 'all manner 

90 of wickedness ; that as the 'true spirit of the 
Divine law is generally diffused among, and 
understood by the great 'majority of the 
people, so do they 'become more temperate, 
honest, industrious and intelligent — that, con- 

95 sequently, nations grow ' better, cultivate 
a 'liberal and humane policy, enjoy inter- 
nal peace and happiness, and 'outward power 
and 'dignity. Furthermore, that no nation 
can 'contribute to another's degradation, or 

m promote another's 'welfare, without, in a cor- 
responding degree, 'depressing or elevating 
its own — that the inns! sacred observance 
of the positive laws and rights of nations 



Infallible. 

Benevolence 

Demand. 

Curb. 

Justice. 

Quiet. 

Patting in 

execution. 

Reasonable. 
Christendom 
Closing. 
Effect. 

Increase the 
power of. 

Despots. 

Most terrible 

Every de- 
scription. 

Essential part. 

Disseminated 

Mass. 

Grow. 

Upright. 

More pros- 
perous. 

Generous. 
External. 
Honor. 

Minister. 

Happiness. 

Sinking. 

Scrupulous. 

Definite. 



is the Huty of all powerful nations? 19. Repeat the substance of sec- 
tion sixth. ($ 7.) 20. What ia the difference between co nct u dmg and 
closinz. in the Mth line? 21. Repeal the Mbetanee <.|" taction seventh. 

- the only real guaranty r >f indirfdoal happiness and na- 



76 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



is 'essential to exalted national character, 
105 the 'happiness of the whole human family, 
the perpetuity of the 'liberties of mankind, 
and the 'tranquillity of the world. It is to 
be 'hoped that the light of Christianity 
will soon 'utterly extinguish the spirit of 
'war, and thus forward the millennium. 



Necessary. 

Welfare. 

Franchises. 

Peace. 

Desired. 

Entirely. 

Bloodshed. 



tional perpetuity and grandeur? 23. Which do you think the happi- 
est individuals and nations, those that resort to fraud and violence, or 
those that deal with justice and humanity? 



LESSON XVIII. 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



(§1.) The 'brief survey we have now 
taken of the 'nature of political power may 
'enable us more fully to understand the origin 
and the causes of the American 'Union. 
5 We have seen that the nations of the 'earth 
profess to be governed by the 'immutable 
principles of justice — that during all ages a 
'latent spark of the fire of rational liberty 
has 'glowed in the human breast — that nearly 

10 four thousand years ago the 'seeds of repub- 
lican principles were 'scattered over the 
'face of the earth by inspiration — and when 
the world 'seemed to be shrouded in political 
'darkness — when the sun of human liberty 

15 had set upon the melancholy 'wreck of an- 



Concise. 

Character. 

Help. 

Confederacy. 

World. 

Unchanging. 

Right 

OdmmM. 

Hurnrd. 
Elements. 

Duwc ruinated. 

Surface. 
Appeared. 
Ignorance. 
Ruin. 



The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix. 



(§ 1.) 1. Repeat the substance of section first. 2. To whom do you 
suppose the principles of republicanism were given by inspiration? 






ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 77 



cient republics — the Almighty, whose 'in- 
scrutable wisdom is often concealed from 
mortal view, brought to light a new world. 
(§2.) Therein liberty, Hying before the po- 

% 20 tentates of the earth, chose for itself a secret 
asylum. Thither the oppressed and down- 
trodden of all the nations of the earth fled — 
and though they were not able to 'shake off 
entirely all the shreds of tyranny and of 

25 bigotry, yet the commingling of all nations 
and of all creeds enabled them more pro- 
perly to appreciate the moral worth of man 
— to value more highly his 'industry — the 
intellectual and pure qualities of the 'soul — 

30 to attain the nearest approximation of the 
age to an universal brotherhood — the true 
'standard of human dignity. 

(§ 3.) Hence we find, soon after the set- 
tlement of this country, several 'instances 

35 of an association of the people of America 
for mutual defence and 'protection, while 
owing allegiance to the British 'crown. As 
early as 1643, only twenty-three years 'after 
the first settlement of New England, the 

40 colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con- 
necticut, and New Haven, formed a league, 



Unsearchable. 

Hidden. 

Ken. 

In that place. 

Selected. 

To that place 

Kingdoms. 

Cast. 

Fragments. 

Blind zeal. 

Symbols. 

Prize. 

Labor. 

Mind. 

Approach. 

Fraternity. 

Criterion. 

Shortly. 

Examples. 

Inhabitants. 

Preservation. 

Throne. 

Succeeding. 

Peopling. 

Provinces. 

Compact. 



- meant by ihe expression "bringing to light a new world," 
in the l^th line ? 4. How does the world now compare with its con- 
dition at that time? (§ 2.) 5. Repeat the substance of section second. 
i you give some account of the causes of the first settlement of 
this country ! 7. What was the religious and political condition of 
mankind when this country was first settled? 8. What is the highest 
attainment of human society? (§ 3.) 9. Repeat the substance of sec- 
tion thir<!. 10. What is the diflerei —n instances and examples, 



78 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



offensive and defensive, firm and 'perpetual, 
under the name of the United Colonies of 
New England. The 'authority to regulate 

45 their general concerns, and 'especially to 
levy war and make 'requisitions upon each 
component colony for men and money ac- 
cording to its population, was 'vested in an 
annual congress of commissioners 'delegated 

50 by the several colonies. This confederacy, 
after 'subsisting forty-three years, was arbi- 
trarily 'dissolved by James II., in 1686. 

(§ 4.) A 'congress of governors and com- 
missioners from other colonies, as >/r/l as 

55 those of New England, for the sake of 'fra- 
ternal union and the protection of their 
'western frontier, was held at Albany, in 1722. 
A more 'mature congress was held at the 
same place in 1754, 'consisting of 2 commis- 

60 sioners 3 from New Hampshire, Massachu- 
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, 
Pennsylvania, and Maryland. This 'con- 
gress was 'called at the instance of the Brit- 
ish 'government, to take into consideration 

65 the best 'means of defending America in the 
event of a war with France, then appre- 
hended. The object of the 'crown was to 
effect treaties with the 'Indians through this 
congress ; but most of the 'commissioners, 

70 among whom w T as the ' illustrious Franklin, 



Enduring. 
T.tle. 

Above all. 

Demands. 

Means. 

Given to. 

Deputed. 

Provinces. 

Existing. 

Broken up. 

Diet. 

AttHa 

Urotherly. 

Defence. 

Internal. 

Perfect. 

Comprising. 

•Delegates. 

Assembly, 
died. 
Ministry. 
Way. 
Feared. 
Government. 
Savages. 
Members. 
Renowned. 



in the 34th line? ' 11. Between subsisting and existing, in the 5lst line? 
(§4.) 12. Give a synopsis of section fourth. 13. What is the differ- 
ence between apprehended and feared, in the 6Gth line? 14. Between 
Indians and savages, in the 68th line? (§5.) 15. Give a detailed ac- 



1 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



79 



had more enlarged and philanthropic views. 
They advanced and 'promulgated some in- 
valuable truths, of which the proper 'recep- 
tion by their 'countrymen prepared the way 

75 for future independence and fraternal union. 
(§5.) From this assembly, the king and 
parliament anticipated much support; they 
hoped insidiously to bribe its 'leading mem- 
bers by offices, and furthermore sent their 

SO emissaries to divide the colonies into several 
confederacies, so that they might be the 
easier controlled; but all the plans of the 
Growl) were signally baffled. The sagacious 
commissioners, with Franklin for their chair- 

85 man, drew up a plan of united government, 
consisting of a general council of delegates, 
to be chosen by the 'provincial assemblies, 
and a president general to be 'appointed by 
the crown. (§ 0.) Many of the rights of 

!>0 war and peace, and the 'authority to lay and 
levy imposts and taxes, were 'proposed to 
be vested in this council, subject to the 'nega- 
tive of the president; and the 'union was to 
'embrace all the colonies. This bold project 

95 was rejected by the king, who was alarmed at 

the republican principles contained therein ; 

and, by those 'arts among the office-holders 

which kingly governments so adroitly prac- 

, its rejection was procured in every co- 



Benerolent. 

Made public. 

Admission. 

Com patriots. 

Brotherly. 

Convocation. 

Expected. 

Prominent. 

Moreover. 

Secret agents 

Leagues. 

Governed. 

Defeated, 

Leader. 

Method. 

Body. 

Colonial. 

Designated. 

King. 

Power. 

Intended. 

Veto. 

Confederacy. 

Include. 

FrighUnul 

Embodied. 

Artifices. 

Regal. 



count of section fifth. 16. What is the difference between assembly and 
cation, in the 70th line 7 17. Between bajfled and defeated, in the 

83d ! - jmopsis of Ktb. L9. What Ss the 

•nee between embrace and iwlude. m the '.'• 1th line ? 20. Between 



80 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



100 lonial assembly, and 'singular as it may ap- 
pear, on the ground of its 'favouring the 
'Crown. 

(§ 7.) Thus, by the ' swarms of kingly 
officers who filled the colonies, ' prejudice 
105 was excited against the 'purest patriots, and 
for several years these kingly 'parasites suc- 
ceeded in exciting much ' jealousy and ani- 
mosity among the 'colonies. So great was 
the ' disaffection, fostered mainly by mo- 
no narchical 'intrigue, that even Franklin des- 
paired of a general and a 'permanent union. 
But when the corruption and the tyranny 
of the government became 'apparent to the 
majority of the people, they 'meted out me- 
ns rited scorn to the British rulers, and 'reposed 
the utmost 'confidence in their own patriotic 
Congress. (§ 8.) The passage of the stamp- 
act by the British Parliament, in 1705, im- 
posing a small tax on paper, roused a general 
120 indignation 'throughout all the colonies; not 
that the tax was grievous to be 'borne, or 
that there was anything 'unjust in taxing 
paper, for several states have imposed a ' si- 
milar tax ; but the 'opposition was on the 
125 ground that Parliament had no right to tax 
the 'colonies, and that taxation and repre- 
sentation were 'inseparable. A congress of 



Curious. 

Benefiting. 

Government. 

Multitudes. 

Bias. 

Most disinte- 
rested. 

Sycophant*. 
Envy. 

Plant a' 

l nfnrudlinw*. 
I'ilHSM?. 

Lasting. 

Despotism. 

Evident. 

Measured. 

Placed. 

Trust. 

Enactment. 

Laying. 

Awakened. 

In erery part of. 

Supported. 

Like. 

Resistance. 

Principle. 

Settlements. 

Indivisible. 



kingly and regal, in the 98th line? (§7.) 21. Of what does section 
seventh treat? 22. What is the difference between stcarms and mul- 
titudes, in the 103d line? 23. Between jealousy and envy, in the 107th 
line? (§ 8.) 24. What is the subject of section eighth? 25. What is 
the difference between borne and supported, in the 121st line? 26. Be- 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



81 



'delegates from nine colonies met at New 
York in October, 1765, at the 'instance and 

M recommendation of Massachusetts. The 
colonies represented were Mass., II. I., 
Conn.. \. Y., N. J., Pa., Del., Md., and S. C. 
The declaration of rights of this body 'as- 
serted, that the 'sole power of taxation lay 

i3o in the ' colonial legislatures, and that the 
rictions imposed on the colonies by late 
acts o( Parliament, were unjust. The Con- 
gress also adopted an 'address to the king, 
and a petition to each house of Parliament 

140 (^ [).) The Congress of 1765 was only [ a 
preparatory step to the more extended and 
lasting union, which took place at Philadel- 
phia, in September, 1774, and laid the 'foun- 
dations of the American ' Republic. The 

145 'meeting of this Congress was first recom- 
mended by a town-meeting of the 'people of 
Providence, Rhode Island, followed by the 
Assemblies of Massachusetts and Virginia, 
and by other public bodies and meetings of 

im the people. In some of the colonies, dele- 
's were appointed by the popular branch 
of the loirislature; in others, by 'conventions 
of the people. The deputies convened Sep- 
tember 4, 1774; and, after 'choosing offi- 
cers, adopted certain fundamental rules of 
station. 






Deputies. 

Commenda- 
tion. 

IVrMMKlJl'll. 

Now York. 

M;unt;uned. 

Only. 

Provincial. 

Restraints. 

Edicts. 

Official mes- 
sage. 



An introductory. 

Enlarged. 

Permanent. 

Groundwork. 

Union. 

Assembling. 

Inhabitants. 

Succeeded. 

Legislatures. 

Gatherings 

Members. 

Mrrtinps. 

Mrt 

Selecting. 

Kadiral. 

T.a\v-m:ikinp 



n similar a .<\ like, in the 123d lino? ($9.) . mb- 

ninth. 28. What i> the difference between lotting snd 

permanent, in the th< and meet- 
ie ? 



82 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



LESSON XIX. 

(§ 1.) As the Congress thus 'assembled ex- 
ercised 'sovereign authority, not as the agent 
of the government \le facto of the colonies, 
but in virtue of 'original power derived di- 
5 rectly from the people, it has been called 
" the revolutionary government." It termi- 
nated only when regularly superseded by 
the 'confederated government, in 1781. Its 
first 'act was the declaration, that in deciding 

10 questions in this Congress, each ' colony 
should have but one 'vote ; and this was the 
'established course through the revolution. 
It 'proposed a general Congress to be held 
at the same place, in May of the next 'year. 

15 It was this Congress which 'passed, October 

14th, 1774, the Bill of Rights, which set 

forth the great 'principles of national liberty. 

(§ 2.) It was the ' violation of this bill of 

'rights that was the cause of the American 

20 revolution. The ' grievances under which 
the colonies ' labored being unredressed by 
the British government, Congress 'issued a 
declaration of independence, 'July 4th, 1776, 
and 'claimed a place among the nations of 

25 the earth, and the 'protection of their ac- 



Convened. 

Supreme. 

In fact. 

Primary. 

Named. 

Ended. 

Supplanted. 

Consolidated 

Deed. 

State. 

Voice. 

Fixed. 

Season. 

Enacted. 

Proclaimed. 

Truths. 

Infringement 

Just claims. 

Oppressions. 

Sent forth. 
Seventh month. 
Requested. 
Defence. 



(§ 1.) 1. Repeat the substance of section first. 2. In how many 
sentences can you use the word May. in the 14th line, so that in each 
case it shall convey a different meaning ? 3. Is seaso7i t in the 14th 
line, used in its limited or extended sense? 4. In how many sentences 
can you use the word principles, in the 17th line, so that in each case 
it shall convey a different meaning? (§ 2.) 5. From what is infringe- 
ment derived, in the 18th line? 6. Repeat the substance of section 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



83 



kncAvledged law. The 'declaration of the 
Bill of Rights, and of ' Independence, is the 
basis on which the Constitution was founded, 
and after this declaration of rights the colo- 
30 nies may be 'considered as a separate and 
distinct nation. 

(§ 3.) 'Anterior to this time, there were 
three distinct forms of government existing 
in the colonies, 7o wit: The Provincial or 
35 RoyaL ' Proprietary, and Charter govern- 
ments. The Provijicial or 'Royal govern- 
ments existed under the immediate govern- 
nt of the king of England, and were 'en- 
tirely under his control. Under this form 
government. New Jersey, New Hamp- 
shire, and South Carolina were ' governed 
provinces, at the 'time of the declaration 
The (barter governments were 
great political corporations, 'derived from 
t an the Crown. (§ 4.) The 
trtt r governments 'approximated nearest 
to that of the mother country, and its citizens 
1 the greatest protection in their rights. 
The powers of this government were, like 
50 that of England and our Constitution, 'dis- 
tributed into three great 'departments — the 
Legislative, and the Judicial. 



Promulgation. 

Freedom. 

Orotind-work. 

Privileges. 

Regarded. 

People. 

Previous. 

Separate. 

That is to s»y. 

Grantee. 

Kingly. 

Continued. 

Completely. 

System. 

Polity. 

Ruled. 

Period. 

Corporated 

Obtained. 

Subservient to. 

Approached 

Poland. 

Defence 

Duties. 

Dirrded. 

I'lViMOIlS. 
I.mv-e*«Ttmg. 



second. 7. What i« the difference between considered and regarded, 
in iho 30lh line? (§3.) 8. G of lection tliird. 9. In 

how many sentences can you use form, in the 89th lino, in each of" 
. adiflerei [ ! What >■> t J j<_* difference 

between/orm and system, in the 39th line? 11. Why doef OM follow 
lief*-: 1 2, What were 



84 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



The Charter governments, at the 'time of the 
'declaration of rights, were Mass., R. I., and 

55 Conn. (§ 5.) The Proprietary governments 
were written 'grants from the king to one or 
more persons, 'conveying to them the general 
powers of government within their ' pre- 
scribed territories. The proprietors exer- 

60 cised similar power, and acted instead of 
the king, and, like him, ' had power at any 
time to convene or 'prorogue, and also to 
negative, or even 'repeal any of the acts of 
the Assemblies. The Proprietary 'govern- 

65 ments, at the time of the declaration of 'rights, 
were Pa., 'Del., and Md. 

(§ 6.) ' Hence it appears that the king was 
not only 'represented, but had, or rather, 
claimed the right, either directly or indi- 

70 rectly, to 'abolish any law, or dissolve any 
legislative assembly in the colonics. A 'ma- 
jority of the governors and 'council in the 
colonies, were appointed directly by the king. 
The judges, and the incumbents of all im- 

75 porta nt ' places, were also dependent upon 
the king for their ' continuance in office, 
though generally paid by the colonists. (§ 7.) 
It was the 'supercilious acts of the governors, 
and the 'exercise of despotic power by the 



the Charter governments? (§ 5.) 13. What were Proprietary govern- 
ments? 14. Why is it necessary to use the preposition to after convey- 
ing in the 57th line? 15. What is the difference between prorogue 
and adjourn, in the 6 2d line? (§ 6.) 16. hi how many sentences can 
yon use the word right, in the 69th line, so that in each case it shall 
not only convey a different meaning, but also be a different part of 
speech? (§ 7.) 17. What caused the declaration of rights? 18. From 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



85 



80 king, that led to the declaration of rights, 
which was in direct opposition to the 'arro- 
gated authority of the ' British government, 
and asserted in substance that the kins: had 
violated the common law of England; and, 
the colonists never retracted the ' least 
portion of the declaration of rights, they 
may be considered as forming a distinct 
nation from that time ; though in their ad- 
dresses to the ' king and parliament they 

90 professed the utmost loyalty, and undoubt- 
edly hoped that all ' grievances would be 
tressed, and 'consequently that 
there would be no 'necessity for the proposed 
m d 1778. 

95 (§ 8.) It is important to bear in mind the 
situation of the colonies 'previous to their 
declaration of rights, in order to 'understand 
correctly the political 'progress of our coun- 
try, and especially the Declaration of Inde- 

100 pendence and the palladium of liberty. It 
may here be observed, that the framers of 
the Constitution considered the declaration 
of right i in 1774, and that of inde- 

pendence in 1770, as setting forth all the 

105 great principles of American liberty: ' hence 
emed it unnecessary to precede the 
ostitution with any further 'formal decla- 
ration of a new bill of rights. (§0.) But 



Caused. 

Assumed. 

Em?hsh. 

Maintained. 

Broken. 

Smallest. 

Assertion. 

Regarded. 

Period. 

Throne. 

Fidelity. 

Wrongs. 

Therefore. 

Occasion. 

Convention. 

Remember. 

Prior. 

Comprehend. 

Adraacemeot. 

Above all. 

Shield. 

Mentioned. 

Bjntem of rale*. 

Ki^mption from 
:. rule. 

Makinc apparent 

Accordingly. 
Prefer* 

Y.x] revs. 
Fresh. 



what time may the colonist9 be deem<-l independent "f Circat Britain ? 

is the general meaning of loyalty, in the 90th line ? (§ 8.) 

20. What is meant by the expression '• palladium of liberty,'' in the 

.1 what does that, in the 103d 1. ($ 9.) 22. 



86 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 



the American people are so 'extremely care- 
no ful of their rights, and desirous of 'transmit- 
ting them to posterity in 'unsullied purity, 
that the 'Congress of the United States, on 
the 25th of ' September, 1789, proposed ten 
'amendments to the Constitution, which more 
us 'clearly and definitely specify the rights of 
the people, 'prescribe the duties of Congress, 
and the ' limit of the Constitution. But the 
substance of these amendments is, as ' before 
intimated, 'contained in the original bill of 
120 rights ; which, though ' thus rendered less 
'prominent, will ever remain the basis of that 
enduring monument of the sages and patriots 
of the 'revolution — the Constitution. 



Jealous. 
Imparting. 

Spotless. 

National As- 
sembly. 

Ninth month 

Additions. 

Explicitly. 

Ordain. 

Extent. 

Heretofore. 

Comprised. 

By (bit mnni. 

Conspicuous. 

• "hampions. 

CfaMfl 

vernment 



In how many sentences can you use the word sages, in the 122d line, 
so that it shall convey a different meaning in each case? 23. What 
is the meaning of patriots and champions, in the 122d line? 



LESSON XX. 
'DECLARATION OF RIGHTS 

Of the 'Continental Congress, October 14, 1774. 
(§ 1.) Whereas, since the 'close of the last 
war, the British Parliament, 'claiming a 
power of right to bind the people of America 
by 'statutes in all cases whatsoever, hath in 
5 some acts 'expressly imposed taxes on them, 
and in others, under various 'pretences, but 



Proclamation. 

Federal. 

Conclusion. 

Asserting. 

Restrain. 

Lacwa 

Id direct terms. 

Pretexts. 



The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix. 

(§ 1.) 1. When and by whom was the declaration of the bill of 
rights made? 2. Repeat the substance of section first. 3. What is 
the difference between pretences and pretexts, in the 6th line? (§ 2.) 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 



87 



in fact for the purpose of raising a 'revenue, 
hath imposed rates and duties payable in 
these colonies, established a Board of Com- 
10 missioners, with unconstitutional powers, 
and extended the jurisdiction of Courts of 
Admiralty, not only for 'collecting the said 
duties, but for the trial of causes merely 
arising within the body of a county: 
15 (§-•) And whereas, 'ill consequence of 
other statutes, judges, who before held only 
ites at will in their offices, have been 
made dependent on the 'crown alone, for 
their salaries, and standing armies kept in 
*J0 times of peace: and whereas, it has 'lately 
a ved in Parliament, that by force 
of a statute, made in the thirty-fifth year of 
the reign of King Henry the VIII., colonists 
may be 'transported to England, and tried 
*jr> there, upon accusations for treasons and 
misprisions, or concealments of treasons 
'committed in the colonies, and, by a late 
statute, such trials have been directed in 
cases therein mentioned: 
30 (§ 3.) And whereas, in the last 'session of 
Parliament, three statutes were made; one 
tilled, 'An art to discontinue, in such man- 
ner and for such time as are therein men- 
tioned, the landing and discharging, lading, 
Mp f i n g of goods, waiee, and merchan 
\ at the town and within the harbor of 



Income. 

Levied. 

Provinces. 

Illeg-al. 

Control. 

Gathering. 

Cases. 

Originating. 

By means. 

Formerly. 

Titles. 

King. 

Yearly pay. 

Recently. 

The Assembly of 
Lord* and Com- 
mons. 

Enacted. 
Rule. 
Conveyed. 
Charges. 

Misdemeanors. 

Perpetrated. 

Enactment. 

Stated. 

Sitting. 

Regulations. 

Postpone. 

Period. 

Cnloading. 

ttinf on board 



Port. 



4. Repeat the substance of section secon whtA does their refer 

•;h line? (§3.] at the M { > cm third. 



88 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 



Boston, in the 'province of Massachusetts 
Bay in North America ;' another 'entitled, 
'An act for the better 'regulating the govern- 

40 ment of the 'province of Massachusetts Bay, 
in New England ;' and another entitled, 'An 
act for the impartial 'administration of jus- 
tice, in the cases of persons 'questioned for 
any act done by them in the 'execution of 

45 the law, or for the 'suppression of riots and 
'tumults, in the province of the Massachu- 
setts Bay, in New England :' and another 
statute was then made, ■ for 'making more 
effectual 'provision for the government of the 

50 province of Quebec,' &c. All which sta- 
tutes are 'impolitic, unjust, and cruel, as well 
as unconstitutional, and most dangerous and 
'destructive of American rights. 

(§ 4.) And whereas, 'assemblies have been 

55 frequently dissolved, contrary to the rights 
of the people, when they attempted to 'delibe- 
rate on 'grievances: and their dutiful, humble, 
loyal, and reasonable petitions to the 'crown 
for 'redress, have been repeatedly treated 

60 with 'contempt by his majesty's ministers of 
'state : 

The 'good people of the 2 several 3 colonies 
of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, - 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 

65 Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn- 
sylvania, Newcastle, Kent, 'and Sussex, on 



Colony. 

Called. 

Directing. 

Settlement. 

Styled. 

Dispensation 

Tried. 

Performance 

Restrain meat. 

' on mictions 

A further. 

Rendering. 

AJTUgexneota. 

'\ui;1']:l 

Unwise. 

Perilous. 

Ruinous to 

Meetings. 

Broken up. 

Consult. 

Oppressions. 

Government. 

Relief. 

Public aflairs 
1 Inhabitants, 
s Different. 
3 Provinces. 
Penn's Wood 
Also. 



7. What is the difference between suppression and restrainment, in the 
45th line? (§ 4.) 8. Repeat the substance of section fourth. 9. What 
is the difference between disdain and contempt, in the 60th line? 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 



89 



'Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro- 
lina, and South Carolina, justly alarmed at 
these arbitrary proceedings of parliament 

70 and administration, have severally elected, 
constituted, and appointed 'deputies to meet 
and sit in general congress, in the city of 
Philadelphia, in order to 'obtain such estab- 
lishment, as that their religion, laws, and lib- 

75 erties may not be 'subverted; whereupon 
the deputies so appointed being now 'assem- 
bled, in a [full and free representation of 
these colonies, taking into their most 'serious 
consideration the best 'means of attaining 

80 the ends aforesaid, do, in the first place, as 
Englishmen, their ancestors, in like cases 
have usually done, for 'asserting and vindi- 
cating their rights and liberties, 'DECLARE, 
(§ 5.) That the inhabitants of the English 
ionies in North America, by the ' immu- 
table laws of nature, the 'principles of the 
English constitution, and the several charters 
or 'compacts, have the following RIGHTS. 
Resolved, N. C. D.* 1. That they are en- 

90 titled to life, liberty, and property; and they 
have never ceded to any sovereign power 
whatever a right to dispose of either, without 
their consent. 

15- solved, 'JV. C. D. 2. That our ances- 

95 tors, who first 'settled these colonies, were, 



The River 
Delaware. 

Terrified. 

Despotic. 

The ministry 

Agents. 

Assembly. 

Procure. 

Freedom. 

Overthrown. 

Convened. 

Perfect. 

Earnest. 

Way. 

Purposes. 

Forefathers. 

Maintaining. 

Proclaim. 

British. 

Unchangeable. 

Truths. 

Grants. 

Agreements. 

Determined. 

Possessions 

Granted. 

Give away 

Permission. 

Unanimously 

Planted. 



($ 5.) 10. Repeat the wblinca of section fifth. II. What is the dif- 
ference between compacts and agreements, in the 88th line? (§6.) 



• Nemine contradicenU, no person opposing or §k 



8* 



90 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 



at the time of their 'emigration from the 
mother country, entitled to all the rights, 
liberties, and immunities of free and natural- 
born subjects, within the 'realm of England. 

100 (§ 6.) Resolved, N. C. D. 3. That, by 'such 
emigration, they by no means forfeited, 'sur- 
rendered, or 'lost any of those rights, but 
that they were, and their 'descendants now 
are, entitled to the exercise and 'enjoyment 

105 of all such of them as their local and other 
circumstances enable them to 'exercise and 
enjoy. 

Resolved, 4. That the foundation of Eng- 
lish liberty, and of all free government, is a 

no right in the people to participate in their 
legislative council ; and as the English colo- 
nists are not represented, and, from their local 
and other 'circumstances, cannot properly 
be 'represented in the British parliament* 

ii5 they are entitled to a free and exclusive 
power of legislation in their several 'provin- 
cial 'legislatures, where their right of repre- 
sentation can alone be 'preserved, in all cases 
of taxation and internal 'polity, subject only 

120 to the 'negative of their sovereign, in such 
manner as has been heretofore 'used and ac- 
customed; but, from the 'necessity of the 
case, and a regard to the 'mutual interests 
of both countries, we 'cheerfully consent to 

125 the 'operation of such acts of the British 



Removal. 

Prerogatires. 

Privileges. 

Dominion. 

That. 

Gave up. 

ALenated. 

Children. 

Fruition. 

Situation allow*. 

Use. 

Hold. 

Literal. 

. ■h*r*. 
T.m cranf» and 

Ur.ccIHl- 

I'i>tant. 

'ions. 
Pereonated. 
Sole. 

Assemblies. 

ued. 
Legislation. 
Veto. 

Habitual. 

UuvoidablcBeM 

Reciprocal 

WdhnglT. 

Agency. 



12. Repeat the substance of section sixth. 13. What is the difference 
between foundation and basis, in the 108th line ? 14. Between restricted 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 



91 



parliament as are, bona fuh\ restrained to 

the regulation of our external commerce, 

for the purpose of 'securing the commercial 

advantages o( the whole empire to the mo- 

130 ther country, and the commercial benefits 

of its respective members ; excluding every 

'idea ul taxation, internal or external, for 

raising a revenue on the 'subjects in America, 

without their consent. 

i35 (§?.) Resolved, N, C. D. 5. That the 're- 

spective colonies are entitled to the 'common 

law of England, and more especially to the 

it and inestimable privilege of being 

tried by their peers of the 'vicinage, accord- 

140 ing to the course of that law. 

Resolved, 6. That they are entitled to 
the benefit of such of the English statutes 
as existed at the time of their 'colonization; 
and which they have, by experience, re- 
us spectively found to be 'applicable to their 
several local and other circumstances. 

Resolved, N. C, D. 7. That these, h is ma- 
jesty's colonies, are likewise entitled to all 
the immunities and privileges, 'granted and 
150 'confirmed to them by royal charters, or se- 
cured by their several 'codes of provincial 
lav 

(§8.) Resolved, X. CD. 8. That they have 

a right 'peaceably to assemble, consider of 

155 their grievances, and petition the king; and 



Restricted. 

Foreign. 

Knsunng. 

Bent ■fits. 

Trading. 

Several. 

Notion. 

Denizens. 

Permission. 

Different. 

Unwritten. 

Particularly. 
Invaluable. 

Neighborhood. 

Manner. 

Have a claim 

Advantages. 

Migration. 

Trial. 

Adequate. 

Geographical 

The King's. 

Also. 

Bestowed. 

I orrohorated 

•;ons. 
Regulations. 
Possess. 
Quietly. 

inlize. 



and restrained, in the 126th line? (§7.) 16. Repeat th<- lubetance of 
section seventh. 1* the difference between crj>cnrnrc and 

trial, in the 144th line? (§ 8 ) 17. Repeal tbfl of section 



92 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 



that all prosecutions, prohibitory 'proclama- 
tions, and 'commitments for the same, are 
'illegal. 

Resolved, N. C. D. 9. That the 'keeping a 

160 'standing army in these colonies, in times of 
peace, without the 'consent of the legislature 
of that colony in which such army is 'kept, 
is 'against law. 

Resolved, N, C. D. 10. It is 'indispensably 

165 necessary to good government, and 'rendered 
'essential by the English constitution, that the 
constituent 'branches of the legislature be 
independent of each other ; that, therefore, 
the 'exercise of legislative power, in several 

no colonies, by a council appointed, doting plea- 
sure, by the 'crown, is unconstitutional) dan- 
gerous, and 'destructive to the freedom of 
American 'legislation. 

(§!).) All and each of which, the afore- 

175 said 'deputies, in behalf of themselves and 
their constituents, do claim, demand, and in- 
sist on, as their 'indubitable rights and liber- 
ties ; which cannot be legally taken from 
them, 'altered, or abridged, by any power 

180 whatever, without their own 'consent, by 
their 'representatives in their several provin- 
cial 'legislatures. 



(§ 10.) These 'declarations met with a Resolves. 



Declaration* of 
the King '• will. 



Unlawful. 
Maintaining. 

Permanent mili- 
tary force. 

Approval. 
K.-taim-.l. 
Contrary to. 
Absolutely. 
Made. 

Important in the 
highest drjree. 

Divisions. 

Consequ. iitly 

Use. 

Will. 

King. 

Ruinous 

Law-making 

Above -men- 

■ 

Delegates. 
Persist in. 

Iocon tro* f r 1 1 bit. 

Lawfully. 

Changed. 

Permission. 

Deputies. 

Assemblies. 



eighth. 18. What is the difference between kept and retained, in the 
162d line ? (§ 9.) 19. Repeat the substance of section ninth. 20. What 
is the difference between altered and changed, in the 179th line? 
(§ 10.) 21. What does thus, mean in the 185th line? 22. What is the 



DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 



93 



hearty response in every section of the con- 

185 federacy. The union thus happily formed, 
and continued by a succession of delegates 
in Congress, has been revered as the guard- 
ian of our liberties, through every 'change 
of our 'government (§ 11.) The second 
ntinental Congress, which assembled at 
Philadelphia in May, 1775, was 'invested by 
the colonies with very ample 'discretionary 
powers. Determined to assert 'unconditional 
sovereignty over the colonies by 'force, Great 

i« Britain had already 'commenced hostilities 
in the province of Massachusetts. Congress, 
supported by the zeal and confidence of its 
constituents, prepared for defence by pub- 
lishing a declaration of the 'causes and ne- 

aoo cessity of 'inking up arms, and by proceeding 

to levy and organize an army, to prescribe 

_ ilations for land and sea forces, to emit 

jxiprr money, contract debts, and exercise 

all the other prerogatives of an independent 

«5 government ; till, goaded to the utmost by 
the attacks of England, which repeatedly 
caused American ' soil to drink American 
blood, it at last, on the 4th of July, 1776, de- 
red the united colonies to be FREE and 
^DEPENDENT STATES. 



Rejoiuder. 
Fortunately. 

Persevered in. 

Venerated. 

Alteration. 

Polity. 

Provincial. 

Clothed. 

Optional 

Absolute. 

Violence. 

Begun. 

Dependency. 

Ardo-. 

Made ready. 

Reasons for. 

Going to war. 

Arrange. 

Rules. 

Bills of credit 

Peculiar pri- 
vileges. 

Stimulated. 

Aggressions. 

Earth. 

Finally. 

Federate. 

Self-reliant. 



difference between revered and venerated, in the 187th line? (§ 11.) 
23. Of what docs taction eleventh treat? 24. What phrases will give 
the sense of repeatedly, in the 206th line? 25. In how many WtJTI «-an 
you u»e soil, in the 207th line, so as to convey in each case a different 
meaning? 26. What wordi are definitions, in Motion eleTen I — what 
synonyms 7 — what r What battles are alluded to in the 

195th line? 



94 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



LESSON XXI. 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

(§ 1.) A 'Declaration by the representatives 
of the United States of America, in 'Con- 
gress assembled. ' Passed, Thursday, 
'July 4th, 1776. 
5 When, in the course of human 'events, it 
becomes necessary for one people to 'dissolve 
the political ' bands which have connected 
them with another, and to assume among 
the powers of the earth the 'separate and 

10 equal station to which the laws of nature, 
and of nature's God, 'entitle them, a decent 
respect to the opinions of mankind 'requires, 
that they should 'declare the causes which 
'impel them to the separation. 

15 (§2.) We hold these 'truths to be self-evi- 
dent: that all men are 'created equal; that 
they are 'endowed, by their Creator, with 
certain 'unalienable rights; that among these, 
are life, liberty, and the 'pursuit of happil 

20 That, to 'secure these rights governments are 
'instituted among men, deriving their just 
powers from the 'consent of the governed ; 



Proclamation 

Convention. 

Adopted. 

s«Yf nth nv nth. 

Occurrences. 

Destroy. 

Ties. 

Take. 

Dttmrt. 

[Vcn-vs. 

Give them a 

ilaim. 

Demands. 

Avow. 

Uige. 

Ti-m-t.s. 
M.itlo. 

IllYfstCO. 

N«>f tran^fer- 
able. 

Quest. 
Confirm. 
Established. 
Concurrence 



The difficult Question* are elucidated in the Appendix. 

(§ 1.) 1. When was the declaration of the independence of the 
United States adopted ? 2. By whom was it adopted ? 3. When was 
this declaration made? 4. Repeat section first. 5. Illustrate the dif- 
ference between dissolve and destroy, in the 6th line. 6. Illustrate the 
difference between declare and avow, in the 13th line? (§2.) 7. 
What truths are said to be self-evident? 8. What are inalienable 
rights? 9. For what is government instituted? 10. From what do 
governments derive their just powers? 11. When have the people a 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



95 



that, whenever any 'form of government be- 
comes destructive of these ends, it is the 

25 right of the people to alter or to 'abolish it, 
and to institute a new government, laying 
its foundation on such principles, and orga- 
nizing its powers in such form, as to them 
shall seem most likely to 'effect their safety 

30 and 'happiness. (§3.) Prudence, indeed, 
will 'dictate, that governments, long estab- 
lished, should not be changed for ' light and 
transient causes ; and accordingly, all 'expe- 
rience hath shown, that 'mankind are more 

3.3 disposed to sutler, while evils are sufferable, 
than to 'right themselves, by abolishing the 
forms to which they are 'accustomed. But 
when a long train of 'abuses and usurpations, 
pursuing invariably the same object, 'evinces 

40 a design to reduce them under 'absolute des- 
potism, it is their right, it is their 'duty, to 
throw off such government, and to provide 
new guards for their future 'security. Such 
has been the patient sufferance of these colo- 

45 nies; and such is now the necessity which 

constrains them to alter their former systems 

of government, (^ 4.) The ' history of the 

king of Great Britain is a history of 

oated injuries and usurpations, all having, 



System. 

Ruinous to. 

Abrogate. 

Establish. 

Basis. 

Order. 

Secure. 

Welfare. 

Prescribe. 

Trivial. 

Proof. 

Men. 

Inclined. 

Indemnify. 

Habituated. 

Wrongs. 

Proves. 

Positive. 

Obligation. 

Procure. 

Safety. 

Endurance. 

Compulsion. 

Change. 

Narrative. 

Reigning. 

Successive. 



a government? 12. Illustrate the difference between 
abolish ami abro^att, in the 25th line? (§3-) 13. What doei prudence 
••? 14. What has all experience shown? 15. When i- it the 
• to throw rernmentl 16. Illustrate 

the duffers fcgal an-! trivial. Id the 3'Ji line. 17. Illus- 

trate abuse* and wrong?, in the 38th line? 

($4.) 18. What is the history of the then kiag of Great Britain? 



96 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



50 in ' direct object, the establishment of 2 an 

absolute tyranny over these states. To prove 

this, let facts be 'submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most 

'wholesome and necessary for the public 

55 'good. 

He has 'forbidden his governors to pass 
laws of immediate and pressing 'importance, 
unless 'suspended in their operation till his 
assent should be 'obtained; and, when so 
60 suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend 
to 'them. 

He has 'refused to pass other laws for the 
accommodation of large districts of people, 
unless those people would relinquish the right 
65 of 'representation in the legislature ; a right 
inestimable to them, and formidable to ty- 
rants 'only. 

(§5.) He has called together 'legislative 

bodies at places unusual, 'uncomfortable, and 

70 distant from the 'depository of their public 

records, for the sole purpose of 'fatiguing 

them into compliance with his 'measures. 

He has 'dissolved representative houses, 

repeatedly, for opposing, with 'manly firm- 

75 ness, his 'invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has 'refused, for a long time, after such 

dissolutions, to cause others to be 'elected ; 



Express. 

2 A complete. 

Referred. 

Concurrence 

Salutary. 

Benefit. 

Prohibited. 

Moment 

Delayed. 

Procured. 

Omitted. 

The laws. 

Declined. 

K. ci.ns. 

Abandon. 

iV.litiral par- 
tin; | 

Terrible. 

Alone. 

Law-pi vine. 

Inconvenient 

Archives. 

Wearying. 

Proceedings. 

Broken up. 

Undaunted. 

Inroads. 

Neglected. 

Chosen. 



19. To what did the king of Great Britain refuse his assent? 20. 
What had he forbidden the governors to do? 21. Illustrate the diffe- 
rence between refused and declined, in the 62d line. (§5.) 22. Why 
did the king of Great Britain call legislative bodies at places distant 
from the depository of public records? 23. Why did he repeatedly 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



97 



'whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
'annihilation, have returned to the people at 

80 large for their exercise : the state remain- 
ing, in the mean time, exposed to all the 
dangers erf invasion lrom without, and con- 
vulsions within. 

(§ 6.) He has endeavoured to prevent the 

85 population of these states ; for that 'purpose, 
'obstructing the laws for naturalization of 
'foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encou- 
rage their 'migration hither, and raising the 
'conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

90 He has obstructed the administration of 
justice, by refusing his assent to ' laws for 
establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges 'dependent on his 
will alone, for the 'tenure of their offices, and 

95 the amount and payment of their 'salaries. 
He has 'erected a multitude of new offices, 
and sent hither swarms of officers to 'harass 
our people, and eat out their 'substance. 
He has ' kept among us, in time of peace, 

ioo standing armies, without the 'consent of our 
'legislatures. 

(§ 7.) He has affected to render the 'mili- 



By which. 

Dost ruction. 

Prac lice. 

I.ial'le. 

Incursion. 

Internally. 

Striven. 

Design. 

Hindering. 

Aliens. 

Removal. 

Stipulations. 

Legal execution. 

Regulations. 

Legal-deciding. 

Subject to. 

Holding;. 

Emoluments 

Established. 

Worry. 

Wealth. 

Established. 

Agreement. 

Assemblies. 

Warlike. 



presentative bouses? 24. After such dissolution, what did 
he refuse to do? 25. Illustrate the difference between elided and 
chosen, in the 77th line. 2^». Between annihilation and (Icslrurtion, in 
the 7'jth line. (§ 6.) 27. How did the king of Great Britain endea- 
il the papulation of the states? 28. How did he obstruct 
: the I - , ."ii of justice ? 20. How did lie make the judges de- 

pendent ? 30. What did he ©recti 31. What did be send to this 
What did he keep emong the people in tiraei of pe 

33. Illustrate the ditference between salaries and n/i<>lntmntg, in tin- 
,ine. (§7.) 34. How did the kinj u Britain rendei the 

"" 9~~ 



98 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



tary independent of, and superior to, the 'civil 
'power. 

105 He has 'combined with others, to subject 
us to a jurisdiction 'foreign to our constitu- 
tion, and ' unacknowledged by our laws ; 
giving his 'assent to their acts of pretended 
'legislation : 

no For ' quartering large bodies of armed 
'troops among us : 

For 'protecting them, by a mock-trial, 
from 'punishment for any murders which 
they should 'commit on the inhabitants of 

115 these 'states: 

For 'cutting off our trade with all parts of 
the 'world : 

For 'imposing taxes on us, without our 
'consent : 

120 For 'depriving us, in many cases, of the 
benefits of trial by 'jury: 

For 'transporting us beyond seas, to be 
tried for 'pretended offences : 
(§ 8.) For 'abolishing the free system of 

125 English laws in a 'neighboring province, 
establishing therein an arbitrary govern- 
ment, and enlarging its ' boundaries, so as to 
render it, at once, an example and a fit in- 
strument for 'introducing the same absolute 

130 rule into these 'colonies : 



Political. 
Authority. 
Coalesced. 
Extraneous. 

Unrerogniied. 

Sanction. 

Government. 

Stationing. 

Soldiers. 

Shielding. 

Chastisement 

Perpetrate 

Communities 

InVr.li 

Globe. 

Obtruding. 

Assent. 

Bereaving. 

of the 

vicinage. 

■■ying. 
Feigned. 
Repealing. 

A despotic. 

Limits. 

Tool. 

Bringing. 

States. 



military power? 35. For what did he combine with others? 36. 
Name all the acts of pretended legislation to which he gave bifl 
sent. 37. Illustrate the difference between imposing and obtw 
in the 118th line. (§8.) 38. Illustrate the difference between MU 
ment and tool, in the 128th line. (§ 9.) 39. How did the king of Great 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



99 



For taking away our 'charters, abolishing 
our most valuable laws, and altering funda- 
mentally, the 'forms of our government: — 
For 'suspending our own legislatures, and 

135 declaring themselves invested with power to 
legislate for us, in all eases whatsoever. 

(§9.) He has abdicated government here, 
by declaring us 'out of his protection, and 
'waging war against us. 

ho He has plundered our seas, ravaged our 
coasts, burnt our towns, and 'destroyed the 
lives of our people. 

He is at this time, 'transporting large 
armies of foreign 'mercenaries, to complete 

145 the works of death, desolation, and 'tyranny, 
already begun with circumstances of 'cruelty 
and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most 
barbarous ages, and 'totally unworthy the 
'head of a civilized nation. 

150 He has 'constrained our fellow-citizens, 
taken 'captive on the high seas, to bear arms 
against their country, to become the 'execu- 
tioners of their friends and ' brethren, or to 
'fall themselves by their hands. 

155 (^ 10.) He has excited domestic insurrec- 
tions amongst us, and has endeavoured to 



Deeds of pri- 
vilege. 

Essentially. 
Features. 
Interrupting. 
Clothed. 

Contingencies. 

Renounced. 

Outlawed. 

Carrying on. 

Pillaged. 

Wasted. 

Citizens. 

Conveying. 

Hirelings. 

Despotism. 

Rigor. 

Equalled. 

Wholly. 

Chief. 

Compelled. 

Prisoners. 

Inflictere of 
death on. 

Brothers. 
Die. 

Sedition. 
labored. 



Britain abdicate his government in this country? 40. In waging war 
against the colonies, what did he do ? 41. What was the king of Great 
Britain doing, at the time of the Declaration of Independence? 42. 
What did he constrain the people of this country to do, when taken 
raptive on \)\o high -c-a- ? 43. Illustrate the difference between }>lun- 
dered ar .d piUaged^ in the 140tfa line. A I. Between brethren and brothert, 
in the 153d lin What did the king of Great Britain en- 

j deavour to excite amongst the f his colonies? 46. What did 



100 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



bring on the inhabitants of our 'frontiers, the 
merciless Indian 'savages, whose known rule 
of warfare is an 'undistinguished destruction 

160 of all ages, 'sexes, and conditions. — In every 
'stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned 
for 'redress, in the most humble terms : our 
repeated 'petitions have been answered only 
by 'repeated injury. A prince, whose cha- 

165 racter is thus 'marked by every act which 
may 'define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler 
of a free 'people. (§ 11.) Nor have we been 
'wanting in attentions to our British brethren. 
We have 'warned them, from time to time, 

no of attempts, by their legislature, to 'extend 
an 'unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We 
have reminded them of the circumstances 
of our emigration and settlement here. We 
have appealed to their 'native justice and 

175 'magnanimity, and we have conjured them, 
by the ties of our common kindred, to 'dis- 
avow these usurpations, which w r ould 'inevi- 
tably interrupt our connexions and 'corre- 
spondence. They too, have been 'deaf to 

180 the voice of justice and of 'consanguinity. 
We must, therefore, 'acquiesce in the neces- 



Borders. 

Barbarians. 

loducriminate. 

Kinds. 

Step. 

Rebef. 

Entreaties. 

Reiterated. 

Stamped. 

Describe. 

Race. 

Deficient 

Notified. 

Exercise. 

'lfiable. 
Incidents. 
Colonization. 
Inborn. 

Menu] [mum 
Disclaim. 
Unavoidably. 
Friendship. 
■ ntire. 
Affinity. 
Accede to. 



he endeavour to bring on the inhabitants of the frontiers? 47. Was 
the system of savage warfare in violation of the laws of civilized 
nations? 48. In every stage of their oppressions, what did the inha- 
habitants of the colonies do ? 49. How were their repeated petitions 
answered? 50. What was the character of every act of the king of 
Great Britain? 51. Illustrate the difference between redress and relief, 
in the 162d line. (§ 11.) 52. To what were the main body of the Bri- 
tish government deaf? 53. In what did the colonists find it necessary 
to acquiesce? 54. Illustrate the difference between enemies and foes, 
in the 184th line. (§ 12.) 55. By whom was the Declaration of Inde- 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



101 



sity which denounces our separation, and 
hold them, as we hold the 'rest of mankind, 
'enemies in war, in peace friends. 

ifli (§ 12.) We, therefore, the 'representatives 
of the United States of America, in Ge- 
neral C0NGRE88 assembled, appealing to the 
Supreme Judge of the world, for the 'recti- 
tude of our intentions, do, in the name, and 

190 by the authority, of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That 
these united colonies are, and of 'right ought 
to be. Free and Independent ' States ; and 
that they are 'absolved from all allegiance 

195 to the British crown, and that all political 
'connexion between them and the State of 
Great Britain is, and ought to be, 'totally 
'dissolved ; and that, as Free and Indepen- 
dent States, they have full power to 'levy 

*» war, conclude peace, contract 'alliances, 
establish 'commerce, and to do all other acts 
and things, which Independent States may 
of right do. And, for the support of this 
'declaration, with a firm reliance on the pro- 

205 tection of 'Divine Providence, we mutually 
'pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, 
and our 'sacred honor. 

I names of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, see the 
Biographical table in the latter part of this volume. 



Disjunction. 
Remainder. 
Foes. 
Delegates. 

American fede- 
rated common- 
wealth*. 

Collected. 

Uprightness. 

Designs. 

Power. 

Seriously. 

Justice. 

Governments 

Freed. 

Throne. 

Intercourse. 

Entirely. 

Broken up. 

Make. 

Treaties. 

Trade. 

Free. 

Maintenance 

Proclamation 

God. 

Gage. 

Inviolable. 



pentlence made ? 50. To whom did they appeal for the rectitude of 

57, In whose name, and by whose authority was 

tpendence made? 08. What was solemnly 

publi ared ? 59. What rights were claimed for the United 

[n support of the declaration, what did the colonists 

_•• to each other 7 61. Upon whom did they rely? 62. Upon 

• to rely ? 



102 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



LESSON XXII. 

(§1.) A year 'before the declaration of 
independence, Dr. Franklin had 'submitted to 
Congress 'a sketch of a confederation between 
the provinces, to continue until their 'recon- 
5 ciliation with Great Britain, and to be 'per- 
petual in failure of that 'event; but it appears 
that this plan was never discussed. ' Pending 
the declaration of independence, 'however, 
Congress took measures to form a constitu- 

10 tional plan of union; 'for, on the 12th of June, 
1776, a 'committee of one member from 
each 'province was appointed, to prepare 
and 'digest a form of confederation, to be 
'entered into by the colonies. (§ 2.) The report 

15 of this committee was laid aside on the 20th 
of August, 177G, and its consideration not 
'resumed till the 7th of April, 1777, after 
which the subject being [from time to time 
'debated, the articles of confederation were 

20 'confirmed by Congress on the 15th of No- 
vember, 1777. Congress also 'directed that 
the articles should be 'proposed to the several 
state legislatures, and if the 'articles were 
approved, they were requested to 'authorize 

25 their delegates in Congress to ' ratify the 
'same. 

(§ 3.) The 'delegates of N. H., Mass. R. I., 



Preceding. 
Laid before. 
An outline. 
Reunion. 
Lasting. 
Issue. 

Whitot d>Hbe» 
ratiiif upon. 

Neverthelcas 

Compile. 

Because. 

Council of re- 

riiintation. 

Arrange me- 
thod 

Put away. 
Investigation 

Again taken op. 

Occasionally. 

Dfnpmd. 

Ratified. 

Ordered. 

Offered. 

Propositions, 

Empower. 

Make valid. 

Articles. 

Deputies. 



(§ 1.) 1. Mention two phrases that convey the same meaning as 
before and preceding, in the 1st line. 2. What is the difference between 
sketch and outline, in the 3d line? 3. Does compile, in the 9th line, 
always signify to form ? (§ 2.) 4. What is the meaning of the expres- 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 103 



Conn., N.Y., Pa., Va., and S. (\, 'signed the 
articles on the 9th of July, 1778. The 'N. C. 

30 delegates 'signed them on the ^lst, and those 
from Ga., on the 24th of the same month; 
those of N. J., on the k J0th of November fol- 
lowing: those of 'Del., on the 22d of Feb- 
ruary, and 5th of May, 1779: but 'Md. pos- 

35 itively refused to ratify, until the 'conflicting 
claims of the 'Union and of the separate 
states to the 'crown-lands should be adjusted. 
This difficulty was finally 'obviated, by the 
claiming states 'ceding the unsettled lands to 

40 the United States, for the 'benefit of the 
whole Union. (§ 4.) The former 'insuper- 
able objection of Maryland being 'removed, 



her 



delegates signed the articles of confe- 



deration on the 1st of 'March, 1781; four 
45 years, sevcji months, and twenty-one days 
after they had been submitted to the 'sove- 
reign states by Congress, with the 'solemn 
averment that they ought to be immediately 
'adopted, as they seemed essential to the very 
50 existence of the Americans as a 'free people, 
and without them, they might be constrained 
to bid 'adieu to safety and independence. 
The confederation being thus 'finally com- 
pleted, the event was joyfully announced to 



Subscribed. 

North Caro- 
lina. 

Ratified. 
Georgia, 

New Jersey. 

Delaware. 

Maryland 

Opposite. 
Confederacy. 

Public domain. 

.Removed. 

Relinquishing. 

Advantage. 

Insurmountable. 

Displaced. 

Representatives. 

Third month. 
And 31 weeks 
Independent. 
Deliberate. 
Assertion. 

Approved and 
confirmed. 

Self-gOTcrning. 

Not having. 
Farewell. 

At last. 
Gladly. 



sion "the same,' in the 2'ith and 26th lines? (§3.) 5. Are crown-lands and 
• 1'iin, in the 37th line, synonymous? 6. What is the differ* 
ence I be n ef it and advantage in die 40th line ! (4 4.) 7. Why 

is not g(X" o as a definition of adieu, in the 5 2d line, instead 

ve the actual meaning of adiiu. farewell and good- 
bye, aii-l alto their derivation. (*j 5 ) 9. Arc revohUumarji and trann- 



104 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



55 'Congress; and, on the 2d of March, 1781, 
that body assembled under the new 'powers.* 
(§ 5.) The 'term of the continental Con- 
gress consists 'properly of two periods. The 
first, extending from the 'first meeting, on the 

60 4th of September, 1774, until the 'ratifica- 
tion of the 'confederation on the 1st of 
March, 1781, has been 'named the period of 
" the 'revolutionary national government ;" 
the second, 'from the 1st of March, 1781, 

65 until the 'organization of the government 
under the Constitution, on the 4th of March, 
1789, has been 'denominated the period of 
" the confederation." (§6.) The 'power of 
Congress was 'national, from September 

70 4th, 1774, and 'gradually progressive. It had 
the authority to concert those 'measures 
deemed best to redress the 'grievances, and 
preserve the 'rights and liberties, of all the 
'colonics. The Congress of 1775 2 had more 

75 ample powers, and it accordingly exercised 
at once some of the highest functions of 
sovereignty, as has been before shown. In 
1776, the same body took 'bolder steps, ex- 
erting powers not to be justified or accounted 

80 for, without 'supposing that a national union 



The national 
assembly. 

Admjniitraiion. 

Duration. 

Strictly. 

Primary. 

Confirmation 

League. 

Designated. 

Transitional. 

After. 

Official be- 
ginning. 

National com* 
P.CL 

Entitled. 
Jurisdiction. 
General. 
By degrees. 
Means. 
W rones. 

Settlements. 

'Possessed. 

Faculties. 

Exhibited. 

More danng. 

Vindicated. 

Admitting. 



tional, in the 03d line, synonymous? (§6.) 10. Name a phrase con- 
veying the same meaning as gradually and by degrees, in the 70th line. 
11. Give a phrase signifying nearly the same as concert those ma 
in the 71st line. 12. In how many sentences can you use the word 
had, in the 74th line, so that it shall have a different meaning in every 

* The articles of confederation, being null and void, are not Inserted here ; but as a matter 
of curiosity, and in order that the reader may compare them with the Constitution, they have 
been added to the Appendix. The names of the signers of the Confederation and also those 
of the Declaration of Rights will be found in the Biographical Table. 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 305 



for national purposes already existed, and 
that Congress waa invested with supreme 

power over all the colonies, for the purpose 
of preserving their common rights and liber- 

85 ties. The people never doubted or denied 
the validity of these acts. 

(§7.) The united colonies were a nation, 
and had a general government, created and 
acting by the general consent of the people, 

90 from the time of the declaration of rights ; 
but the powers of that government was 
not, and, 'indeed, could not be well defined. 
Still, its supremacy was 'firmly established 
in many cases, and its control over the states, 

95 in most, if not all 'national measures, univer- 
sally admitted. (§ 8.) The articles of con- 
federation not being ratified so as to 'include 
all the 'states, until March 1st, 1781, in the 
'interim, Congress continued to exercise the 

ioo authority of a 'general government, w T hose 
acts were 'binding on all the states. By 
foreign powers, we were politically known 
as the United States; 'and, in our national 
'capacity as such, we sent and received am- 

105 bassadors, entered into treaties and alliances, 
and were admitted into the general commu- 
nity of nations, exercising the right of bel- 
ligerents, and claiming 'an equality of snve- 
r and prerogatii 



Then. 

clothed. 

Kiul. 

Separate and 
equal. 

Quvs-noued. 

Proceedings. 

Federate. 

Common. 

Provincials. 

Publication. 

Authority. 

In fact. 

Immovably. 

Respects. 

Public. 

AcknowWlged. 

Comprise. 
Provinces. 
Mean time. 
National . 
Obligatory. 

OoTrrnment*. 

Moreover. 

Coalition. 
Formed. 

\\';:r-makers 
A parity. 
PriYiU 



instar What cpmentcl the union of the luring the 

I l. When did I ime a natioua] 

When were the arti<- ■ fttion r;«ti- 

By what title wa> our country politically known imong 

i admitted and 



106 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



no (§ 9.) The continental Congress soon found 
that the powers 'derived from the articles of 
confederation were 'inadequate to the legiti- 
mate objects of an 'effective national govern- 
ment. 'Whenever it became necessary to 

ii5 legislate on 'commerce and taxes, defects 
were ' particularly evident ; and it was at 
length indispensable to amend the articles, 
so as to give authority and 'force to the na- 
tional will, in matters of 'trade and revenue. 

120 This was done from time to time, until the 
adoption of the 'present Constitution of the 
United States. The 'movements of Congress 
on the 3d of 'February, 1781— 18th and 
26th of April, 1783— 30th of April, 1784— 

1^5 and the 3d of 'March, 20th of September, 
and 23d of October, 1780 — would be inte- 
resting to the student, and show the 'progress 
of constitutional legislation; but the limits 
of this chapter afford no room to 'discuss 

130 them. (§10.) Peace came; the illustrious 
'commander-in-chief of the revolutionary 
armies surrendered his 'commission ; and 
the armies were ' disbanded, without pay. 
Mutiny w T as suppressed, after Congress, 'sur- 

135 rounded by armed men 'demanding justice, 
had appealed 'in vain to the sovereign state, 
within the jurisdiction of which it was sit- 



Ascertaiued. 
Drawn. 
Not equal. 
Efficient. 
As often as. 
Trade. 
Especially. 
IU vise. 
Strength. 
Traffic. 
Kri-eatcdly. 
Now existing 
Motions. 
oobom) nooth. 
Fourth month. 
Third month. 

Advancement. 

Bounds- 
Examine. 
Renowned. 

O on tra li— imo. 

Official warrant 

Diamianed from 
•err ice. 

Beset. 

Requiring. 

Ineffectually. 

Territory. 



received, in the 106th line? (§ 9.) 18. What did the continental con- 
gress soon discover? (§ 10.) 19. As the words commander-in-chief, in 
the 131st line, are defined in the margin by a single term, why are 
they not put in italics? 20. Give some other forms of expression, 
conveying the meaning of in vain and ineffectually, in the 136th line. 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 107 



ting, for protection. The expenses of the 
nation were reduced to the 'minimum of a 

140 peace establishment; cuid yet the country 
was not relieved, for it wanted, not a league 
of thirteen 'different nations, with thirteen 
distinct supreme governments, but a general 
government, that would be 'revered as a 

145 common parent by all the sister states — a 
government 'founded on the principles of the 
declaration of 'independence — a government 
constituted by the people in their inherent, 
primitive 'capacity. 

i5o (^ ll.) In the Congress of the 'confedera- 
tion, during the closing years of the revo- 
lutionary war, and those of peace 'immedi- 
ately succeeding, James Madison and Alex- 
ander Hamilton displayed their 'signal ability. 

155 John Jay was associated with them 'shortly 
after the peace, in the 'capacity of congres- 
sional 'secretary for foreign affairs. The 
mortifying experience of every day demon- 
strated to these men the 'incompetency of 

Mt the articles of confederation for 'managing 

the affairs of the Union, at home or abroad. 

Though in retirement, Washington brooded 

justice suffered by his companions 

in arms, the warriors of the revolution — 

m the prostration of the public credit and faith 

of the nation, by the 'neglect to provide even 

payment of the interest of the public 



Disbursements. 

Lowest point 
XcviTtheless 

Diiembarrawd. 

Separate. 

Cnconnected 

Reverenced. 

Mother. 

Based. 

Self-reliance 

Composed. 

Power. 

League. 

Ending. 

Directly. 

Following. 

Eminent. 

Soon. 

Character. 

Manager. 

Humiliating. 

Inadequacy. 

Conducting. 

Business. 

Withdrawn from 
pulilir attention 

Wrongs. 

Soldiers. 

Depression. 

Omission. 

Liquidation. 



(§ 11.) 21. When ac and Alexander Ha- 

miltOI tlioir grf-at ability' (§ 12.) 22. Wln-re was the Hea 



108 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



debt — and the 'disappointed hopes of the 
friends of freedom ; for, in the 'address of 

170 April 18th, 1783, from Congress to the 'states, 
it was said to be the " pride and ' boast of 
America, that the rights for which she con- 
tended were the rights of human nature" 
(§ 12.) The first idea of a revision of the 

175 articles of confederation, by an 'organization 
of means 'differing from that of a compact 
between the state legislatures and their own 
delegates in Congress, was 'started at Mount 
Vernon, in March, 1785. A 'convention of 

iHo delegates from the state legislatures, 'inde- 
pendent of Congress, was the 'expedient 
which presented itself for effecting an aug- 
mentation of the powers of Congress in 
'regulating commerce. This proposal was 

MS 'made and adopted in the legislature of Vir- 
ginia, in January, 1786, and at once com- 
municated to the other state 'legislatures. 

(§ 13.) The convention held at Anna- 
polis, in September 178G, in 'pursuance of 

190 this proposition, delegates attended from 
only five of the central states, who, on 
comparing their ' restricted powers with 
the 'glaring defects of the confederation, 
merely reported a recommendation for an- 

195 other convention of 'delegates from all the 
states, with enlarged powers, to 'meet at 
Philadelphia, in 'May, 1787. (§ 14.) The 



Defeated 

Commonweal tha 
Exultation. 
Strove. 
Mankind. 

An amendment. 

Arrangement 

Unlike. 
Assemblies, 
inted. 

M.t'lUR 

S. ; .ratr from. 

Shift. 

Enlargement 
Acts. 
Italia* and 

l'.n.iirhril. 
lm;artrd. 

rmity 

with. 

M..MU. 

Limited. 

NotorioM. 

V m cmul. 
Deputies. 
Assemble. 
Fifth mouth. 



of a revision of the articles of confederation originated ? (§ 13.) 23. 
What is the difference between glaring and 7iotorious, in the 193d line? 






ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 109 



Constitution of the United States was framed 
by this convention; the 'authority of the 

200 'members of which was derived from the 
state legislatures, and not 'directly from the 
people. During the 'revolution, the power 
of the people had never been called into 
action* far their rule had been 'supplanted by 

•.wo state sovereignty; and a 'confederacy had 

been substituted for a government. But, in 

forming the Constitution, the delegates soon 

perceived that the 'necessary powers were 

h as no 'combination of state govern- 

210 ments could bestow ; and that, ' leaving 
power for right, and the irresponsible 'au- 
thority of state rule for the 'self-evident trvtlis 
of the Declaration of Independence, they 
must retrace their steps, and fall back from 

2i5 a league of friendship between independent 
states, to the 'primitive constituent sove- 
jnty of the people, 'for from them only 
could supreme authority 'emanate. 



Palladium. 

Powers. 

Individuals. 

Immediately. 

Transition. 

Populace. 

Displaced. 

Federation. 

Put in the 

place of. 

Compiling:. 

Requisite. 

Association. 

Abandoning - . 

Sway. 

Axioms. 

Proclamation 

Return upon. 

Amity. 

Original. 

Because. 

Proceed. 






(§14.) 24. Are people and populace, in the 203d line, synonymous ? 
25. Are the words self-evident truths, in the 212th line, perfectly de- 
fined by the term axioms? 



LESSON XXIII. 

{\ 1.) It appears that the violation of the 

ntial principles of rational liberty and 

the common law of England was the imme- 



BeafM. 

Radical. 

Principal. 



(§ 1.) 1. Give a synopsis of ta cti on fir-t. 'J. What wai the imme- 
diate cause of the Declaration of Independence I •'<• In bow many 

"TTT~ 



110 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



diate 'cause of the Declaration of Indepen- 
5 dence ; 'and that the Declaration of Rights, 
Oct. 14, 1774, was but a 'reiteration of those 
fundamental principles 'conceded to the Eng- 
lish people in the 'glorious revolution of 1688, 
at which 'time the British constitution be- 

10 came 'fixed and determined. After making 
the Declaration of Independence, 'congress 
ordered it to be 'engrossed and signed by its 
members. They 'also resolved, that copies 
of the Declaration be sent to the 'several 

15 assemblies, 'conventions, and committees, or 
councils of 'safety, and to the several com- 
manding officers of the 'continental troops; 
that it be 'proclaimed in each of the United 
States, and at the 'head of the army. (§ 2.) 

20 It may be useful to show more definitely the 
'proceedings of the continental congress 
pending the Declaration of Independence. 
June 8th, 1776, congress resolved itself into 
a committee of the whole house. Here it 

25 is 'proper to explain that a committee is one 
or more persons 'elected or appointed by 
any society, 'corporation, court, legislature, 
or any number of individuals 'acting together. 
Committees may be appointed to examine 

30 or manage any 'matter or business. When 
any subject of 'importance is brought before 



Occasion. 
Moreover. 

Recapitulation. 

Granted. 

Renowned. 

Period. 

Established. 

The eovern- 

niriit. 

Copied. 

Furthermore 

Different. 

Associations. 

Protection. 

t'nited. 

Declared. 

Prominent pan 

Exactly. 

Transactions 

Depending. 

Formed. 

Entire. 

ChetMl 
Body politic. 
Moving. 
Investigate. 
Affair. 



sentences can you write the word engrossed so that in each it shall 
convey a different meaning ? 4. Why do you suppose congress ordered 
copies of the Declaration to be sent to the several assemblies. &c, 
instead of printing circulars and sending them? (§2.) 5. Give a 
synopsis of section second. 6. What is the expression " head of the 
army" called? 7. How many kinds of corporations are there? 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. Ill 



legislative bodies, they usually resolve them- 
selves into a committee of the whole house, 
and 'debate and amend the subject till they 
; it into a shape that meets the approba- 
tion of a majority, which being reported and 
confirmed by the house, is referred to a se- 
lect number of their body. 

(§ 3.) The 'form for any body to go into 

40 a committee of the 'whole house is for the 
speaker, on motion, to put the question that 
the house or meeting now do 'resolve itself 
into a committee of the whole, to 'consider 
the proposed business — which should be 

15 distinctly specified. If determined in the 
atlirmative, he appoints some one as prolo- 
cutor, he leaves his seat, and takes a place 
the same as any other 'member, and the per- 
son appointed chairman does not take the 
■aker's chair, but sits at the table of the 
'secretary. A committee of the whole cannot 
adjourn as other 'committees may, but if 
their business is 'unfinished, they rise on a 
'question. (§ 4.) The house or meeting is 
-umed, and the chairman of the committee 
of the whole reports that they have accord- 
inn to 'order had the business under conside- 
ration, and made 'progress therein; but not 
having time to finish it, have directed him 

60 to ask leave to sit again. The question is 



Vssemblies. 
CoUtie. 

Discuss. 
Form. 

More than half. 

Sanctioned. 

Committee. 

W;.y. 

Total. 

<"li airman. 

Form. 

Discuss. 

Subject. 

Clearly. 

Speaker. 

Quits. 

Delegate. 

Moderator. 

Presiding of- 
ficer's. 

Clerk. 
Councils. 
Xot finished, 
ubject. 

Recommenced. 

Announces. 
Command. 

AdrancemenL 

Close. 
Once more. 



(§3.) 8. G sense is whole 

I lino ! I ' W lental O 

whole 1 (§■!•) 11- 
n for the I -' What arc tome of 



112 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



then put, on their having ' leave, and on the 
time the house will again 'resolve itself into 
a 'committee. A committee of the whole 
'elicits in the fullest manner the opinions of 

65 all the members of 'an assembly. The mem- 
bers are not restricted to 'parliamentary form, 
but each one speaks upon the subject in a 
familiar way, as often as he 'chooses. 

(§ 5.) The following is, in substance, 'ex- 

70 tracted from the ' journals of Congress : 
June 8th, 1776. — "After being in session 
some time, the president resumed the 'chair, 
and the 'chairman of the committee of the 
whole, Benjamin Harrison, of 'Va., reported 

75 that the 'committee had taken into considera- 
tion the 'matter to them referred, but not hav- 
ing come to any 'resolution thereon, directed 
him to 'move to sit again on the 10th.' 
1 'Resolved, that this Congress will, on the 

80 10th 'inst., at ten o'clock, resolve itself into 
a committee of the whole, to 'take into their 
further consideration the 'resolutions referred 
to them.' (§ 6.) June 10th, 1776.— Agreeably 
to order, Congress 'resolved itself into a com- 

85 mittee of the whole, to take into their 'further 
consideration the ' resolutions to them re- 
ferred ; and after some time 'spent thereon, 
the President 'resumed the chair, and Mr. 
Harrison 'reported that the committee have 

90 had under consideration the 'matters referred 



Permission. 

Form. 



Council of re« 
ference. 



A meeting. 

<>fpar- 
uauu-nt. 

Matter. 

Desires. 

Taken. 

Records. 

Meeting. 

Spr»krr'» «r«L 

Foreman. 

Virginia. 
I'nder. 
BUM 
Conclusion. 

PrepoM. 

Determined. 

or (bit month. 

Subjects. 
According. 
Went. 
Additional. 
Matters. 
Bestowed. 
Took ;i:ain. 
Announced. 
Business. 



the advantages of a committee of the whole? (§ 5.) 13. Give a sy- 
nopsis of section five. (§ 6-) 14. Why is ?natters used in the 90th line, 
instead of resolutions, in the S6th line? 15. Why is it necessary to 



J 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 113 



to them, and have come to a 'resolution 
thereon, which they directed him to report." 
" Resolved that these United Colonies arc, 
and oi right ought to be, free and indepen- 

95 dent states: that they are absolved from all 
allegiance to the British crown: and that 
all political 'connection between them and 
the State of Great Britain is, and ought to 
be. totally dissolved." 

100 (§ ?.) June 11th, 1776.— " 'Resolved, that 
the select committee for preparing the De- 
claration of Independence 'consist of five. 
The committee were 'chosen as follows: 
B QJamin Franklin of Pa., John Adams of 

m Mass.. Thomas Jefferson of Va., Roger 
Sherman of Conn., Robert R. Livingston of 
X. Y. The momentous question propounded 
June 10th, 1770, was held under considera- 
tion till July 2d, 177G, when the resolution 

] i" passed the house : and on the 4th of July, 1776, 
was, as before stated, 'passed the entire me- 
ltable Declaration, which is as 'imperishable 
as the history of 'our country, and under the 
lance of Providence, has developed the 

us most perfect 'Constitution that human wisdom 

and A ill ever formed. (§ 8.) The members of 

imittee, tn the place of considering the 



Requested. 

IVtrrnuned 

hy vote. 

Should. 

Obligations. 

Relation. 

Kingdom. 

Dissevered. 

Officially de- 
termined. 

Special. 

Be composed 

Elected. 

Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts. 

Connecticut. 
Proposed. 

Deliberated. 

At which time. 

Wn« arprored 
by Coi.g,c>». 

Allotted. 

Eadiaiug. 

Pirertion. 
3y»tcm of polity. 
Ability. 

Instead. 



jht. in the 94th line? 16. Illustrate tlie various 
mea N line, in different sentences. (§ 7.) 

I committee f>>r drafting 
- I • raal to i p; oinl -<iect 
i committee of the 
. v. n the l ' 17th line, in- 

stead of pasttfl f ( 

lO 5 "" 



114 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



'one first named as chairman, and instead 
of electing a 'chairman themselves, followed, 
120 it is supposed, the 'sage advice of Frank- 
lin, and each member 'agreed to draw up 
'ez document according to his own feelings 
and 'sentiments; and it was agreed that the 
draft most 'congenial to the views of a ma- 
125 jority should be adopted. 'When they had 
their 'final meeting, it was determined that 
Jefferson's 'production should be read first. 
It so 'fully met the views of the other mem- 
bers of the committee and of 'Congress, that 
130 after receiving 'several minor alterations, it 
was 'adopted. It would be highly interesting 
to read the 'productions of each of the other 
members of the committee; but it is 'sup- 
posed that their authors, considering their 
135 own plans of no 'importance, destroyed them. 
(§0.) The Declaration of Independence 
exhibits the true causes and 'nature of the 
Revolution. It will be 'seen by reference to 
that 'document, that it only renounced the 
ho 'tyranny of the British king ; that the forms 
of religious 'worship, political and legislative 
'proceedings, schools and seminaries, and the 
English language, 'remained unaltered in all 
their essential features. The American Con- 
ns stitution, the 'keystone of the arch of Ame- 



Person. 
Foreman. 
Wise. 
Engrnged. 

An inatruxneDt. 

Views. 

with. 

At the time. 
Last. 
Draft. 
Entirely. 

The Repre- 
sentative. 

Many. 
Approved. 

' '<>;it\s. 

Writers. 
Value. 

Principle. 

Ot .serve I. 

Instrument. 

I'es;«>tism 

Adoration. 

Business. 

Continued. 

Important. 

Crowning atona- 



in the 118th line? 21. Illustrate in sentences some of the various 
meanings of instrument, in the 122d line. 22. Why is not the Senate 
added to the Representatives, in defining Congress, in the 129th line? 
23. Why would not adapted answer in the place of adopted, in the 
131st line? (§ 9.) 24. Give a synopsis of section nine. 25. What is 



J 



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 115 



rican liberty — the noblest monument ever 
'reared by mortal hands, bears a strong iv- 
semblanee to, and embodies all the 'excel- 
lencies of, the 'English Constitution. (§ 10.) 

150 The English has the same important checks 
and balances, under 'a different name, to 
cut ire power, that the American has. 
Many Englishmen have 'said that our Con- 
stitution was 'copied from theirs; but it is 

155 hoped that our 'youthful readers have, by 
this time, ' learned to reason and reflect for 
themselves, and will be 'able to draw the 
just line of 'demarcation. Furthermore, 
they can reply to such absurd 'expressions, 

160 without being 'offended with their foreign 
brethren, that, if such be the 'case, " the 
copy" far 'surpasses the original. 

(§11.) The fact is, that our 'ancestors, in 
throwing oft' the British yoke, and 'asserting 
cessfully their independence, 'did no more 
than many nations 'before them had done : 
the Greeks, the Romans, the Hollanders, the 
Swiss, and recently the French, have been 
eminently successful in 'vindicating their 

no liberties, but 'signally failed in transmitting 
the blessing of liberty to their 'posterity. 
Hence the pre-eminent merit of our ances- 
tors consists in their having 'constructed a 



Memento. 
Erected. 

Good qualities. 

British. 

Regulators. 

Another. 

Rulers. 

Averred. 

Transcribed. 

Young. 

Acquired the 
halm. 

Competent. 

Separation. 

Assertions. 

Angry. 

Fact. 

Exceeds. 

Forefathers. 

Vindicating. 

Accomplished. 

Previously. 

People of Rome. 

Lately. 

Asserting. 

Entirely. 

Descendants. 

Superior. 

Made. 



the difference between monument and memento, in the 146th line? 
(§ V d after English, in the 150th line? 

— .; mran, in the 152d line? 27. Illustrate the meaning 

of offended and angry, in the ]»'. r >th line! 38. What prepositions usu- 
ally : and angry ! I I rethren need in 
the 161st line 1 (§n) 30. What it thi "ship of state," 



116 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 



'compass from the wrecks of republics, and 

175 of the excellencies of every 'nation, that 
would successfully 'steer the ship of state in 
safety between the 'Charybdis of anarchy 
and the 'Scylla of despotism ; and that, as 
'countless centuries pass away, if we of the 

180 present 'generation act well our part, will 
l prove to the despots of the world that the 
Constitution is not composed of 'inflammable 
wood, but of 'imperishable asbestos. (§ 12.) 
We should not, however, 'forget that the de- 

185 claration was, in itself, a 'vast, a solemn un- 
dertaking; that most of the signers, had 
they consulted their own 'ease and quiet, 
their own pecuniary gain, or the emoluments 
of office, would have bowed, as many of 

190 their countrymen did, to the throne of the 
king ; that, to one at least of that 'immortal 
'band of patriots, a direct oiler of ten thou- 
sand dollars, in addition to the best 'office 
under the 'government, was made by 2 an 

195 emissary of the Crown; and that, had they 
1 been unsuccessful, they would have been class- 
ed among the vilest of England's rebels; that, 
in common with those guilty of the most 'hei- 
nous crimes, they would have 'expiated their 

2oo temerity on the 'scaffold; (§ 13.) their pro- 
perty would have been 'confiscated, their 
children left in 'penury, and their names 



Guiding needle. 

Country. 

Direct. 

Wlurlpools. 

Rocks. 

Innumerable 

Age. 

Demonstrate 

Combustible. 

Incombustible. 
Be unmindful. 

Momentous. 
Subscribers. 
Comfort. 
Profits. 

imbed. 
Power. 

liable 
Company. 
Situation. 

Crown. 
«A Secret 

Failed. 
Basest. 
Wicked. 
Atoned for. 



Gallows. 

Forfntrd to thr 
mm -niment of 
Kujland. 

Poverty. 



called? 31. What is meant by "the Charybdis of anarchy,'' and the 
"Scylla of despotism"? 32. What is the meaning of asbestos, in the 
183d line? (§ 12) 3.1. What ia the expression "throne of the king," 
called? 34. To what does (hey refer, in the 195th line? (§ 13.) 35. 






ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 117 



Wottld have been a by-word and a 'reproach 
— 'inscribed only among those of felons of the 

*)o darkest dye on the criminal calendar of Eng4 
land. They sought not so much the praise of 
men, as the approbation ^( their own con- 
sciences. They sought the path of duty, 
irrespective of their own ease, or of impend- 

-210 ing dangers. They were more 'solicitous to 
perform honorable deeds, than they were to 
'obtain from men an honorable name, without 
'merit. 

(§ 14.) As the tyranny of the king of 'Great 

•215 Britain was the chief cause of the 'misery 
and the bloodshed of the revolution, let us 
smoke the calumet of peace with our Eng- 
lish brethren. We should be mindful that 
in the days of the revolution there were 

2» many 'tories in our own country ; that some 
of the most 'barbarous deeds of the war 
were performed by Americans against their 
own countrymen; and that, in the British 
Parliament, were delivered some of the most 

-225 powerful speeches ever uttered by human 
lips, in favor of American liberty. While 
the archives of our country herald the names 
of our ancestors, may our lives exhibit their 
wisdom, and our breasts glow with emulous 



Disgrace. 
Written. 

Cototed. 

Minds. 
Track. 

Without re- 
gard to. 

Anxious. 

Actions. 

Receive. 

Goodness. 

England. 

"Wretchednew. 

Slaughter. 

Pipe. 

Recollect. 

Times. 

Supporters of 
tyranny. 

Cruel. 
Executed. 

Fellow-citizeni. 

Pronounced. 

Orations. 

Support. 

K.o.nls. 
Show. 
Excel lenrc. 



What is the most heinous crime known to English law? 3G. Are all 
that rebel government guilty of treason? 37. What is the 

expr- called, in the 201th line ? (§ 11.) 38. What 

may the expression, " calumet of peace," in the 217 th line, be railed? 
39. How should we tree,! the | i enemiei oi friendi ? 

\ ame some of the La elladed lo in tin- B21st line. 

41. Name some of t be* in the British Parliament, alluded to. 



118 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



230 'zeal in their virtues, and our own actions 
speak loudest their praise, and the sincerity 
of our 'professions. 



Enthusiasm. 

Truth. 

Declarations. 



42. How can we best show our gratitude to our ancestors? 43. Give 
an analysis of Lesson XXIII.* 



LESSON XXIV. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 
STATES OF AM ERICA. t 

We the 'People of the United States, in 
order to form a more perfect Union, es- 
tablish Justice, insure domestic Tranquil- 
lity, provide for the 'common defence, 

5 promote the general Welfare, and se- 
cure the ' Blessings of Liberty to ourselves 
and our 'Posterity, do ordain and establish 
this 'Constitution for the United States 
of 'America. 

'ARTICLE I. 
10 Sec. 1. All legislative Powers 'herein 
'granted shall be vested in a Congress of the 
United States, which shall 'consist of a Se- 
nate and 'House of Representatives. 



Inhabitants. 

Confirm. 

Make certain 

Public. 

Prosperity. 

Advantages. 

Desc e ndants. 

Form 
vrrniueut. 

The v- 
Continent. 

ClrniM. 
In this. 
Conceded. 



1. Repeat the preamble of the Constitution. 2. Rep- i first 

of Article I. 3. Repeat section third of Article I. 4. What is the dif- 
ference between establish and confirm, in the 2d line? 5. Between 
welfare and prosperity, in the 5th line? 6. Chosen and elected, in the 

* Intended for advanced pupil*. 

+ This copy of the Constitution, as well as the Article* of the Confederation, it believed to he an exact ropy in letter, 
text, and punctuition. For the former, the Author ia indebted to C< ion-! Hi< key's work on the C >nstitudon ; for (he 
lntter, to the Federalist, published by Olajoier, Mis>rs and Smith : both of which works purport to have been accurately 
compared with (he original, in the Deportment of Stale at Washington— and which, therefore, may be n lied on, even to 
punctuation. In accordance with (he custom of the day, it will be perceived that moat of (he nouns are written is capi- 
tals, and that the puMfaariOaV ns well as the orthography, in some instances, varies fr >m th»- common usage of the pre- 
sent day. Lessons 24, '2j '2d 27. SB.— The >m.ill fknre 1, before the first letter of some word in ea<-h line, has beea added I 
for conven enee. and docs not ap|»ar in the original copy of the Constitution. Several words have N-en a 'an changed to 
italics, to waist in the use of the margiual exercise*. No words in the original copy, either of the Constitution or it* 
AmeudmeuU, appear in italica. 
. I 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



119 



'Sec. 2. The House of Representatives 

15 shall be composed of Members chosen every 
'second Year by the People of the several 
States, and the Electors in each State shall 
have the 'Qualifications requisite tor Electors 
of the most numerous 'Branch of the State 

*J0 Legislature. 

No Person shall be a 'Representative who 
shall not have attained to the Age of twenty- 
five Years, and been seven Years a 'Citizen 
of the 'United Slates, and who shall not, 

25 when 'elected, be an Inhabitant of that State 
in which he shall be 'chosen. 

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be 
apportioned among the several States which 
may be included within this Union, accord- 

30 ing to their 'respective Numbers, which shall 
be 'determined by adding to the whole 
Number of free Persons, 'including those 
bound to 'Service for a Term of Years, and 
'excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of 

35 all other I', rsons. The actual Enumeration 

shall be made 'within three Years after the 

first Meeting of the Congress of the United 

ites, and within every 'subsequent Term 

of ten Years, in such 'Manner as they shall 

40 by Law direct The Number of Representa- 
tives shall not 'exceed one for every thirty 
Th< Wand, but each State shall have at Least 

one - tive; and 'until such enutnera- 



Pait 

Consist. 

Other. 

Voters. 

I eg*] power. 

Division. 
Assembly. 
Delegate. 
Arrived at. 

POHMM < f O.t 
Hcttivu fran- 
chise. 

Union. 

Selected. 

Elected. 

Toxr* asaeuwd 
on real ealai*. 

Distributed. 

Contained. 

Relative. 

Ascertained. 

Comprising. 

Labor. 

Ejecting. 

Real. 

Dunn?. 

Asscmbbng. 

Following. 

I'n scribe. 
Surpass. 
Be allowed 
T.ll. 



26th lino J 7 Apportioned *nd dutrihnt*u\ in the 28th Linel S. Actum! 

and real, in the 36th line I •• "' l '"" B3d line I 10. 



120 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tion shall be 'made, the State of New Hamp- 

45 shire shall be entitled to chuse three, Mas- 
sachusetts 'eight, Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations 'one, Connecticut five, 
New York 'six, New Jersey four, Pennsyl- 
vania 'eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, 

50 Virginia ten, North Carolina 'five, South Ca- 
rolina five, 'and Georgia three. 

When vacancies 'happen in the Repre- 
sentation from any 'State, the Executive 
Authority thereof shall 'issue Writs of Elec- 

55 tion to 'fill such Vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall chuse 
their 'Speaker and other Officers, and shall 
have the 'sole Power of Impeachment 
Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States 

60 shall be ' composed of two Senators from 

each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, 

for six Years ; and 'each Senator shall have 

one ' Vote. 

'Immediately after they shall be assembled 

65 in consequence of the first 'Election, they 
shall be divided as 'equally as may be into 
three 'Classes. The Seats of the Senators 
of the first Class shall be 'vacated at the Ex- 
piration of the second 'Year, of the second 

70 Class at the 'Expiration of the fourth Year, 
and of the third Class at the Expiration of 
the sixth Year, so that one-third 'may be 
'chosen every second Year; and if Vacan- 
cies happen by 'Resignation, or otherwise, 



Finished- 
Have a claim 
8 Agents. 

1 RepreKcnUtire 

6 Delegates. 
8 Deputies. 
5 Factor*. 
Also. 
Occur. 

Commonwealth 

Send out. 

Supply. 

Elect. 

Chairman. 

Only. 

Upper House 

Formed. 

Assembly. 

Every. 

Voice. 

Directly. 

Public choice 

Exactly. 

Ranks. 

Made void. 

Twelvemonth. 

End. 

Order. 
Can. 

Selected. 

Formal with- 
drawmeut. 



What is the difference between class and order, in the 71st line? 11. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



3 21 



75 during the 'Recess of the Legislature of any 
State, the Executive thereof may make tem- 
porary Appointments until the next Meeting 
of the Legislature, which shall then fill such 
'Vacancies. 

80 No Person shall be a 'Senator who shall 
not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, 
and been nine Years a Citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when 'elected, be 
Om Inhabitant of that State for which he 

85 shall be chosen. 

The Vice President of the United States 

shall be President of the Senate, but shall 

have no Vote, unless they be equally 'divided. 

The Senate shall chuse their other 'Offi- 

90 cers, and also a President pro tempore, in 
the 'Absence of the Vice President, or when 
he shall exercise the Office of President of 
the United States. 

The Senate shall have the 'sole Power to 

95 try all Impeachments. When 'sitting for 
that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affir- 
mation. 'When the President of the United 
is tried, the Chief Justice shall 'pre- 
side: And no Person shall be convicted 

ioo without the Concurrence of two thirds of 
the Members present 

t in Cases of Impeachment shall 

DOf i further than to removal from 

: i Disqualification to hold and c\\- 



Suspenoon 

of business. 

Transient. 
Convening. 
Those. 

IVhViencies. 

Member of 

the Senate. 



Voter. 
Chosen. 
A rcMdent- 
Elected. 

Officer npxt in 
rank In-low the 

PraMi nt- 

Chief Officer. 

Separated. 

Sen-ants. 

For the time 
be in?. 

Non-attend- 
ance. 

Perform. 

Union. 

Exclusive. 

Holding a 
hmSoo. 

Intention. 
At the time. 

Superintend 
temporarily. 

Individual. 

Attending. 

Seiiti :. 

Disf'larrn.i nt. 

,.ity. 



i Bud 

the l P'tli lmo | 



122 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



105 joy any Office of honour, Trust or 'Profit 
under the United States : but the Party 'con- 
victed shall 'nevertheless be liable and sub- 
ject to ' Indictment, Trial, Judgment and 
'Punishment, according to Law. 

no Sec. 4. The Times, Places and 'Manner 
of holding Elections for 'Senators and Re- 
presentatives, shall be 'prescribed in each 
State by the Legislature 'thereof; but the 
Congress may at any time by Law 'make or 

us 'alter such Regulations, except as to the 
'places of chusing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once 
in every Year, and such 'Meeting shall be 
on the first Monday in December, ' unless 

120 they shall by Law 'appoint a different Day. 

Sec. 5. Each House shall be the Judge of 

the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of 

its own Members, and 'a Majority of each 

shall constitute a 'Quorum to do Business; 

125 but a smaller Number may 'adjourn from 
day to day, and may be 'authorized to com- 
pel the Attendance of 'absent Members, in 
such 'Manner, and under such Penalties as 
each House may 'provide. 

130 Each House may determine the Rules of 
its Proceedings, punish its Members for 'dis- 
orderly 'Behaviour, and, with the "Concur- 
rence of two thirds, expel a Member. 

Each House shall keep a 'Journal of its 



Emolument. 
Found guilty. 

NotwithaUndioc 

Arraignment 

ChMliarment. 

Mode. 
Delegates. 
Directed. 
Of it. 
Konn. 
I h.-m-e. 
Localities. 
Meet. 

ring. 

DH ■£■■•). 

F.iaminfr. 



The greatest 

ini.ii!>er. 



IBM 

Warranted 

by rig I it. 

Non-altcndiDf. 

Prescribe. 

Fix. 

Unruly. 

Conduct. 

2 Consent. 

Diary. 






14. Behavior and conduct, in the 132d line? 15. Concurrence and con- 
sent, in the 132d line? 16. Place and spot, in the 145th line? 17. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 123 



135 'Proceedings, and from time to time publish 
the same, excepting such Parts as may in 
their 'Judgment require Secrecy; and the 
Yeas and Nays o( the Members of either 
House on any question shall, at the Desire 

ho of one fifth of those Present, be entered on 
the Journal. 

Neither House, during the 'Session of 
Congress, shall, without the 'Consent of the 
other, adjourn fpr more than three days, nor 

145 to any other 'Place than that in which the 
two Houses shall be 'sitting. 

Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives 
shall receive a Compensation for their Ser- 
vices, to be ascertained by Law, and 'paid 

i5o out of the "Treasury of the United States. 
They shall in all Cases, except 'Treason, 
Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privi- 
leged from Arrest during their 'Attendance 
at the Session of their 'respective Houses, 

155 and in going to and 'returning from the 
same; and for any 'Speech or Debate in 
either House, they shall not be 'questioned in 
any other Place. 

Senator or Representative shall, 'dur- 

160 ing the Time for which he was 'elected, be 

a]. pointed to any civil 'Office under the 

Ithority of the United States, which shall 

have been created, or the 'Emoluments 

whereof shall have been encreased during 



Transactions 

Portions. 
Opinion. 
Individuals. 

Satyed ofde- 

Set down in 
writing. 

Record. 



Suspend bu- 
siness. 

Spot. 
Assembled. 

Members of 
Congress. 



Disbursed from. 



Public fund. 

The levying of 
war against the 
United State*, 
or giving aid or 
comfort to their 
enemies. 

Presence. 



Particular. 

Coming back. 

Harangue. 

Called to ac- 
count. 

Situation. 
Pending. 

Port. 

Government. 

Profits. 
Aucmpnted. 



Ohnxy and 

brtari line. r.«. [Ilaftrate the difference be- 

! (hbme. .What is the HilTWence 



124 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



165 such time ; and no Person holding any 'Office 
'under the United States, shall be a Member 
of either House during his 'Continuance in 
'Office. 



Charge. 

By authority of. 

Continuation 
Employment 



between office and charge, in the 165th line? 21. What is the differ- 
ence between continuance and continuation, in the 167th line? 



LESSON XXV. 

Sec. 7. All Bills for raising 'Revenue shall 
originate in the House of Representatives ; 
but the 'Senate may propose or concur with 
'Amendments as on other Bills. 
5 Every Bill which shall have passed the 
House of 'Representatives and the Senate, 
shall, before it become a Law, be presented 
to the 'President of the United States ; If he 
approve he shall 'sign it, but if not he shall 

10 return it, with his Objections to that House 
in which it shall have 'originated, who shall 
'enter the Objections at large on their Jour- 
nal, and proceed to 'reconsider it. If after 
such 'Reconsideration two thirds of that 

15 'House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall 
be 'sent, together w T ith the Objections, to the 
other House, by which it shall likewise be 
reconsidered, and if 'approved by two thirds 
of that House, it shall become a Law. But 

20 in all such Cases the 'Votes of both Houses 



Mnaej for paiMc 

eiprMra, tijr 
inrmn* of laic*, 
eioMt, dia- 
toms, Jutiaa, ate. 

Upper house 
of Congress. 

Alteration*. 

Form of a law 
aol enacted. 

Deputies. 
Offered. 



Subscribe his 
name to. 

Adverse rem- 

M-ns. 

Hail origin. 

Insert. 

Reriew. 

Body. 

Transmitted. 

Also. 

Sustained as 
rxht. 

The Bill. 
Suffrages. 



1. Repeat section seven — section eight, Article I. 2. Illustrate the 
difference between likewise and also, in the 17th line? 3. What 
is the meaning of re before consider, in the 13th line? 4. What 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 125 



shall be 'determined by yeas and Nays, and 
the Names of the Persons voting for and 

against the Bill shall be entered on the 'Jour- 
nal of each House respectively. If any Bill 

35 shall not be 'returned by the President within 
ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
have been presented to him, the 'Same shall 
be a law, in ' like Manner as if he had signed 
it, unless the Congress by their 'Adjournment 

30 prevent its Return, in which 'Case it shall 
not be a Law. 

Every Order, 'Resolution, or Vote to which 
the Concurrence of the 'Senate and House of 
Representatives may be 'necessary (except 

35 on a question of Adjournment) shall be 'pre- 
sented to the 'President of the United States; 
and before the Same shall 'take Effect, shall 
be approved by him, or being disapproved 
by him, shall be 'repassed by two thirds of 

40 the Senate and House of 'Representatives, 
according to the Rules and 'Limitations pre- 
scribed in the Case of a Bill. 

. 8. The Congress shall have 'Power 
To 'lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts 

45 and Excises, to 'pay the Debts and provide 
for the common Defence and general 'Wel- 
fare <>f the United States ; but all 'Duties, 



Decided. 

Kxprvswing their 
) ufrreiue for, 
oi rejection of. 

Diary. 

Particularly. 

Sent back. 

Sabbaths. 

Bill. 

Equal. 

Close of Ses- 
sion. 

Contingency. 
Statute. 

Formal de- 
termination. 

Upper and lower 
hou«e« of Con- 
grea«. 

Requisite. 

Sent. 

Executive. 

Have. 

Sanctioned. 

Re-enacted. 

Delegates. 

Restrictions. 

In the event. 

Legal authority. 

Impose. 
Discharge. 
Prosperity. 
Customs. 



is the meaning of ad before journ, in the 29th line? 5. Illustrate 

word*. 6. What is the meaning of dis before 

6 .line? 7. What peculiarity has it? B. Illustrate its 

meaning with othei words. 9 What is the meaning of pro before 

45tfa line' I HOW many WOItll have two prefixes in 

.; With oth<T words. 12. 



11- 



126 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



'Imposts and 2 Excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States ; 
50 To 'borrow Money on the credit of the 
'United States ; 

To regulate Commerce with foreign Na- 
tions, and among the 'several States, and 
with the Indian 'Tribes; 
55 To establish an uniform Rule 'of Natural- 
ization, and uniform Laws on the subject of 
'Bankruptcies throughout the United States. 
To coin Money, regulate the 'Value there- 
of, and of foreign 'Coin, and fix the Standard 
60 of ' Weights and Mcasi/rcs; 

To provide for the Punishment of coun- 
terfeiting the Securities and 'current Coin 
of the United States; 

To establish Post Offices and post Roads : 

65 To promote the progress of Science and 

useful Arts, by securing for 'limited Times 

to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right 

to their respective Writings and Discoveries; 

To constitute 'Tribunals inferior to the 

70' supreme Court ; 

To define and punish 'Piracies and Felo- 
nies committed on the high Seas, and Of- 
fences against the Law of Nations ; 

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque 
75 and Reprisal, and make Rules 'concerning 
Captures on Land and 'Water; 



Contribution*. 

3 Inland dm ion. 

Obtain. 

Government. 

Trade. 

Different. 

Races. 

For inn>»tln| 
ilim* with thr 

TilejMOf • n»- 
tiTc cilixen. 

Insolvencies. 

Worth. 

Stamped money. 

Quantities. 

Porcine. 
Taper. 

'Circulating. 
Mail-routes, 

Restricted. 

Sole. 

Inventions. 

- of jus- 
tier. 

Hid, est 

Robberies. 

Crimes. 

International 
Law. 

Proclaim. 

Pertain 

Sea. 






Repeat section eight. 13. What usually precedes a declaration of war ? 
14. What are letters of marque and reprisal ? 15. In how many words 
is pro a prefix, in section eight? 16. What is the difference between 
insurrections and rebellions, in the S4th line ? 17. Illustrate their meaning 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 127 



To raise and support Armies, but no Ap- 
propriation of Money to that Use shall be 
for a Ionizer Term than two Years; 
SO To provide and maintain a Navy : 

To make Rules for the Government and 
Regulation of the land and naval Forces; 

To provide for calling forth the 'Militia to 
execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Jn- 
B5 surreetions and repel 'Invasions; 

To provide for 'organizing, arming, and 
disciplining, the Militia, and for governing 
such Part of them as may be employed in 
the Service of the United States, 'reserving 
!>0 to the States 'respectively, the Appointment 
of the Officers, and the 'Authority of training 
the Militia according to the 'Discipline de- 
scribed by Congress ; 

To 'exercise exclusive Legislation in all 

95 Cases whatsoever, over such 'District (not 

ceding ten Miles square) as may, by 

36k>n of particular States, and the Ac- 
ceptance of Congress, become the 'Seat of 
the Government of the United States, and 
00 'exercise like Authority over all Places 
purchased by the Consent of the Legislature 
of the State in which the Same shall be, 
for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arse- 
nals, Dock- Yards, and other needful Build- 

_ r - : — And 



Maintain. 

For that pur- 
pose. 

Time. 

FurniNh. 

kws. 

Troops. 

Enrolled citi- 
jnrai 

Rebellions. 
Attacks. 

Patting in or- 
der. 

Drilling. 
Engaged. 
Retaining. 
Severally. 

Legal power. 

System of 
teaching. 

^Directed. 

Exert. 

Place. 

Beyond. 

Surrender. 

Place. 

Power. 

Have. 
Bought. 

Commonwealth. 

Building. 
Edifices. 



with some otlior VTOrds. 18. How many miles squnri- <lnr>s the pre- 

in ? 19. H'.w many <U<1 it formerly con- 

the difference between < • i L r 1 1 1 milea •qoare and 

21. Illustrate tln-ir difference by example, 22. 



128 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



To make all Laws which shall be neces- 
sary and 'proper for carrying into Execution 
the 'foregoing Powers, and all other Powers 
Vested by this Constitution in the Government 

no of the United States, or in any Department 
or 'Officer thereof. 

Sec. 9. The 'Migration or Importation of 
such Persons as any of the States now ex- 
isting shall think proper to 'admit, shall not 

us be 'prohibited by the Congress prior to the 
Year 'one thousand eight hundred and eight, 
but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on such 
Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for 
each 'Person. 

120 The Privilege of the Writ Of Habeas 
Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when 
in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public 
Safety may 'require it. 

No Bill of Attainder or 'c.r past facto Lam 

125 shall be passed. 

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall 
be 'laid, unless in Proportion to the Census 
or 'Enumeration herein before directed to be 
'taken. 

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles 



130 



exported from any State. 

No Preference shall be given by any Re- 
gulation of 'Commerce or Revenue to the 
Ports of one 'State over those of another: 
135 nor shall Vessels 'bound to, or from, one 



Suitable. 

Prec<.-dmg. 

Placed. 

Fer»on i uinala 
r.ourU to per- 
form any pub- 
lic July 

.ration. 

Grant en- 
train 

Interdicted. 

i8oa 

An impost. 

!ru;rrss:on. 
Individual. 



For «lrllTw1ng a 
person f.-^m 

ipriaon 
meat, or for 

from one court 
to auolhrr. 



Law mxleriuf 

an art punish- 
iMf, in ■ man- 
ner m which it 
>»»• noi pun- 
tahahle at trw 
titnr it wu 
committed. 

! U1JH is.il 

Account of 
ilatioo. 

Made. 
Goods. 

Sent out in 
traffic 

Advantage. 
Trade. 
Province. 
Sailing:. 



Repeat section nine. 23. What is the meaning of the affix tion, in 
capitation, in the 126th line? 24. In how many words in section nine 
is tion an affix? 25. What is the meaning of the prefix ap in appro- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



129 



State, be 'obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
'Duties in another. 

No Money shall be drawn from the "Trea- 
sury, but in Consequence of 'Appropriations 

140 made by Law; and a regular 'Statement 
and Account of the Receipts and 'Expendi- 
tures of all public Money shall be 'published 
[from time to time. 

No Title of 'Nobility shall be granted by 

145 the United States : And no Person ' holding 
any Office of Profit or 'Trust under them, 
shall, without the 'Consent of the Congress, 
accept of any present, Emolument, Office, 
or Title, of any 'kind whatever, from any 

150 King, Prmce, or foreign ' State. 

Sec. 10. No State shall 'enter into any 
Treaty, 'Alliance, or Confederation; grant 
'Letters of *Marque and # Reprisal ; coin 
Money; 'emit Bills of Credit; make any 

155 Thing but gold and silver 'Coin a Tender in 
'Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of At- 
tainder, ex post facto Law, or Law 'impair- 
ing the Obligation of 'Contracts, or grant 
any ' Title of Nobility. 

iGo No State shall, without the 'consent of the 
Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Im- 
ports or Exports, except what may be 'abso- 
lutely necessary for executing its 'inspection 
Laws: and the net Produce of all 'Duties 
and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports 



Compelled. 

Customs. 



Depository of the 

public nosey. 



Exhibit. 

Disbursements. 

Made puhiic. 
Statedly. 



Having. 

Confidence. 

Permission. 

Receive. 

Sort. 

Government. 

Make. 

League. 

Commissions 

Issue. 

Money. 

Liquidation. 

Weakening. 

Bargains. 

Appellation. 

Approval. 

Taxes. 

Positrreiy. 

Commodity or 
tn;u,tifarturc 
examining. 

Customs. 

(inwl« or produce 

Iirnt>i <>' m fo- 

. .mtfi. 



priatums. in the 139tb line? 28. Wh«1 peculiarities bai it I 27. Re- 
peat 28. Illustrate the difference between mporti n\u\ 

; linn. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



or 'Exports, shall be for the Use of the Trea- 
sury of the United States; and all such 'Laws 
shall be subject to the 'Revision and 2 Controul 
of the Congress. 

170 No State shall, without the Consent of 
Congress, lay any Duty of 'Tonnage, keep 
Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, 
'enter into any Agreement or Compact with 
another State, or with a foreign 'Power, or 

175 engage in War, unless actually 'invaded, or 
in such 'imminent Danger as will not admit 
of 'Delay. 



Ordinances. 

Reexamination 
for correction. 

'Direction. 
Permission. 
Carrying ca- 

Yr.SM-ls. 

Make. 



Entered by an 
army with a 
hostile design. 

Impending. 

Procrastination. 



exports, in the 165th line? 29. Are there any words spelled contrary 
to present usage, in section ten ? 30. Name some words that are 
spelled differently by writers of the present day. 



LESSON XXVI. 

ARTICLE It 
Sec. 1. The executive 'Power shall be 
'vested in a President of the United States of 
America. lie shall 'hold his Office during 
the Term of four Years, and, 'together with 
5 the Vice President, chosen for the ' same 
Term, be elected, l as follows 

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner 
as the Legislature thereof may 'direct, a 
Number of Electors, equal to the 'whole 
10 'Number of Senators and Representatives to 
which the State may 'be entitled in the 
'Congress: but no Senator or Representa- 



Authority. 

Put in posses- 
sion of. 

Retain. 

In company. 

Like. 

En the follow- 
ing way. 

Designate. 
Prescribe. 
Total. 

Amount. 
Have a claim 

National As- 
sembly. 






1. Repeat section one, Article II. 2. What is the meaning of the 
affix or in Elector, in the 15th line? 3. Illustrate its meaning with 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 131 



tive, or Person ' holding an Office of Trust 
or 'Profit under the United States, shall be 

15 appointed an Elector. 

[* The Electors shall meet in their respect- 
ive States, and vote by 'Ballot lor two Per- 
3, one of whom at least shall not be 'an 
Inhabitant of the 'same State with them- 

20 selves. And they shall make a 'List of all 
the Persons voted for, and of the 'Number 
of Votes for each ; which List they shall 
ngn and 'certify, and transmit sealed to the 
'Seat of the Government of the United States, 

25 directed to the President of the Senate. The 
President of the Senate shall, in the ' Pre- 
sence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, open all the Certificates, and the 
Votes shall then be 'counted. The Person 

30 having the greatest 'Number of Votes shall 
be the President, if such Number be a Ma- 
jority of the 'whole Number of Electors 
'appointed; and if there be more than one 
who have such Majority, and have 'an equal 

35 Number of Votes, then the House of Repre- 
sentatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot 
one of them for President ; and if no Person 
have a Majority, then from the five highest 
on the List the said House shall in like 

M) Manner chuse the President. But in chus- 
i n*_r the President, the Votes shall be taken 



Having. 

Emolument. 
A Presidrnt- 

chooser. 

Assemble. 

Written papers. 

A dweller. 
Identical. 
Catalogue. 
Amount. 
Every one. 

Testify to in 
writing. 

Metropolis. 
Superscribed 
Sight. 
Upper House 

Break the seals of 

Reckoned. 
Quantity. 
That. 
Entire. 
Deputed. 
The same. 
Voices. 
At once. 

ive. 

uumber. 

Roll. 
Elect. 

BgW. 



some other words. I. What peealiaritiei arc there in tlio orthography 

[1.1 5. What i- a n;i- 

* paragraph is canceled, Article XII. of the Amendments being substitute! for R, which 



132 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



by States, the ' Representation from each 
State 'having one Vote ; A Quorum for this 
Purpose shall 'consist of a Member or 

45 'Members from twothirds of the States, and 
a Majority of all the States shall be 'neces- 
sary to a Choice. In 'every Case, after the 
'Choice of the President, the Person having 
the greatest number of Votes of the Electors 

50 shall be the Vice President. But if there 
should 'remain two or more who have equal 
Votes, the Senate shall 'chuse from them by 
Ballot the Vice President] 

The Congress may determine the Time of 

55'chusing the Electors, and the Day 00 which 
they shall 'give their Votes; which Day shall 
be the same 'throughout the United States. 

No Person except a 'natural horn Citizen, 
or a 'Citizen (4' the United States, at the 

60 time of the 'Adoption of this Constitution, 
shall be eligible to the Office of President; 
neither shall any Person be eligible to that 
Office who shall not have 'attained to the 
'Age of thirty-live Years, and been fourteen 

G5 Years a Resident 'within the United States. 

In Case of the 'Removal of the President 

from Office, or of his 'Death, Resignation, 

or 'Inability to discharge the Powers and 

'Duties of the said Office, the same shall 

70 [ devohz on the Vice President, and the Con- 
gress may by Law provide for the 'Case of 



Deputation. 

Beta* entitled to. 

Delegates. 

Each. 
Election. 

Electoral coll«(«. 

Unless. 
Be left. 
Take. 

Th« arroau offl. 

M Bl SVi Urn 

Selecting. 

l*rt of. 

B for. 
One. 

Reached. 

Period. 

Ia the limit* of. 

Displacing. 

Decease. 

Incapacity. 

acquirement*. 

Fallta 
Event. 



rural born citizen, and a citizen of the United States at the time of the 
adoption of the Constitution? 0. What is the salary of the President 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 133 



Removal, 'Death, Resignation, or Inability, 
both of the President and Vice President, 'de- 
claring what Officer shall then act as Pre- 

75 sident, and such Officer shall act accordingly, 
until the Disability be removed, or a Presi- 
dent shall be 'elected. 

The President shall, at stated Times, re- 
ceive for his Services, a Compensation, which 

80 shall neither be encreased nor diminished 
during the Period for which he shall have 
been elected, and he shall not 'receive within 
that Period any other 'Emolument from the 
United States, or any of them. 

85 Before he enter on the Execution of his 

Office, he shall take the following Oath or 
Affirmation: — 

44 1 do solemnly 'swear (or affirm) that I 
" will faithfully execute the Office of Presi- 

90 " dent of the United States, and 'will to the 

u best of my Ability preserve, 'protect and de- 

" fend the 'Constitution of the United States. 

Sfx. 2. The President shall be 'Commander 

//? Chief of the 'Army and Navy of the 

05 United States, and of the 'Militia of the«se- 

veral States, when called into the actual 

vice of the United States; he may require 

the Opinion, in writing, of the 'principal 

Officer in each of the executive Departments, 

ioo upon any Subject relating to the Duties of 
their respective Offices, and he shall have 



Demise. 
Proclaiming. 
Govern. 
Conformably 

Incompetency. 

Chosen. 
Regular. 

Remuneration. 

Lessened. 

Time. 

Accept. 

Salary. 

Either. 



Solemn declara- 
tion, made with 
an appeal to God 
for the truth 
thereof. 



Vow. 
Perform. 
Shall. 
Guard. 

Civil compact. 
Generaliaairao. 

Land forces. 

Citizen sol- 
diery. 

Mustered. 

Military' July 
Chief. 

Branches of 
government 

Pertaining. 



Several. 



1 7. Illustrate the difference between oath and 

affirmation, in the 86th line. 8. Repeat section two, Article II. 9. 

• peculiarity is there in the orthography of lOCtiofl two, Art. II. 7 

~T2 



134 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for 
'Offences against the United States, except in 
Cases of 'Impeachment. 

105 He shall have Power, by and with the 'Ad- 
vice and 'Consent of the Senate, to make 
'Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators 
present 'concur; and he shall nominate, and 
'by and with the Advice and Consent of the 

no Senate, shall appoint 'Ambassadors, other 
public Ministers and Consuls, 'Judges of the 
'supreme Court, and all other Officers of the 
United States, whose 'Appointments are not 
herein otherwise 'provided for, and which 

H5 shall be 'established by Law: but the Coft- 
gress may by Law vest the Appointment of 
such inferior Officers, as they think 'proper, 
in the President alone, in the Courts of Law. 
or in the 'Heads of Departments. 

The President shall have 'Power to fill up 
all Vacancies that may 'happen during the 
Recess of the Senate, by granting Commis- 
sions which shall 'expire at the End of their 
next 'Session. 

Sec. 3. He shall from time to time 'give 
to the Congress Information of the State of 
the Union, and recommend to their Consi- 
deration such 'Measures as he shall judge 
necessary and 'expedient; he may, on extra- 

130 ordinary Occasions, 'convene both Houses, 



120 



1-25 



Temporary n*. 
JH-n.loM of tb« 
death aeau 



Counsel. 
< incurrence 
Compacts. 
QofcoMfc 
Through. 

Iwttan 

Paramount. 

IVsisiKitioas 

Prepared. 

Fixed. 

Place. 

KmUt. 

Chiefs. 
Authority. 

Oiviir. 
A 1. 3. nre 
Terminate. 

BuaiMM term. 

Furnish. 

Condition. 

Notice. 

Proceedings . 

Proper. 

Call tOf< 



10. In how many words in section two, Article II., is ad a prefix? 

11. Illustrate the difference between recess and absence, in the L29d 
line? 12. What do their prefixes denote? 13. In how many 
sentences can you write case, in the 131st line, so as to convey 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 135 



or either of them, and in Case of 'Disagree- 
ment between them, with 'Respect to the 
Time of 'Adjournment, he may adjourn them 
to such 'Tiroe as he shall think proper; he 

135 shall receive Ambassadors and other public 
Ministers ; lie shall take Care that the 'Laws 
be 'faithfully executed, and shall Commission 
all the 'officers of the United States. 

Sec. 4. The 'President, Vice President 

ho and 'all civil Officers of the United States, 
shall be 'removed from Office on Impeach- 
ment for, and 'Conviction of, Treason, Bribe- 
ry, or other high Crimes and 'Misdemeanors. 



A difference. 
Regard. 

The close of 
session. 

Period. 

Accept. 

Ordinances. 

Strictly. 

Employees. 

Chief officer. 

The whole of 
the. 

Displaced. 
Leg^l proof. 
Offences. 



a different meaning in each? 14. Repeat section three, Article II. 
15. Repeat section four, Art. II. 16. What is the meaning of Vice 
when prefixed to nouns ? 17. In how many sentences can you write 
Vice, so that it shall convey a different meaning in each? 



LESSON XXVII. 

ARTICLE III. 
Sec. 1. The judicial Power of the United 
States, shall be 'vested in one supreme Court, 
and in such inferior 'Courts as the Congress 
may from time to time ordain and 'establish. 
5 The Judges, both of the supreme and 'infe- 
rior Courts, shall 'hold their Offices during 
<1 Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, 
receive for their Services, a 'Compensation, 
which shall not be 'diminished during their 
•ritinuance in Office. 



Leg^l. 

Placed. 

Tribunals. 

Found. 

Lower. 

Keep. 

Conduct. 

Salary. 

lessened. 

Stay. 



1. Re] eat .section one, Article III. 2. Repeat section two, Article 



136 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNI ED STATES. 



Sec. 2. The judicial Power shall 'extend 
to all 'Cases, in Law and Equity, arising 
under this Constitution, the 'Laws of the 
United States, and Treaties made, ot which 

15 shall be 'made, under their Authority ; — to all 
Cases 'affecting Ambassadors, other public 
Ministers and Consuls ; — to all Cases of ad- 
miralty and 'maritime Jurisdiction; — to 
'Controversies to which the United States 

20 shall be a 'Party; — to Controversies between 
two or more 'States; — between a State and 
Citizens of another State; — between Citi- 
zens of 'different States, — between Citizens 
of the same State 'claiming Lands under 

25 'Grants of different States, and between a 
State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign 
States, 'Citizens or Subjects. 

In all Cases affecting 'Ambassadors, other 
'public Ministers and Consuls, and tlmse 

30'i7i which a State shall be Party, the supreme 
Court shall have 'original Jurisdiction. In 
all the other Cases before 'mentioned, the 
supreme Court shall have 'appellate Jurisdic- 
tion, both as to Law and Fact, with such 

35 'Exceptions, and under such Regulations as 
the Congress shall 'make. 

The 'Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases 
of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and 
such Trial shall 'be held in the State where 

40 the said Crimes shall have been 'committed; 



Reach. 

Suits. 

enact- 
ments. 

Contracts. 
Entered into. 
Acting upon, 
nment 

Naval 

Disputes. 

Litigant. 

SovM-ctfntiw. 

Various. 

Awrlinf orhar- 

1UK till* tO. 

vr \ | 

Inhabitants. 

Euvoyt. 

National. 

Wherein. 

Primitive. 

Named. 

.,'i*;als. 
Reality. 

Reservations 
Provide. 
Examination- 
Freeholders. 
Take place. 
Perpetrated. 



III. 3. In how many sentences can you write the Article, so that it 
shall convey a different meaning in each? 4. What are Ambassadors, 
Public Ministers, and Consuls? 5. Illustrate the various meanings of 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 137 



but when not committed within any State, 

the Trial shall be at BQCh Place of Places 

as the Congress may by Law have directed. 

Sbc S. Treason against the Untied States, 

45 shall consist only in levying War against 
them, Of in adhering to their Enemies, giv- 
ing them Aid and Comfort. No person 
shall be convicted of Treason unless on the 
Testimony of two Witnesses to the same 

50 overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. 

The Congress shall have 'Power to declare 

the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder 

of Treason shall work 'Corruption of Blood, 

or Forfeiture except during the Life of the 

55 Person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV, 
Sec 1. Full 'Faith and Credit shall be 
en in each State to the public Acts, Re- 
ds, and judicial ' Proceedings of every 
other State. And the Congress may by 'ge- 
60 neral Laws prescribe the 'Manner in which 
such 'Acts, Records and Proceedings shall 
be proved, and the Effect thereof. 

. 2. The Citizens of each State shall 

% be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities 

is in the several States. 

A Person 'charged in any State with 

ason, 'Felony, or other Crime, who shall 

from Justice, and be found in another 



Done. 

Stations. 

Ordered. 

Republic of 
K America. 

Wagtag, 
Worn, 

Assistance. 
Found guilty 
Evidence. 
Apparent. 
Authority. 

Penalty. 

Detriment to 
children. 

Loss of right. 

Rendered in- 
famous. 



Belief. 

Allowed. 

Ifeasorot. 

Comprehrnsire. 

Mode. 

Edicts. 

Authenticated. 

Every. 

Have a drum 

Emptiest! <] 

Anv ofVnee pim- 
■•.haMe with 
death. 



»•. In nOW many WOrdl II CO* and 

A • III.? 7. What is the last paragraph in 
Dlaatrate in lenteaoai ibe 

vark is of open, in the 50th line. 1". I tion 

12* 



138 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



State, shall on 'Demand of the executive 

70 Authority of the State from Avhich he fled, 
be 'delivered up, to be removed to the State 
having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 

No Person held to Service or Labour in 
one State, under the Laws thereof, 'escaping 

75 into another, shall, l in Consequence of any 
Law or Regulation therein, be discharged 
from such 'Service or Labour, but shall be 
delivered up on 'Claim of the Party to whom 
such Service or Labour may be 'due. 

80 Sec. 3. New States may be admitted by 
the Congress into this Union: bill DO new 
State shall be funned or 'erected within the 
'Jurisdiction of any other State: nor any 
State be formed by the 'Junction of two or 

85 more States, or 'Parts of States, without the 
'Consent of the Legislatures of the States 
'concerned as well as of the Congtt 

The Congress shall have Power to dis- 
pose of and make all needful Rules and Ke- 

90 gulations respecting the Territory or other 
Property 'belonging to the United States; 
and nothing in this 'Constitution shall be so 
construed as to 'Prejudice any Claims of the 
United States, or of any 'particular State. 

95 Sec. 4. The United States shall 'guarantee 
to every State in this Union a Republican 



The requisi- 
tion. 

Offence. 
As a slave. 
i 1. vine 
By means. 
Released. 
Bondage. 
Demand. 
Owing. 

Con federal io*. 

bOMHttC 

I'limn. 
tatHMftft 

Ntvr-s>;iry 
RelaUng to. 
Pertaining. 

Individual. 
Secure. 



B*pr« 



one, Article IV. 11. Repeat section two, Article IV. 12. Illustrate in 
sentences the various significations of claim, in the 7Sth line. 13. 
What is the difference between union and confederation, in the 81st 
line? 14. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 15. 
What is the difference between power and authority, in the SSth line? 
16. Illustrate in sentences their various meanings. 17. Repeat section 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



139 



Form of Government, and shall protect 
each of them against Invasion; and on 'Ap- 
plication of the Legislature, or of the Exe- 

100 cutive (when the Legislature cannot be 'con- 
vened) against domestic Violence. 
ARTICLE V. 
The 'Congress, whenever two thirds of 
both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall 
propose 'Amendments to this Constitution, 

Hi or, on the 'Application of the Legislatures 
of two thirds of the 'several States, shall 
call a Convention for proposing Amend- 
ments, which, in either Case, shall 'be valid 
to all Intents and Purposes, as 'Part of this 

no Constitution, when ratified by the Legisla- 
tures of three fourths of the 'several States, 
or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, 
as the one or the other 'Mode of Ratification 
may be proposed by the Congress; Provided 

no that no 'Amendment which may be made 
prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred 
and eight shall in any Manner 'affect the 
first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section 
of the first Article; and that no State, with- 

120 out its Consent, shall be deprived of its 
equal Suffrage in the Senate. 



Defend. 

Solicitation. 

Governor. 

Called together. 

Intestine. 

National As- 
sembly. 

Branches. 
Alterations. 
Request. 
Different. 

Deliberative 

Assembly. 

Have legal 
force. 

Portion. 

Confirmed. 

Respective. 

Convocations 

Form. 

Chosen. 

Alteration. 

Before. 

Act upon. 

Stipulations. 

Commonwealth. 

Permission. 

Representation. 



three, Article IV. 18. Repeat section four, Article IV. 19. What pe- 
culiarities in orthography are there in Article IV. ? 20. How many 
e sentences are there in Article IV. ? 21. How many paragraphs? 
22. Repeat Article V. 23. What is the difference between several and 
different, in the L06tfa line? 24. Illustrate in sentences their various 
significations. 25. What is the difference bet w een pot end portion, 
in the 109th lii. lis varioui lignifica- 

- • neeeerioiu, 

in the 112th line? 28. Whet their ptelixes 1 20. 



140 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ARTICLE VI. 
All Debts 'contracted and Engagements 
entered into, before the 'Adoption of this 
Constitution, shall be as valid against the 

125 United States under this Constitution, as 
under the 'Confederation. 

This Constitution, and the Laws of the 
United States which shall be made in Pur- 
suance thereof ; and all Treaties made, or 

130 which shall be made, under the authority of 
the United States, shall be the supreme Law 
of the Land; and the Judges in evevy State 
shall be 'bound thereby, any Thing in the 
Constitution or 'Laws of any State to the 

135 Contrary 'notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Representative^ before 
'mentioned, and the Members of the several 
State 'Legislatures, and all executive and 
judicial 'Officers, both of the United States 

ho and of the several States, shall be bound 
by Oath or Affirmation, to 'support this Con- 
stitution; but no religious 'Test shall ever be 
required as a Qualification to any Office or 
public 'Trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 
145 The 'Ratification of the Conventions of 



Incurred. 
Ratification. 
Binding on. 

t'ompart. 

Revolutionary 

alliance. 

Statutes. 

Consequence 

Entered into. 

By. 

Paramount. 

Country. 

Restrained. 

Legal enart- 
ni« nt-s 

Delegate*. 

acnU. 

M.-u-.stratrS. 
<'oil>tr;wurd. 

Uphold. 

Form of belief. 

Prerequisite. 

Confide 

Confirmation 



Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 30. Wh.it i- the 
difference between lairs and statutes, in the 127th line? 31. Illu- 
in sentences their various significations. 32. Repeat Article VI. 33. 
What is the difference between land and country, in the 132d line? 
34. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 35. What is the 
difference between nevertheless and notwithstanding, in the 135th line? 
36. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 37. What i* the 
difference between qualification and prerequisite, in the 143d line? 
38. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 39. What is the 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 141 



150 



155 



nine States, shall be sufficient for the Estab- 
lishment of this Constitution between the 
States so ratifying the Same. 

Done in Convention by the Unanimous 
Consent of the States present the Se- 
venteenth Day of September in Hhe 
Y >tr if our Lord one thousand seven 
hundred and Eighty seven 'and of the 
Independence of the 'United States of 
America the Twelfth. In 'Witness 
whereof We have hereunto 'subscribed 
our Names. 

GEO WASHINGTON— 

Presidt and deputy from Virginia.* 



Adequate to 
ordaui. 

Among. 
Sanctioning. 
Made. 

Represented. 
Ninth month 

" Anno Do- 
mini. 

Also. 

American 
Republic 

Testimony. 

Signed. 

Appellations. 

Tbe Father of hii 
Country. 

Delegate. 



difference between done and made, in tbe 149tb line? 40. Illustrate 
in sentences tbeir various significations. 41. What is tbe difference 
between witness and testimony, in the 155th line? 42. Illustrate in 
sentences their various significations. 43. How many simple sen- 
tences are there in each Article of the Constitution ? 44. How many- 
paragraphs are there in each Article ? 45. What Articles have only- 
one section? 40. What is the number of sections in each of the 
other Articles ? 

•The names of the rest of the signers of the Constitution are in the Biographical Table in 
the latter part of this volume. 

Sote. — On pages 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, and several other pages in this book, few ques- 
tions hare been asked, on account of its being easy for the teacher to supply them. It will be 
observed that the questions of a moral bearing are not as frequent in this part of the book H in 
the former. These questions have been omitted, on account of its being easier for the 
teacher to supply such questions. It was found, that carrying out the plan of full questions, 
would increase the size and price of the book I I operate against its general intro- 

duction into Elementary schools. But it should always be borne in mind that moral flj 
are of paramount importance, and no recitation should be allowed to pass without u n 
to guide the pu, r >i! anght in this respect. It cannot be too indelibly impressed on the mind of the 
pupil, that the above us an exact copy of the Constitution, excepting the itiTirierd words, all of 
which in the original are uniform, and hare been c han ged and the figures added for ronv 
:n the use of the marginal exercises; that the spelling, punctuation, omissions of pi 
t»oo, 4te ., were peculiar to the t iitwaswn'.t- iMgMge un- 

withtime. and that to iru.ta'e any of the pnenjiai 
and l u*age of thi 

the progression of the English language, see • poetry, in till 

■ ndix. 



142 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON XXVIII. 

ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMEND- 
MENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

Proposed by Congress, and Vrftified by the 
Legislatures of the several States, 'pur- 
suant to the fifth article of the 'original 
'Constitution. 

(ARTICLE 1.) 
5 Congress shall make no ' law respecting 
an establishment of religion, or 'prohibiting 
the free exercise thereof; or 'abridging the 
'freedom of speech^ or of the press; or the 
right of the people peaceably to 'assemble, 
10 and to petition the Government for a redress 
of 'grievances. 

(ARTICLE 2.) 
A well 'regulated Militia, being necessary 
to the 'security of a free State, the right of 
the people to keep and bear 'Arms, shall not 
15 be 'infringed. 

(ARTICLE III.) 
No Soldier shall, in time of 'peace be 
'quartered in any house, without the consent 



Sanctioned. 
According. 
Primitive. 

Syrfr m of role*. 

Rule. 

Forbidding. 

Restricting. 

Liberty. 

Meet 

Solicit. 

Wrongs. 

Ordered. 

I'n.UTtion. 

Weapons. 

Violated. 



Quiet 
lodging. 



1. Repeat Article I. of the Amendments. 2. Repeat Article II. 
3. What is the difference between law and rule, in the 5th line ? 4. 
Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 5. What is the 
difference between freedom and liberty, in the Sth line? 6. Illustrate 
in sentences their various significations. 7. What peculiarity is omitted 
in the Amendments ! 8. What is the difference between grievances 
and wrongs, in the 11th line? 9. What is the difference between 
arms and weapons, in the 14th line? 10. Repeat Article III. 11. Il- 
lustrate the difference between quiet and peace, in the 16th line. 12. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



143 



of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a 
manner to be prescribed by law. 
(ARTICLE IV.) 

20 The right of the people to be 'secure in 

their persons, 'houses, papers, and effects, 
rinst unreasonable searches and seizures, 
shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall 
:e, but upon probable cause, supported by 
23 Oath or affirmation, and 'particularly de- 
scribing the place to be 'searched, and the 
persons or things to be 'seized. 

(ARTICLE V.) 

\ person shall be held to answer for a 

capita!, <>r otherwise infamous crime, unless 
30 on a presentment or 'indictment of a Grand 
Jury, except in cases arising in the land or 
naval forces, or in the 'Militia, when in ac- 
tual ' service in time of War or public 
'danger ; nor shall any person be subject for 
35 the same offence to be twice put in 'jeopardy 
of life or limb; nor shall be 'compelled in 
any Criminal Case to 'be a witness against 
himself, nor be deprived of life, ' liberty, or 
property, without due process of law ; nor 
ill private property be taken for public 
. without just 'compensation. 

(ARTICLE VI.) 
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused 



Proprietor. 

Way. 

Sfcfe. 

Tenements. 

From. 

Infringed. 

Likely. 

Minutely. 

Examined. 

Taken pos- 
session of. 

Apprehended 

Life-endangering 

Written accusa- 
tion. 

Instances. 

Citizen soldiery. 

Duty. 
Peril. 
Danger. 
Constrained. 
Oire eridence. 

IV. < dam 

Proceeding! in. 
Remuneration. 

Arraigned. 



Between warn and manner, in the 10th line. 18. Repeat Article IV, 
14. Illustrate the differenc en oath end affirmation, In the 25th 

line. Article V. 10. hloetnue the difference between 

tervice and duty, in the 53d line. 17. Bet WOW jeopardy ami rfoogsr, in 

:»th hue. MM ration, in the 1 1 M 



144 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public 
trial, by an 'impartial jury of the State and 

45 district wherein the 'crime shall have been 
'committed, which district shall have been 
previously 'ascertained by law, and to be 
informed of the nature and cause of the ac- 
cusation; to be 'confronted with the wit- 

50 nesses against him ; to have Compulsory 
'process for obtaining Witnesses in his fa- 
vour, and to have the Assistance of Counsel 
for his 'defence. 

(ARTICLE VIT.) 
In 'Suits at common law, where the value 

55 in 'controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, 
the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, 
and no fact 'tried by a jury shall be other- 
wise re-examined in any 'Court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of the 

60 'common law. 

(ARTICLE VIII.) 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 
excessive 'fines imposed, nor cruel and un- 
usual 'punishments inilicted. 
(ARTICLE IX.) 
The 'enumeration in the Constitution, of 
65 certain rights, shall not be construed to 'deny 
or disparage others 'retained by the people. 



Quick. 
Equitable. 

Mi (demeanor. 

Perpetrated. 
Established. 
Reason. 
Set face to 

Forahle. 
Proceeding. 
Lawyers. 
Vim] .cation. 

Prosecutions. 

1 'ignite. 

Maintained. 
!ied. 

L*iral tribunal. 

Precedents. 

I'liwntten. 

Security. 
Penalties. 



Specification. 

r,;unsay. 
Kept 






line. 19. Repeat Article VI. 20. What is the difference between 
speedy and quirk, in the 43d line? 21. Between crime and misde- 
meanor, in the 45th line? 22. Between cause and reason, in the 48th 
line? 23. Between proceeding and process, in the 51st line? 21. What 
peculiarities are there in Article VIII.? 25. Repeat Article VII. 26. 
How many simple sentences are there in Article VII.? 27. Repeat 
Article VIII. 28. What is the difference between bail and security, in 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 145 



(ARTICLE X.) 
The powers not 'delegated to the United 
States by the Constitution, nor 'prohibited 
by it to the States, are ' reserved to the 
70 States respectively, or to the 'people. 
(ARTICLE XI.) 
The Judicial 'power of the United States 
shall not be 'construed to extend to any suit 
in law or equity, 'commenced or prosecuted 
against one of the United States by 'Citizens 
75 of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects 
of any 'Foreign State. 

(ARTICLE XII.) 
The Electors shall 'meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ' ballot for President and 
Vice President, one of whom, at least, 'shall 
80 not be an 'inhabitant of the same state with 
themselves; they shall 'name in their ballots 
the person voted for as President, and in 
'distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice- 
President, and they shall 'make distinct lists 
85 of all persons 'voted for as President, and 
of all persons voted for as Vice-President, 
and of the 'number of votes for each, which 
'lists they shall sign and certify, and trans- 
mit sealed to the seat of the government of 



Intrusted. 

Forbidden. 

Retained. 

Inhabitants. 

Authority. 
Understood. 
Instituted. 
Dwellers. 

Commonwealth. 

Distant. 

Assemble. 

Ticket. 

Must. 

Citizen. 

Designate. 

Man. 

Separate. 

Form. 

Balloted. 

Individuals. 

Amount. 



inel 29. Repeat Article IX. 30. What is the difference 

"ti kepi and retained, in the COth line? 31. What peculiarity 

Irti le IX. 1 32. Repeat Article X. 33. What is the difference 

and inhabitants, in the 70th line? 34. Repeat Article 

XI. 35, What is th<* difference between state and comm o nwe a lt h, in 

the 75th linel foreign tod distant, in the 78th line? 

37. R'-j -at Article XII. 38. What is the difference between inert and 

attemlle. in the 77th line ' □ baUoi ai.d tidfef, in the 78th 

linel ; • B tween catalogues and lute, in the 88th line 1 -i l Between 

13 



146 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



90 the United States, 'directed to the President 
of the Senate; — The President of the Se- 
nate shall, in 'presence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, 'open all the cer- 
tificates and the votes shall then be counted; 

95 — The person having the greatest number 
of 'votes for President, shall be the President, 
if such number be a 'majority of the whole 
number of Electors 'appointed ; and if no 
person have such majority, then from the 

ioo persons having the ' highest numbers not 
'exceeding three on the list of those voted 
for as President, the 'House *£ Reptesenta- 
lives shall choose 'immediately, by ballot, the 
'President. But in choosing the President, 

105 the votes shall be taken by states, the repre- 
sentation from each state having one 'vote: 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a 
member or 'members from two-thirds of the 
states, and a majority of all th« shall 

no be necessary to a choice. And if the House 
of Representatives shall not 'choose a Pre- 
sident whenever the 'right of choice shall 
devolve 'upon them, before the fourth day of 
March next following, then the Vice-Presi- 

ii5 dent shall act as President, as in the case 
of the death or other constitutional 'disability 
of the President. The 'person having the 
greatest number of votes as Vice-President, 



44 mmii. 

Speaker. 
Sight 

lii «:tk the 
seals of. 

Computed. 

LaqpMt 

Ballot*. 

Plurality. 

Returned. 

Kiress. 

Greatest. 

Ixjwer House 

WithoBl dr\ m y. 

Cfctatf tmm 

Delegation 

Bt QOOpfKd 

I'< i'Ula-s. 



On. 

Succeeding. 
Chief magi*- 

Citizen. 
Mfltf, 



. 



presence and sight, in the 9 2d line ? 42. Between open and break thi 
seals o/, in the 93d line? 43. Between largest and greatest, in the 
line? 44. Between upon and on, in the 113th lino ? 45. What differ- 
ence is* there between the orthography of the Amendment! and the 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 147 



shall be the Vice-President, 'if such Dumber 

i*) be a majority of the whole 'number of Elect- 
ors 'appointed, and if no person have a ma- 
jority, then from the two highest 'numbers 
on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice- 
President ; a 'quorum lor the purpose shall 

1*5 consist of two-thirds of the 'whole number 
of Senators, and 'a majority of the whole 
number shall be necessary to a choice. But 
no person constitutionally 'ineligible to the 
office of President shall be 'eligible to that 

130 of Vice-President of the 'United States. 



Provided. 

Amount. 
Allotted. 

Names. 
Seta*. 

Legal number. 

Entire. 

More thrm 
one-half. 



Incapable of be- 
ing elected. 



Qualified for. 
Union. 



Constitution 1 40. What are some of the differences between those 
documents ? 47. How do you account for the apparent inconsistencies 
in the use of capital letters? 48. Do you suppose there is any human 
composition free from error? 49. What ought these things to teach us? 
50. In how many words is ad, and the forms it assumes, a prefix in 
the Constitution and its Amendments? 51. In how many words is 
con and its variations a prefix? 52. In how many words is pre a 
prefix? 53. In how many words is pro a prefix? 54. In how many 
words is ob and its variations a prefix? 55. In how many words is 
re a prefix ? 56. In how many words is sub and its variations a prefix? 
57. How many forms does ad assume? 58. Why does ad take so 
many forms ? 59. Why do you suppose there are so many repetitions 
of important words in the Constitution? 60. What is the frequent 
repetition of important words in the same paragraph called? 61. 
What rule in written documents should take precedence of all others? 
62, What are the significations of the prefixes, ad, con, pre, pro, and 
ob? 63. Illustrate the use of each in words. 64. Illustrate the mean- 
ing of the words in sentences. 65. How many words are spelled dif- 
ferent from present usage, in the Constitution? 66. How many in 
the Amendments? 67. What do you suppose was the last important 
national document, which was written according to the old plan of 
beginning every noun with a capital letter? 68. Do you know of any 
nation at the present day that begins all nouns with capital letters? 
Name the advantages and disadvantages of this plan? 70. Name 
all the peculiarities of the Constitution and its Amendments. 71. 
How do you account for many of the variations?* 

• The Turner mnv o upiii nM «]miHr ', [ding to the proficiency of the class. After 

a Imetitt, and 
questions in 
; in ihe succeeding ou mmenUr y. 



148 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



LESSON XXIX. 

(§ 1.) Constitution is 'derived from the 
Latin con, and statuo, and 'means to settle, 
to fix, to 'establish, to ordain, decree, appoint, 
or determine. It 'denotes particularly that 
5 'form of government which is instituted 
either by the people, or for their 'benefit. In 
its 'general acceptation, it signifies a system 
of 'fundamental rules, principles, and ordi- 
nances, for the 'government of a society, 

10 community, state, or 'nation. In England, 
and other 'monarchical countries, the Con- 
stitution depends upon the 'immemorial con- 
sent of the people, and long-established usage; 
hence it is difficult for a 'majority of the 

15 people in 'monarchies either to know defi- 
nitely what their Constitution is, or to 'un- 
derstand its 'meaning. (§ 2.) But the Con- 
stitution of the United States is 'accurately 
and clearly 'defined in writing, in such plain 

20 and 'intelligible language, that it can be 
comprehended by 'every person who can 
read any article understandingly, 'throughout 
our 'land. It establishes and defines the 
'rights of the people, and prescribes the power 

25 of legislators and 'rulers. That part of the 
Constitution which precedes the first 'Article, 
has been justly called its 'preamble ; though 



Traced. 

Signifies. 

Confirm. 

Means. 

System. 

Advantage. 

Usual 

Essential. 

Control. 

Country. 

I'u'Wl. 

Custom. 

Plurality. 

Kingdom*. 

Comprehend 

Signification. 

Correctly. 

Expressed. 

Familiar. 

Each. 

All over. 

Country. 

Privileges. 

Governors. 

Distinct el&uM. 

Preface. 



(§ 1.) 1. Give a synopsis of section one. 2. From what is Consti- 
t ution derived ? 3. Illustrate its various meanings in sentences? 4. 
Wherein is our government different from that of England and other 
monarchical governments? (§2.) 5. What is the character of the 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 149 



the framers did not designate it by any name 
'whatever. 

30 (§ 3.) Preamble is derived from the Latin 
pr<r. and ambulo, and means to 'go or come 
before. It denotes particularly an introduc- 
tion, a proem. In its general acceptation, it 
means an introduction to any 'discourse or 

35 writing, the introductory matter to a statute, 
a bill, or act of a legislative 'body; it names 
the parties to any document of writing, and 
sets forth in 'general terms its objects and 
its meaning. Every article in the 'Consti- 

40 tution has reference to one or more of the 
ified objects in the preamble, which pre- 
cedes the first article, and ' expounds the 
motives and the designs of its 'framers. The 
preamble is, 'therefore, of the utmost import- 

45 ance in 'elucidating the principles of the 
istitution. (§4.) "We the 'people of the 
United States," 'denotes that the people of 
each and every 'state have, by their sepa- 
rate and deliberate acts, 'adopted the Con- 

50 stitution, and that it consequently 'emanated 

from the highest 'source of all power. The 

istitution, like every other 'code, has been 

variously understood by different individuals. 

It is evident that a work of such a compre- 

55 hensive and enduring character, must speak 



Title. 
AM ill 

A dcrivmtiY* of. 

Walk. 

Especially. 

Preface. 

Speech. 

Preliminary. 

Assembly. 

Instrument. 

Unrestricted. 

Supreme Law. 

Allusion. 

Particularited. 

Explains. 
Makers. 

Consequently. 

Illustrating. 
Citizens. 
Signifies. 
Confederacy. 

Acknowledged. 

Proceeded. 

Fountain. 

Digest of law 

Construed. 

Plain. 

Lasting. 



State* 1 (§3.) 0. From what is preamble 

derived ? 7. What is the object of a preamble? 8. Why is a pre- 

mocb importance? 9. Illustrate it as a noun, and as a verb 

•itences. (§ 4.) 10. What •), " We the people 

note 7 11. Has the Constitution been under- 

re any code which 



150 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



in general terms — that it is to be 'viewed 
'conjointly, and that every word has its na- 
tural and 'obvious meaning. 

(§ 5.) It is, as its 'preamble declares it 

60 to be, 'established by the people ; it is a 
contract binding alike each and every citi- 
zen 'within the United States, to establish 
and maintain a government for the ' benefit 
of the whole people, and is therefore 'para- 

65 mount to all state Constitutions, and all other 
'authority whatever. (§ 6.) It was scrutinized 
previous to its adoption in all its 'bearings, by 
the people of the 'whole country ; not on one 
occasion alone, but fur a series of months. 

70 Since its 'original adoption, it has stood the 
investigation of the entire people of seventeen 
new states. It is, therefore, the work of pa- 
triots of a past age, 'endorsed by thirty sepa- 
rate state legislatures. It was expressly pre- 

75 pared to be ratified by the [great body of the 
people, to be 'understood by them, and to be the 
'fireside companion of every family through- 
out the land. Such are its transcendent mer- 
its, that it has stood the 'test of time and re- 

80 ceived the 'admiration of the civilized w T orld. 

(§ 7.) The 'Constitution of the United 

States contained originally a 'preamble and 

seven 'articles, the framing of which occu- 



Taken. 

Unitedly. 

Clear. 

Introduction. 

Founded. 

Obligatory. 

In. 

Advantage. 

Superior. 

Also. 

Power. 

Points. 

Entire. 

Succession. 

First. 

All the. 

Production. 

Sanctioned. 

Tramcd. 

Mass. 

Compritiifc— d. 

Domestic 

Unequalled. 

Trial. 

Applause. 

Supreme law 

Preface. 

St ipulations. 



is exempt from erroneous interpretation? (§5.) 13. By whom, and 
for what purpose was the Constitution established? 14. What is 
paramount to all authority? (§ 0.) 15. Give a synopsis of section six. 
16. What are some of the reasons that lead you to believe that the 
Constitution is a work of much merit? (§7.) 17. Give a detailed 
account of section seven. 18. What is the difference between mcuHlHi 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 151 



pied several of the purest patriots, and the 

85 ablest statesmen of the country, from the 
14th of May till the 17th of September, 
1787. It subsequently passed the ordeal of 
thirteen distinct state 'conventions, and re- 
ceived the most profound criticism of the 

M lamest and most enlightened body of patriots 
that bad ever existed in any country or in 
any aire. Hence we find every word has 
its place, and every sentence a 'meaning — 
that it is the only uninspired document ex- 

95 tant, that combines the fundamental princi- 
ples of all the political 'wisdom of ancient 
and modern times. (§ 8.) The preamble, 
for comprehensive brevity, is probably un- 
equalled in this or any other ' language ; it 

m declares the authority by whom, and the 
objects for which the Constitution was or- 
dained and established; and though the Con- 
stitution was framed by the tried and faithful 
representatives of the 'people, yet, before it 

ioo became a law, it received the 'comments and 
the scrutiny of the whole people of the 
country — and each and every one of the 
patriots <>f the revolution may be considered 
a contributor to its transcendent excellences 

no — though some may have strenuously op- 
posed its adoption; for it is only by the 
oesl criticism, that the latent defects of 
a theory can be discovered and 'rectified. 



Most disinte- 
rested 

i\i)itioans. 
To. 

MMOfcliM 

Learned. 

Intelligent. 

laved. 

Epoch. 

Signification. 

In being. 

Essential. 

Knowledge. 

Days. 

Conciseness. 

Tongue. 

Proclaims. 

Purposes. 

Instituted. 

Composed. 

Citizens. 

Observations 

Investigation 

D n it rd States 

led. 
Surpassing. 
7a alt.iisly. 
Ratification. 
Hjdden. 
Corrected. 



nriA < 3d line 1 (§&■) 19. Repeat the substance of 

section eight 20. What u th< n atoaawati and ob- 

urvatvjn*. in the 105th lino? 21. DelWtaU httni Bad hidden, in the 



152 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



(§9.) 'Happily for this country, for the fame 

us of its 'framcrs, and for all succeeding ages, 
there existed a powerful, an enlightened, and 
even a patriotic band, 'opposed to the adoption 
of the Constitution ; and some of its most 'in- 
valuable and permanent features would have 

120 been omitted, had it not been for x an argus- 
eyed opposition. 'From the first settlement 
of the country, the colonists had seen the 
'benefits of association ; and at the declara- 
tion of independence 'nothing was deemed 

i25 of more importance than fraternal union. 
(§ 10.) The trials and reverses of the revo- 
lution were but a 'series of experiments 
towards cementing the 'ties of friendship 
among 'neighboring states, which, though 

130 'originating in necessity, and contrary to the 
'practices of ancient confederacies, has proved 
to the world, that 'permanent political ag« 
grandizement can alone be 'attained by states 
'disseminating blessings to all neighboring 

i3o communities. The American 'Constitution 
far surpasses the seven ancient 'wonders of 
the world, in the magnificence of its 'archi 
tecturc, and in its claims to the 'applause of 
'mankind. 

no (§ 11.) Yet, this instrument, 'perfect as it 
is, was 'adopted unanimously by only three 



Fortunately. 

Authors. 

Potent. 

Adrerse. 

Inestimable. 

Part*. 

A nharp-cifhted. 

Ever after. 

Perceived. 

Advantages. 

Naught. 

Brotherly. 

Misfortunes. 

Course. 

Contiguous. 

.mng. 
Customs. 
Enduring. 
Reached. 

ling. 
Palladium. 
Prodigies. 
Construction 
Approbation. 
The world. 
Complete. 
Sanctioned. 



112th line? (§ 9.) 22. Of what does section ninth treat? 23. What 
is the difference between potent and powerful, in the 116th line? (§ 10.) 
24. Give a synopsis of section tenth ? 25. What is the difference be- 
tween series and caurse, in the 127th line? 26. Between practices and 
customs, in the 131st line? 27 '. Palladium is neither definition nor 
synonym of Constitution — what is the meaning of it? (§11-) 28. 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 153 



of the 'smaller states of the Union : and so 
prudent, so extremely cautious were OUT an- 
cestors, that it was 'nearly a year after it was 

ii5 framed before it received the sanction of the 
'requisite number of states and of the people, 
to make it the supreme law o{ the land. It 
will be perceived that the Constitution was 
'ratified by the people, who are the only true 

150 source whence all authority 'flows ; and that 
it differed 'essentially from the old articles 
of confederation, which emanated from the 
several state legislatures. (§12.) If then 
the American Constitution emanated from 

i5o the people, it is reasonable to suppose that 
it contains nothing but what it is 'proper for 
the people to 'know, nothing but what is 
perfectly 'intelligible, and nothing but what 
it is the 'duty of all to understand : and the 

i6o first six lines of the 'preamble comprise the 
'objects for which the Constitution was 
'formed. 

(§13.) The first 'object was "to form a 
more perfect union;" 'implying that the 

iGo union then existing, the union that had 'car- 
ried them triumphantly through the revolu- 
tionary war, the union that, taking them as 
dependent colonies, had raised them to the 
rank of an independent nation, was still 



LMMJt 

Circumspect. 

Almost. 

Obtained. 

^ary. 
Paramount. 
Beta, 

Arvror<xl and 
■HHMHi 

Issues. 

Materially. 

Sprang. 

Assemblies. 

Proceeded. 

Think. 

Right. 

Be acquaint- 
ed with. 

Clear. 

Obligation. 

Introduction. 

Ends. 

Constructed. 

Intention. 

Signifying. 

Bome. 

Vict.»n»»tslv. 

Derated. 



Repeat the substance of section eleventh. 20. What i> the difference 
! compute, in the 140th linel •>>. Between ptr 

reived an <\ seen, in the I48tfa linel (§12-) 51. Of what doefl BectirHl 

nrul right, 
in the 156th line ! '' I ; stion thir- 

teenth. 34. W ii the 



154 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



170 'imperfect. This " more perfect union" would 
secure 'tranquillity and prosperity at home, 
power and 'dignity abroad, and would dimi- 
nish the causes of 'war. (§ 14.) It would 
'enhance the general happiness of mankind, 

175 'confer dignity upon the American name, and 
give power, not to 'rulers, but to the people; 
thus 'perpetuating the " more perfect union." 
It should not be forgotten that our ancestors 
had many 'difficulties to contend with — sec- 

180 tional jealousies and prejudices then existed 
as they now do — but they 'went to their 
duties with pure hearts and enlightened and 
'liberal views. From the political state of 
'society, and the force of circumstances, it 

185 was requisite for them to 'make numerous 
and ' liberal concessions ; and now, for the 
people to 'disregard the injunctions of the 
Constitution, and 'cast it aside, would denote 
political 'insanity. 

ioo (§ 15.) Far more 'rational would it be, for 
navigators to 'disregard the position of the 
heavenly bodies, destroy their 'charts and 
'compasses, and attempt to steer their frail 
'barks amid storms and darkness across the 

105 pathless 'ocean, than for the people of this 
country to 'destroy the chart of their liber- 



Defectire. 

Peace. 

Honor. 

Strife. 

Increase. 

Bestow. 

Governors. 

Eteroizin<r. 

Forefathers. 

Obstacles. 

PrrpoaKMion*. 

Applied them* 
•elvea. 

Open. 

Lnlanrrd. 

The Commu- 
nity. 

Grant 
Generous. 
Slight 
Throw. 



Pass by un- 

noiK i 

Sea-maps. 

Magnetic needles 

Main. 
Annihilate. 



168th line'? 35. Between imperfect and defective, in the 170th line? 
(§ 14.) 36. Give a detailed account of section fourteenth. 37. What 
is the difference between confer and bestow, in the 175th line? 38. 
Between difficulties and obstacles, in the 179th line? (§15.) 39. Of 
what does section fifteenth treat? 40. What is the difference between 
rational and reasonable, in the 190th line? 41. Between ocean and 
main, in the 195th line? 42. Cannot main be used in two directly 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 155 



ties, by permitting the violation of their 
Constitution, and to cease to 'imitate the 
virtues of their ancestors. (§ 16.) The first 

-200 object declared in this Constitution is, to 
form a M more perfect union." It is reason- 
able then to infer, from the character of its 
framers, and the unparalleled caution and 
'deliberation of the whole people, before they 
consecrated it as the charter of the rights of 
mankind, that an observance of its 'provi- 
sions and rules will secure the objects de- 
.ed. But how can the people either 'sus- 
tain the Constitution, or even 'know what it 

2io is, unless they read it, and 'ponder the mean- 
j of every sentence. 

(§ 17.) It has been computed by enlight- 
ened statesmen, that of 'the whole population 
in our country, not one 'woman in ten thou- 

2i5 sand, or one voter 'out of "every hundred, ever 
read the Constitution. Yea, it is 'susceptible 
of demonstration, that the most 'sacred oaths 
to support the Constitution, are 'annually 
taken by a multitude of men, who never 

•220 read a single sentence of that sacred docu- 
ment. If the pure 'spirits of departed pa- 
triots are permitted to 'watch over the inte- 
f their posterity and their country, 
from the regions of bliss, well may we 



Sufloriug. 

Knuilate. 
Moral txoel- 

PranJilitml 

Establish. 
Unequalled. 

Consideration. 

Hallowed. 

Stipulations. 

Intended. 

Uphold. 

Understand. 

Reflect upon. 

Period. 

Calculated. 

All the inha- 
bitants. 

Mother. 

In. 

Capable. 

Inviolable. 

Yearly. 

Host. 

Wtftiag. 

Souls. 

Superintend 
ami gmrd 

Descendants. 
Felicity. 



.) 43. Repeat the substance of section >ix- 

rence between wmmerat^d Mid ha l hw td ^ 

in the 20Stti line ! 45. I | mder and ngfent, in the 210Ui linel 

teentfa treat ? IT. What is the 

Intfd. in the 21 '2th linel 48. 
Between blut end felicity, in the 234th line 7 19. B< IWeeO fteorrfl and 



156 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



225 suppose that the 'manes of its illustrious 
authors often exclaim, with an 'intenseness 
beyond the reach of human 'imagination, 
" 'O tempora ! 2 mores !" Let it never be 
forgotten that teachers, and not warriors, 

230 common schools, and not 'swords and bayo- 
nets, sustain and 'perpetuate the power and 
the 'glory of our country, and its " more 
'perfect union." 

Of 'lands untaught it has been aye the doom 
235 To fill untimely 'an ignoble tomb; 

Then foster 'learning, if you wish to save 
Your country from the 'horrors of the glaive. 



Shades. 

Earnestness. 

Conception. 

Oh, the Umea ! 

2 Oh. the morale! 

Brands. 

Continue. 

Fame. 

Complete. 

States. 

A disgraceful 

Knowledge. 

Terrors. 



brands, in the 230th line? f>0. What is the meaning of aye, in the 
234th line? 51. Of glaive, in the 237th line? 



LESSON XXX. 



(§ 1.) A free 'people should ever pay the 
most scrupulous attention to the liberal 'edu- 
cation of those whom 'nature has pointed 
out as the 'first teachers of mankind. No 
5 nation has ever attained, or can ever attain 
'enduring greatness, whose females are su- 
perficially educated. The 'school, then, the 
entire school, both 'male and female, should 
early be made 'acquainted with the most 
10 perfect 'charter of human government that 
was ever framed by mortal men, whose fun- 
damental principles can be 'traced down the 
vista of Time, for nearly four thousand years, 



Training. 
Providence. 

Reach. 

Lasting. 
Pupils. 
Masculine. 
Familiar. 
Embodiment 
Primary. 
Fnl lowed. 
Forty centu- 



(§ 1.) 1. To what should a free people ever pay the most scrupu 



; 



L 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 157 



'deriving their immutable wisdom from 2 in- 
15 spiration. 

To keep 'intact this ''perfect union formed/ 1 
And give its blessings to each Yuture age, 
Our youths must be with patriot 'passion warmed 
By 'studying its glories on that page 
•>0 Where, 'midst foul blots 'exposing Britain's shame, 
Is graved, in words of fire, 'Columbia's fame. 

(§ 8.) The ' first object after forming a 
" more perfect union," was " to 'establish 
justice." Thus it is evident that the authors 

25 looked not for a model among the most 
powerful governments of the age in which 
they lived, but to those 'immutable principles 
thai respect men according to their 'deeds; 
and which, as countless centuries 'passed 

30 away, would enable the monument of their 
labors to remain unaltered. Without the 
most 'exact and impartial administration of 
justice, no inhabitant would be 'safe; hence 
the necessity " to establish justice" that would 

35 protect or 'punish alike the exalted and the 
humble, the rich and the poor, the 'powerful 
state with its 'millions, and the feeble terri- 
tory with its hundreds. (§ 3.) In disputed 
boundaries, in conflicting claims of indivi- 

40 duals living in 'different states, in reference 
to the national debt, and the local laws of 
each state, the 'national government must 



Receiving. 

SDmnc poorer. 

Untouched. 

Coming. 

Ardor. 

Pondering. 

Disclosing. 

Our country's 

Primary. 

Institute. 

Clear. 

Pattern. 

Mighty. 

Unchangeable. 

Actions. 

Rolled. 

Memorial. 

Continue. 

Strict. 

Secure. 

Equity. 

Chastise. 

Potent. 

Myriads. 

Coate-" 

Persons. 

S. pnrale. 

Sectional. 

vrautbo- 

r.ty. 



lous attention? 2. From what is Columbia, in the phrase M Columbia 'i 
fame/ 21sl line, derived, and what is its meaning 1 | I -ive a 

>*is of section second. 4. What is th- I mode/ and 

pattern, in the 25th line? 0. Between safe at line? 

($3.) 6. Of what does section third treat? 7. What if the di ff e re nce 

"it 



158 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



deal to all 'even-handed justice. The people 
having 'an august and impartial arbiter, 

45 might 'repose in it with perfect safety. Thus 
border 'warfare, which in all past history had 
been found to 'disturb the tranquillity of 
'neighboring states would be prevented, and 
the honest 'foreigner, driven by oppression 

50 from his native country, might 'repose in the 
liberality and justice of the American Con- 
stitution, which proclaims to the 'uttermost 
limits of the earth, that its 'object is " to es- 
tablish 'justice." 

55 (§ 4.) "To ensure domestic 'tranquillity," 
was the third 'object of the Constitution, It 
is important 'here to remark, that immedi- 
ately after the 'war, the confederation bore 
the 'aspect of a speedy dissolution. The 

60 sages of the revolution had, with reason, 
'feared less the formidable power of Great 
Britain, than the domestic 'tumults, that had 
'engulphed all former democracies and repub- 
lics. The 'confederation was a league of 

G5 'friendship among thirteen separate and inde- 
pendent 'sovereignties or nations, each of 
which was exposed to the intrigues of foreign 
monarchies. Dissensions and disputes were 
liable to arise 'among themselves ; in fact each 

70 state, looking to its own 'immediate interest, 



EquaL 

A grand. 

Rest. 

War. 

Interrupt. 

Adjacent. 

Alien. 

Confide. 

Equity. 

Extreme. 

Aim. 

Uffcfc 

Quiet. 

I>t sun. 

In this place. 

Appearance. 

men. 
Dreaded. 

Riot*. 

Swallowed 
up. 

leracy. 
Amity. 

Governments 
Plots. 

Contention*. 
Between. 
Present. 



between repose and rest, in the 45th line? 8. Between disturb and 
interrupt, in the 47th line? (§4.) 9. From what is independent de- 
rived? 10. What does its first prefix denote? 11. What does its se- 
cond prefix signify? 12. When two prefixes are joined to a word, 
which governs the meaning of the word ? 13. Illustrate the differ- 
ence between contentions and dissensions, in the 68th line? 14. What 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



159 



bad silently withdrawn its support from the 
confederation, till, in the language of the day, 

'•its tottering edifice was ready to fall, and 
crush the country beneath its ruins." (§5.) 

75 The states of Greece furnish admonitory 
lessoha o( the evils of disunion; and, not- 
withstanding the most powerful inducements 
existed to 'cement the union of the states, 
yet every day's ' experience proved, that 

SO petty strifes were likely to 'agitate the dif- 
ferent states. 'Dissensions about boundaries, 
the fruitful 'cause of discord, had arisen; 
the states seemed to be jealous of each 
other's growing greatness ; there was no 

85 common head to the government ; there was 
no president of all the states — but 'each state 
was, in fact, an independent nation, and 
had the full privilege of establishing any 
kind of government. 

00 (§ 6.) Hence, foreign 'intrigue might be 
brought to bear 'upon one or a few states, 
and induce them to adopt monarchical go- 
vernments: it had been even suggested that 
Washington should be 'king. Experience 

95 proved that the confederacy could not long 
'continue; that there must be a government 
of more power and energy; that, to main- 



Quietly. 
Expression. 

Shaking. 

I'mler. 

Warning. 

SepvstauL 

Motives. 

Strengthen. 

Tr.al. 

Disturb. 

Quarrels. 

Source. 

Fearful. 

Increasing'. 

General. 

Every. 

Reality. 

Possessed. 

Sort. 

Finesse. 

On. 

Actuate. 

Hinted. 

Monarch. 

DemoDilrated. 

luina.n. 

V.ircr. 



(\o their prefix- (§ 5) l • r >. What ifl the difference between 

Mm lit, iii the Bid line? 16. Illustrate in sentences 

thoir b, 17, What is the difference between each, 

ana every, in the 86tli line? 18. Illottrate in m theii rignifi- 

catin W y i •■ it of the Otmcet importance 

to preserve domestic tranquil: » between 

upon and on, in the Old line S each word in iu order 



160 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



tain the union, and secure domestic tran- 
quillity, was of the utmost importance. Se- 

100 parate states would not have the power to 
defend themselves against foreign 'aggres- 
sion ; the weak would be 'unable success- 
fully to contend against the strong ; rivalries, 
jealousies, and retaliatory measures would 

105 be 'interminable. Those who had been rocked 
in the cradle of 'disunion, and experienced 
the horrors of war, well knew that the hap- 
piness and 'greatness of nations, as well as 
families, consisted in 'piety and domestic 

no 'tranquillity. 



Quiet. 

Different. 

Ability 

Assaults. 

Not able. 

Coropetit ions 

Revenging. 

Unlimited. 

Separation. 

Bliss. 

Strength. 

IV.irr. 



in the first simple sentence of section mid. 23. 

In the third. 24. What advantage is there in spelling words from 
one's reading lesson? 25. What in spelling them seriatim I 



LESSON XXXI 



(§ 1.) The fourth 'object in establishing 
the Constitution was, "to provide for the 
common 'defence." As the present state of 
human society is 'constituted, the powerful 
5 are 'prone to disregard the rights of the weak. 
The history of the world exhibits the 'mourn- 
ful fact, that individuals and nations are dis- 
posed to consider their immediate pecuniary 
interest, and not their own permanent 'wel- 
10 fare, the cause of justice, or the 'inalienable 
1 Innumerable instances have 



rights of man. 



I'cMi'n. 

Formed. 

Melancholy. 

Prone. 

Benefit. 

Inherent. 

Numberless. 



(§ 1.) 1. What was the object of the framers of the Constitution? 
2. What does the history of the world show ? (§ 2.) 3. What is the 



- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 1G1 



'occurred, in which the most unwarrantable 
and unprovoked assaults have been made 
upon the weak and deteneeless. ($2.) 'The 

15 founders of our republic justly considered it 
a matter of the utmost importance to shield 
their dearly-bought treasure — the legacy 
they were to bequeath, not to their posterity 
al^ne. but eventually to all mankind — against 

90 the arts, the arms, and the machinations of 

the crowned heads of Europe. In union 

there would be no danger of war 'among 

the states : without it, the 'chances of war 

:ld increase, in exact 'ratio to the 2 aug- 

85 mented number of states. There would be 
no guarantee against the most prolific of all 
sources of war — territorial boundaries. 

(§ 3.) If our forefathers feared 'collision 
among only thirteen nations — if they 'saw 

30 the necessity of union then to guard against 

ions at home, and assaults from 

abroad, it may be interesting and 'profitable 

for us to examine briefly some of the grounds 

01 which they predicated their views, in 

35 providing better for the 'common defence. 

lewed the early history of the mother 

country, divided into seven kingdoms, un- 

S Gotland and Ireland, 'sub- 



T i an spired. 

Attacks. 

IVrKc. 

K-taMishers. 

t'i.Mscquence 

Inheritance. 

Give by will. 

Finally. 

Artifices. 

Kmijs. 

Between. 

Liabilities. 

Proportion. 

increased. 

Fruitful. 

Causes. 

Clashing. 

Observed. 

Need. 

Invasions. 

Beneficial. 

Caudmtf. 

tshed. 
General. 
Beheld. 

Realms. 
Exposed. 



(\\ffor and legacy, in the 17tli lino? 4. Illns- 

\$ nullifications. 5. What \s the differ- 

I- the iropres- 

ne of the dictkmari i ia restricted to 

r thii opinion. (§ 3.) 8. Oire 

a syi. tweetl need 

-y. jn the ' 10. What if the 'litl.rrr.--f hot ween 



162 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



jected to insults and wrongs — a 'scourged 

40 and ' timid victim of all warlike nations. 
They traced the causes of the 'growing and 
constantly advancing 'greatness of England, 
as century after century passed 'away, to the 
'augmented and cemented union at home, till 

45 all the nations of the 'earth respected the 
British 'name, and awarded to England the 
proud title of mistress of the 'ocean. (§ 4.) 
A 'memento of the effects of disunion, and 
its results, misery, 'imbecility, and ruin, was 

50 to be seen in the 'aboriginal inhabitants of 
'this count?';/. After having degenerated from 
time 'immemorial, the Indians, at ttie time of 
the 'discovery of America, were numerous, 
and 'consecrated their time to war; vet, by 

55 disunion, 'tribe after 'tribe was overcome by 
the European 'conquerors, until, where mil- 
lions of the aborigines were formerly 'mar- 
shalled in * battle array, no vestige remained 
of their 'existence. 

60 (§ 5.) The measure of their 'irrational 
career has been 'filled. No more do the 
midnight orgies of barbarous 'incantations 
disgrace human nature, and pollute Atlantic 
soil. Their only 'monument is the history 

65 written by their 'conquerors, which will ever 



Chastised. 
Fearful. 
Increasing. 
Power. 

Br. 

World. 
Appellation. 

Memorial. 
Weakness. 
Indians. 
Anirnra. 
• Hit of mind 
Finding out 
I >e ruled. 

Invaders. 

MnMrn-d. 

Oidrr of battle. 

)U !D':. 

Unreasonable. 

Made full. 
Revelries. 
1 En chin tram U. 
Memento. 
Victors. 



ocean and sea, in the 47th line? (§ 4.) 11. Repeat the substance of 
section four? 12. What is the difference between consecrated and de- 
voted, in the 54th line? 13. Illustrate in sentences their various sig- 
nifications. 14. What is the difference between tribe and sept, in the 
55th line? 15. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 
(§ 5.) 16. What is the only monument of the aborigines of the At- 
lantic states? 17. In what way is the common defence best secured ? 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 163 



remain, to exhibit the results of war, and to 
afford a 'salutary lesson to all succeeding 
ages, that the "common defence" is best se- 
cured, not by the constant use of arms, but 

70 by fraternal union. (§(>.) Since the Con- 
stitution was formed, Europe has furnished 
incontestable proofs of the wisdom of our 
ancestors. Hereditary kings and ' nobles 
have made common cause to 'extirpate every 

75 root of republican principles; the soil of 
Europe has been soaked with the blood of 
millions 'struggling for liberty; the people 
of Prance and Greece have had. 'against 
their will, monarchical forms of government 

80 'prescribed for them by the M Holy Alliance ;" 
and unhappy Poland has been 'crushed by 
the tyrants' power, and blotted from the list 
of nations. Without union, standing 'armies 
would be as requisite in America as in Eu- 

85 rope ; and one of the champions of the Con- 
stitution said, that " without standing armies, 
the liberties of republics can never be in 
'danger ; nor, with large armies, safe." 

(§ 7.) The fifth object of the 'framers of 

1)0 the Constitution, was " to 'promote the gc- 
d welfare." In a country so extensive 



Consequfcrne. 

Beneficial. 
nmntiniM 

Continual. 

nrvthnly. 

Framed. 

Prudence. 

Peers. 

Eradicate. 

Tenets. 

Steeped. 

Striving. 

Contrary to. 

Inclination. 

Established. 

Overwhelmed. 

Despots'. 
Jlattalions. 

I:. '■.«;•< nv-iMr. 

Zeaksoi sup- 
porters. 

Remarked. 

l'r vilc.-ts. 
Jeopardy. 

1 



Hint i- the (Inference between OgH and geiM nititms. in the 68th 

' Illustrate in sentences their various significations. (§ 0.) 

20. R lection six. 21. What is the difference 

I jirv/i arc. in the 7 J 1 line? 4 J-:2. Between nohlcs 
pftTt, in the 1-Ul line ! 23, Why does lie- word tyr<ints. in the 

wrhen the same word is often need to express I 

tie- importance of 

punc '•'• ' wmt the fifth 

What nasi necessarily 



164 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



as the American republic, there must 'neces- 
sarily exist a variety of 'pursuits, and of 
'occupations among the people of the different 

95 states; and the apparent policy of one state 
might 'induce it to import all goods free of 
'duty, whereas another state would impose 
duties upon all imported 'goods, in order to 
encourage the 'manufacture of goods at 

100 home. (§ 8.) No 'plan of legislation could 
be 'devised, which would be acceptable in a 
'pecuniary view to all the people in every 
part of the Union. Hence the 'importance 
of a national 'government that would look 

105 with impartial eves upon every part of the 
Union, and adopt only such laws as would 
'contribute the greatest amount of benefit to 
the greatest 'numbers — that would, so far as 
circumstances justify, award to each section 

no corresponding advantages, and enact laws, 
and make 'appropriations that would event- 
ually 'redound to the glory and lasting benefit 
of the whole country. (§9.) Separate states 
look generally to the immediate interests of 

us their own people, and would not be so likely 
to keep in view the rights of the ' citizens 
of all the other states, as the 'general govern- 
ment; and 'commerce, the greatest source 



Indicpenaably. 

Objects. 
Vocations. 
Seeming. 
Incite. 
Impost 
Articles. 
Making. 
Scheme. 
Cunt rived. 
Monetary. 
• -«ity. 

Administra- 
tion. 

S< ction. 

Yield. 

Multitudes. 

Adjudge. 

Frame. 

Grants. 

Contribute. 

Individual. 

Particular. 

Apt. 

Denizens. 

Chief. 

Traffic. 



exist, in a country so extensive as ours? (§ 8.) 27. Is there any plan 
of legislation that will contribute equally to the pecuniary gain of 
every part of the country? 28. What are your reasons for this opi- 
nion? 29. What are some of the advantages of a national govern- 
ment? (§9.) 30. Give a synopsis of section nine. 31. What is the 
difference between citizens and denizens, in the 116th line? 32. Illus- 
trate in sentences their various significations. 33. What is the differ- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 165 



of wealth, of 'improvement, and of civiliza- 

m tion, if left to the protection v( single state 
governments, would be destroyed by the 
jealous and arrogant powers of Europe; 
but under the protecting care of the Union, 
the American flag commands respect in 

its every part of the world, and is one of the 
mightiest bulwarks of knowledge. Hence 
the general welfare is best promoted by the 
Union. 

(§ 10.) The sixth and 'last object men- 

lao tioned by the 'framers of the Constitution is, 
t<> ,% secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
selves and our 'posterity." American liberty 
had been obtained by an immense sacrifice 
of treasure and of life; the people had v en- 

135 dured all the horrors and misery of war. 
and the authors of the Constitution fully ap- 
preciated the 'inestimable blessings of civil 
and religious liberty. (§ 11.) Hence, they 
wisbqd to establish a government that might 

140 combine 'durability with moderation of power 
— energy with 'equality of rights — respon- 
sibility with a sense of independence — stea- 
diness of counsels with popular elections — 
1 a l<»fty spirit ^patriotism with the love 

145 of personal aggrandisement — to combine 
the happiness of the whole with the least 
practicable 'restraints, so as to insure per- 



Advancement. 

Guardianship 

Ruined. 

Haughty. 

Fostering. 

Baaaur. 

Karth. 
Shields. 

Advanced. 

ConlVdera- 

tloll. 

FiuaL 

Makers. 

Insure. 

Descendants. 

A vast. 

Suffered. 

Dreadfulness 

Originators. 

Invaluable. 

Spiritual. 

Form. 

Permanrncy. 

Similarity. 

Know/ 

Zeal for. 

Advancement. 

Welfare. 



ence betw and banner, in the 121th lino ? .'U. Utattrata in 

sentence? 

:t of the a I In what way W%t 

r.can liberty obtained ! (§1 ant of 



166 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



manence in the public institutions, 'intelligent 
legislation, and 'incorruptible private virtue. 

150 The success of the ' labours of the framers 
of the Constitution has 'thus far been with- 
out 'a parallel. (§ 12.) Here, thought is 
liberal, conduct free, 'property and person 
'secure, manners independent ; and here mind 

155 enjoys its free 'scope. With us alone, now 
rests the chief responsibility of 'testing the 
practicability of a 'republican government. 
We stand as a 'beacon of hope to the enslaved 
millions of other lands, and an object of Yiis- 

160 trust and 'dread to their oppressors. The 
success or failure of our 'example, will dis- 
pense 'light and liberty to the world, or 
'strengthen the hands of tyrants, draw still 
'firmer the chains, and extinguish for ages 

i« the hopes of the oppressed. May no 'dis- 
sensions, no vice or corruption, 'destroy our 
'flattering prospects; and may no dazzling 
visions of ambition, no 'specious pretensions 
of deceiving tyrants, ever induce us to betray 

no our high and 'sacred trust. 

THE CONSTITUTION 

That 'monolith, so lofty and enduring, 

Which fills the eye with its 'proportions grand, 
Has long since 'proved its fitness for securing 

UnnumberM blessings to our 'favor'd land. 
175 It is a 'proper monument beside, 

For all its 'authors, mighty, pure, and sage, 
Who are 'indeed their grateful country's pride, — 

The crowning glory of a 'trying age. 



Wise. 
Pure. 
Toils. 
So. 

An equal 
Wealth- 
Safe. 
Exercise. 
Trying. 
Free. 
Signal. 
Suspicion. 
Fear. 

I'n-cfilrnt. 

Knowledge. 

Nerve. 

Diaacrtemeata. 

Annihilate. 
Favorable. 

Plausible. 

Obelisk. 
Dimensions. 

Shown. 
Happy. 

Framers. 
In truth. 
Testing 



section eleven. (§ 12.) 3S. What great responsibility rests with us? 

39. What is the meaning of monolith — of obelisk, in the 171st line? 

40. Illustrate the difference between them. 



j 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



167 



LESSON XXXII. 
legislative DEPARTMENT** 

(§ 1.) The exercise of legislative, execu- 
tive, and judicial powers, is indispensable to 

the energy and 'stability of government. 
Whenever these are all 'vested in one per- 
3 son, or body of men, the government is a 
despotism* Their entire separation in our 
Constitution, forms one of the strongest pos- 
sible securities to public liberty and 'private 
rights. The advantages of a division in the 
gislative power, also, are numerous. It 
inU a cheek upon hasty or oppressive 

slation; opposes a barrier to the accu- 
mulation of all powers in a single body, 'pre- 
vents any artifices of popular leaders, and 
15 secures a calm review of the same 'measures 
by differently 'organized bodies. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

.) Section second 'relates to the struc- 
ture and 'organization of the house of repre- 
sentatives. This being the more 'popular 
20 branch of the legislature, the members are 
ted at intervals of only two years, that 
the people may have frequent opportunities 



Employment 

Authorities. 

IVrmancncy. 

Reposed. 

Assemblage. 

Detachment. 

Gives. 

Individual. 

Benefits. 

Manifold. 

Places. 

An obstruc- 
tion. 

Hinders. 

Macliinations 

Acts. 

Constructed. 



BMOt 






(§ 1.) 1. What ar" the evils arising from a want of union ? 

it are all legislati \ - vested? 3. Of how many 

bran- I. What powers are necessary to 

government? . r >. What d form ? 6. What are the 

is of a division in I department ! (% 2.) 7. 

often are the members ofths House of Representatives ch< 

era who wtk- n the meaning of wordi, are referred to the 

Sex of «rii/»riyrm an : *es. 

* See Article I. of the Constitution, sections 1st and fed 



168 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



of expressing their approval or 'disapproval 
of their 'conduct, and of making known their 

25 'wishes through them. A representative 
should be of 'sufficient age to enjoy the be- 
nefits of some experience, to have his 'judg- 
ment 'matured, and his principles established, 
and generally known. 'Aliens cannot be ex- 

30 pected to feel that 'attachment to the soil and 
interests of the country, nor that 'acquaint- 
ance with its institutions, which is 'necessary 
to constitute patriotic or 'efficient public offi- 
cers. It is 'important that a representative 

35 should possess ] a familiar knowledge of the 
'interests of those whom he represents, and 
share with them the 'results of the measures 
which he may 'support. (§ 3.) The number 
of representatives was 'restricted to one for 

40 every thirty thousand 'inhabitants, that the 
House might not become 'unreasonably large, 
and too unwieldy for the 'transaction of bu- 
siness. There is also much 'wisdom and 
consideration 'manifested in that provision, 

45 which 'secures to every state, however small, 
one representative; otherwise the 'ratio of re- 
presentation might be 'raised so high as to 
'exclude the smaller states from any share of 
the legislative power in one ' branch. The 



Disapproba- 
tion. 

Proceedings. 

Desires. 

Proper. 

Understand- 
ing. 

Well formed- 

Foreigner!. 

Regard. 

Familiarity. 

Requisite. 

Competent. 

Essential. 

An intimate. 

Advantages. 

Effects. 

Uphold. 

Limited. 

Citizens. 

Immoderately. 

Performance 

Discreetness. 

Exhibited. 

Grants. 

Proportion. 

Elevated. 

Debar. 

House. 



8. By whom? 9. What are the qualifications for electors? 10. Why- 
is a short term of office selected? 11. What are the qualifications 
requisite for members of the House? 12. Why is a qualification in 
respect to age necessary? 13. Why are aliens excluded ? 14. Why 
should the representative be an inhabitant of the state in which he 
is chosen? (§3.) 15. How are representatives apportioned? 16. 
See Article I. of the Constitution, sections 1st and 2d. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 169 



50 ratio of representation established by act of 
Congress, in 1843, is one for seventy thous- 
and six hundred and eighty inhabitants. 

(§4.) The power of impeachment is the 
right to present a written accusation against 

55 persons in high offices, for the purpose of 
bringing them to trial for any misconduct. 
Persons of high rank and influence, who 
might escape punishment before the ordinary 
tribunals, may thus be brought to justice. 

GO The third section of the first article 'treats 
o/'the organization and 'powers of the Senate. 

SENATE.* 

(§ 5.) Two senators are chosen from each 
state, so that in this 'branch all the states are 
'equal: and though the small states may be 

G5 'outvoted in the other branch, by the larger 

ones, here, the smallest stand on a perfect 

equality with the largest. The members are 

sen by the legislature of the state, and are 

therefore the representatives of the states, 

70 and not of the people 'directly. A term of 
six years secures greater stability in its 
counsels, and more experience and inform- 
ation in its members, than a shorter term. 



Made. 

A member. 

Souls. 

Arraignment 

Charge. 

Trusts. 

Misdemeanor 

Station. 

Common. 

Trial. 

Relates to. 

Functions. 

Selected. 

Division. 

Alike. 

Overcome. 

Complete. 

Level. 

Elected. 

Accordingly. 

Immediately. 

Insures. 

Practice. 

Briefer. 



ie census to be made? 17. How i> the number of represen- 
tatives limited! 18. Why thus limited? 19. Why is it important 
that e l have at least one representative ! 20. What is 

the r 1 in 1843? (§4.) 21. How are vacancies filled? 

ire the speaker and other officers chosen ? 23. Over what 
r ? 24. W lint li the power of impeachment? 

Of what it the Senate coenpoc How are the mem- 

bers cho*' F<-r what 28. Why il :in eqaal number 

cho*'-' epresent ! 30. 

I does a v- years secure ! 81. What proportion is oh 

• 



170 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



The 'whole body is changed in six years, 
75 and 'must always retain a large share of ex- 
perience in public 'matters. The Senate is 
an 'important check upon government ; and 
it is worthy of 'remark, that those republics 
that have 'endured the longest, and secured 
80 most the 'respect of mankind, have been 
'shielded by the wisdom and foresight of 
Senates. (§ 6.) The 'office of Senator being, 
in some respects, more 'important than that 
of Representative, greater age is 'required. 
85 The term of citizenship is also 'increased, on 
account of the connexion of the Senate with 
'foreign nations, in the appointment of am- 
bassadors, and the formation of treaties. 
Nine years does not appear to be an unrea- 
90 sonable term for a foreigner to lose his at- 
tachment for his 'native country, and become 
'identified with the interests of his adopted 
'country. 

(§ 7.) A Senator must also be x an inha- 
bit bitant of the State which he represents, that 
he may be acquainted with the ' local inte- 
rests and 'wants of the State, and share in 
the effect of 'measures, relating to the rights 
and 'sovereignty of the State. Here, we 
ioo may 'observe, that no qualification, as to pro- 



Entire. 

Will. 

Affairs. 

Essential. 

Observation. 

Continued. 

Regard. 

Protected. 

Post. 

Momentous. 

Demanded. 

Lengthened. 

Intercourse. 

Distant. 

Regard. 

Motlur. 

Land. 

A resident. 

Arts for. 
Particular. 

Requirement*. 

Acta. 

Supremacy. 

Remark. 



every second year"? 32. How may temporary appointments be made? 
33. In what time is the whole body changed ? 34. What does it al- 
ways retain? 35. What are the qualifications requisite for a senator? 
(§ 6.) 36. Why is greater age required for a Senator than for a member 
of the House? 37. Why a longer term of citizenship ? 38. Why 
should he be an inhabitant of the State which he represents? (§ 7.) 
See Article I. of the Constitution, section 3d. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17] 



perty, is required either in regard to Sena- 
tors or Representatives. 'Merit and talent 
have free access to the highest stations of 
honor in the land, and thus receive direct 

ioo and powerful 'encouragement (§ 8.) The 

:ate is probably the most suitable body 

upon which this power could have been 

conferred. It is generally composed of men 

of distinguished talent, mature age, and ripe 

no experience, in whose wisdom and 'integrity 

the whole country have 'confidence. In a 

great degree removed from popular passions, 

and the influence of sectional prejudices, they 

uld be likely to act impartially. On ac- 

115 count of their numbers, and the assurance 
arising from 'permanency of place and dig- 
nity of station, they would act independently. 
(§ 9.) It is, moreover, a political body, and 
acquainted with the rights and duties of the 

i» public officers who should be brought before 
it. Trials for impeachment are not such as 
usually come before the Supreme Court ; the 
court is not, therefore, 'accustomed to ex- 
amining cases of political 'delinquency. — 

i-io 'Besides, one of its judges may be the very 
person to be impeached, and in that case 



Respect. 

Worth. 

Offices. 

Immediate. 

Assistance. 

Proper. 

Trust. 

Bestowed. 

Eminent. 

Uprightness. 

Credence. 

Impulses. 

Territorial. 

Equitably. 

Confidence. 

Stabdity. 

Without re- 
straint. 

Furthermore 
Familiar. 
Functionaries. 
Misdemeanor*. 

Customarily. 

Used. 

Guilt. 

MTCovrr. 
A rr;u -r.cd 



39.1s there any property qualification required in a Senator? 40. 
Who i5 president of the Senate ? 41. When may he vote? 42. What 
officers are chosen by the Senate? (§8) *3. What body has sole 
power to try impeachments, and who presides when the president 
is to be tried ? 4 \. What number is necc^ary to convict? 4- r >. What 
are v mi why tho Senate is the most Mutable body for 

the trial of imp Why II DOt the Supreme Court 

suita! ' f% 10.) 47. How flu does 

n tth. 



172 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



the court would be ' likely to feel a strong 
'partiality for one of its members. (§ 10.) 
The 'object of impeachment being punish- 

130 ment for political offence, the removal from 
office 'appears to be sufficient. Yet, that they 
may not 'escape chastisement, they are ame- 
nable to trial and 'punishment in the courts 
of law. For this 'reason, trial for impeach- 

135 ment may have been 'excluded from the 
courts ; for then, they would 'decide twice 
upon the same 'offence. (§ 11.) Each state is 
'allowed to consult its own local convenience 
in reference to the time and place of 'elec- 

140 tion ; but, as the 'ability of the government 
to carry on its 'operations, depends upon 
these elections, the 'ultimate power to make 
or alter such 'regulations, in order to pre- 
serve the 'efficiency of the government, is 

H5 'placed in Congress. Otherwise, the govern- 
ment would possess no 'means of self-pre- 
servation. The more 'carefully we examine 
the nice 'arrangement and the skilful distri- 
bution of the powers of the 'Constitution, 

150 the more shall we be 'impressed with the 
surpassing wisdom of its 'construction, and 
the more shall we 'imbibe the patriotic zeal 
of its 'framers. 



Apt. 
Favor. 
Purpose. 
TransgTes- 

Seems. 

Avoid. 

Penalty. 

Cause. 

Debarred. 

Determine. 

Crime. 

Permitted. 

Choosing. 

Power. 

Measures. 

Final. 

Schemes. 

Enenry. 

Vested. 

Power. 

rifely. 
onl.r. 

rue law 
Cub timed of. 
Format ion. 
Receive. 
Const rurtrrc. 



judgment extend in cases of impeachment? 48. To what else is the 
convicted party, liable? 49. Why were trials for impeachment ex- 
cluded from courts? (§ 11.) 50. How are the times, places, and 
manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, pre- 
scribed? 51. Who may alter such regulations? 52. With what ex- 
ception? 53. Why is this power necessarily left to Congress? 
See Article I. of the Constitution, section 1th. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 173 



LESSON XXXIII. 

DUTIES AND COMPENSATION OF THE MEMBERS; AND 
OF THE POWEUS OF CONGKE*>. ' 

(§1.) The power to judge of elections 
must be lodged somewhere, in order to pre- 
vent impositions ; and if vested in any other 
body, might prove 'dangerous to the legis- 
5 lative department. It is important that some 
number should be fixed for the transaction 
of business; or laws might "sometimes be 
Bsed by a minority, and thus defeat the 
rign of the Constitution. A power to 
mpel the attendance of absentees is also 
indispensable, or legislation might be 'utterly 
suspended. No body can 'transact business 
with proper 'order and deliberation, nor pre- 
serve its 'dignity and self-respect, without 
15 the power of making and enforcing its own 
rules. (§ 2.) A member, knowing that his 
'vote upon every question is recorded where 
it is exposed to public view, and may be 
brought in judgment against him, will vote 
20 with deliberation and caution upon every 
'measure presented for consideration. Both 
H< »uses must concur to enact a law. Hence 
the provision to prevent unnecessary adjourn- 



Ctaoiet nada 

ol othYcrs. 
Placed. 
Wrongs. 
Hazardous. 
Requisite. 
Performance. 
Occasionally. 
Enacted. 
Object. 
Enforce. 
Totally. 
Do. 

Method- 
Honor. 
Ability. 
Regulations. 
Suffrage. 
Open- 
Account. 

Considera- 
tion. 

Act. 
Make. 



(§ 1.) 1. Of what is each House the judge? 2. What constitutes a 

What may a smaller number do? 4. Why is the power 

to judjje of the election?, fa . <<f ifti DWO members, given to each 

y should a majority be required 10 OOMtitatfl 1 quorum? 

House over its pro Mid members? 

essary to Congress | (< J.) 8. What 

•See Ar'M '»• 1 of the <"< > n*tituti' 



174 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



ment and needless 'delay in the transaction of 

25 business. Congress must 'adjourn, every se- 
cond year, on the 3d of March, ' because on 
that day the term of 'office of all the represent- 
atives and one-third of the senators expires. 
(§ 3.) 'Objections have been made to al- 

30 lowing a 'compensation to members, because 
it was alleged that it 'tempted the unworthy to 
intrigue for office, 'chiefly on account of the 
pay. On the other hand, if no 'compensa- 
sation was 'allowed, none but the wealthy 

35 would be found in the 'halls of Congress, and 
'poverty might exclude the highest merit from 
the 'councils of the nation. Senators and 
Representatives are 'paid from the national 
'treasury eight dollars per day. The exemption 

40 of members from 'arrest, must not be consi- 
dered a personal privilege, for the benefit of 
the member, but for the benefit of his 'con- 
stituents, who might be deprived of his 'ser- 
vices and 'influence in the national councils. 

45 'Exemption from being questioned for "any 
speech or debate," is also a public right, 'de- 
signed to secure independence and firmness 



Retarding. 
Prorogue. 
For. 
•Service 
Terminates. 
'ions. 
Recompense. 
Incited. 

Mainly. 

Remunera- 
tion. 

Seats. 

Inchcenre. 

Assemblies. 

Compensated 

Mtory. 
Seizure. 
Advantage. 

Fellow-coun- 
sellors. 

I.tUTS. 

Weight. 
Instituted. 



must each House keep, and from time to time publish ? 9. What pro- 
portion is necessary to have ibe yeas and nays entered on the journal? 
10. What is the object of this? 11. How long can one House adjourn 
without the consent of the other? 12. Why cannot it adjourn for a 
longer time ? 13. Why must Congress adjourn every second year on the 
3d of March ? 14. In what cases are they privileged from arrest ? 15. 
Can they be questioned in any other place for any speech or debate in 
either House? (§ 3.) 16. What are some of the reasons for allo\\ tag 
compensation to members? 17. How much are they paid? 18. For 
what reasons are they privileged from arrest? 19. From being ques- 
for any speech or debate? (§4.) 20. What offices are the members 
See Article I. of the Constitution, section 6. 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 175 



in action, and freedom in 'debate. (§ i.) 
'Legislators are thus prevented from holding 

50 any office inconsistent with their legislative 
duties. An intermingling of the department* 
is also prevented. The House of Repre- 
sentatives have the power of 'levying taxes. 
The probable reason why 'revenue bills 

55 must originate in the House of Represen- 
tatives is, that the members are 'elected 
directly by the people, and therefore ac- 
quainted with their local 'interests and their 
wishes, while the Senators are 'chosen by 

60 the legislatures of the states. It is also in 
accordance with the 'usages of the British 
Parliament; all bills for 'raising revenue 
must originate in the House of Commons, 
which corresponds xcith our House of Re- 

55 preventatives. According to the 'usages of 
Congre^B, bills that indirectly 'create or aug- 
ment the revenue, 'may originate in the Se- 
nate as well as the House of Representatives. 
.) The 'veto is generally regarded as 

70 imposing a salutary 'check upon rash and 
sty legislation. The power of the presi- 
dent is only negative, and is not absolute; 
if a bill be passed by a vote of two-thirds, 
er reconsideration, it becomes a law, not- 

15 withstanding his veto. The veto 'power has, 



IVsctission. 
Lawgivers. 
Incompatible 
A. commingling. 

obviated. 

Assessing. 

Income. 

Have origin. 

Chosen. 

Immediately. 

Advantages. 

Elected. 

Assemblies. 

Customs. 

Collecting. 

Commence. 

Is similar to. 

Practices. 

Make. 

Can. 

Delegates. 

Prohibition. 

Restraint. 

Authority. 

Condition d. 

Carried. 

Review. 

Privilege. 



; from holding? 21. Why? 22. Where do revenue bills 
origir. Why? 24. To wboai must cwry bill he presented 

•■ a law ? (< 5.) 25. What ii done if be re* i 
m a bill ! - >T How ? 28. 

■ What i bje tkmi bare 

See'. deCooetilntlon, «w-rti.,n " 



176 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



however, in its present form, many 'opposers, 
who 'contend that it is a monarchical fea- 
ture in the government — 'enables one man 
to set his private 'opinions against the wishes 

80 of the people — and ought to be modified- 
(§ 6.) The adjournment is very 'properly 
left to the 'discretion of Congress, unless the 
two houses disagree, when it devolves on 
the Tresident. The eighth section of article 

85 first 'specifies the legislative powers conferred 
on Congress. Congress has power to ' lay 
and 'collect taxes, duties, imposts, and ex- 
cises, in order to 'pay the debts, and provide 
for the common 'defence and general wel- 

90 fare, but for no other purpose. They must 
be 'uniform. Congress is thus prohibited 
from giving an 'undue preference to any 
particular section of the Union, or to the 
particular 'interests of any party. 

95 (§ 7.) In 'times of war, the expenses of 
one year may exceed the revenue of many 
years. 'Emergencies may also arise in times 
of peace, when the 'ordinary revenue would 
be found 'insufficient to meet the demands 

ioo upon government. In such cases the effi- 
ciency of the government would be 'greatly 



Opponent*. 

Argue. 

Help*. 

Views. 

Changed. 

Wisely. 

Judgment 

Passes to. 

Division. 

Names. 

Levy. 

Gather. 

CanceL 

Protection. 

Equal. 

Improper. 

Part. 

Benefits. 

Seasons. 

Be more than 

Exigencies. 

Usual. 

Inadequate. 

Power. 

Much, 



been made to it? 30. To whom must every order, resolution, or vote 
be presented? (§ G.) 31. Can Congress adjourn without the consent 
of the president? 32. What if the two Houses disagree? 33. For 
what purposes has Congress power to lay and collect taxes, &c. ? 34. 
Must they be uniform? 35. Why is it important? 36. Illustrate 
the difference between taxes and duties. 37. Between imposts and 
excises. 38. Illustrate in sentences their various meanings. (§ 7.) 39. 
How may congress borrow money? 40. For what purposes is this 
See Article I. of the Constitution, section 8. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



177 



'impaired, without this power, and even its 

very existence might be endangered. The 
power to regulate commerce with foreign 
ioo nations can only be safely 'entrusted to Con- 
gress. It cannot be 'left to the states. Ex- 
perience under the Confederation taught this. 
Each state then pursued its own imaginary 
local interests; opposite and 'conflicting re- 
no gulations were adopted; 'rivalry and jealousy 
impelled each to retaliatory 'measures ; our 
commerce 'dechned, and became the prey 
of foreign nations ; contention was rife ; 'an- 
archy and ruin seemed to be near at hand. 
no (§ 8.) To prevent conflicting 'arrangements 
by the states, the power to 'establish " a uni- 
form rule of 'naturalization" is given to Con- 
gress. Citizens of one state are entitled to 
the rights and privileges of citizens in an- 
120 other. Now, if one state should 'require 
a long term of residence, and another a 
short one, a foreigner by becoming natural- 
ized in that which required the 'shortest 
term, might immediately remove to any 
i-» other, and claim all the privileges of a citi- 
zen. The term of ' residence required by 
Co - five years. Bankrupt laws are 

'designed to obtain for honest but unfortunate 
discharge from debts which they 
no are unable to pay- They also secure to 



Weakened. 
Jeoparded. 

Adjust. 
Committed. 

Submitted. 

Showed. 
Followed. 

daahfng. 

Competition. 

Proceedings. 

Diminished. 

Confusion. 

Appeared. 

Plans. 

Create. 

Indenization. 

Residents. 

Advantages. 

Ask 

Period. 

An alien. 

Briefest. 

At once. 

IVmand. 

Hal itation. 

Statutes. 

InW-ndfd. 

rioaiaarn 

Discharge;. 



teuaryl 41. What power baa oongresf orer commerce 1 

42. What • iW not be leA tt> the state* * 

r has congress with regard lo naturalisation and bank- 
See Artirh I of • • 



178 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



creditors a full surrender of, and an equal 
participation in, the 'effects of the debtor. 
The states have power to pass ' bankrupt 
laws, when there is no bankrupt law of the 
135 United States in 'force. 

(§ 9.) Money being the 'standard by which 
all merchandise and property of every kind, 
as well as the value of labor, are 'measured, 
should be of uniform value throughout the 
no nation. A like reason might be 'assigned 
for 'fixing the standard of weights and mea- 
sures. They cannot, therefore, be ' left to 
the states, as this would produce intermin- 
able confusion and embarrassment. Con- 
ns gross has power to punish 'infringements 
upon its sole right to 'coin money, and to 
prevent 'forgery and fraud upon its securi- 
ties when they borrow money. (§ 10.) As 
the mails are to be carried to all parts of 
150 the Union, the 'adoption of any uniform 
system of 'regulations by the different states 
would be impossible. The post-oflice is one of 
the most 'useful departments of government. 
By it, 'intelligence, literary and private, is 
155 'disseminated through the country with great 
'speed and regularity. It keeps the people 
constantly 'advised of the doings of their 



Resignation. 

Property. 

Insolvent. 

Enactment. 

Operation. 

Medium. 

Effects. 

Gauged. 

Equai 

Given, 

Establishing 

Referred. 

Continual. 

Perplexity. 

Encroach- 
ment*. 

Mint 

Counterfeit- 
ing. 

I Lre. 
Conveyed. 

Selection. 

Rule*. 

Unattainable 

Beneficial 

Infoimation 

Spread, 

I>i>jatch. 

Informed. 



ruptcies? 44. Why may not the states enact naturalization laws? 
45. For what are bankrupt laws designed? (§ 9.) 46. What power 
has congress over moneys, weights and measures? 47. For what rea- 
son is this power given to Congress rather than to the states ? 48. In 
what case may Congress punish counterfeiting? (10) 49. What 
power has it in regard to post-offices and post-roads? 50. Why? 
See Article I. of the Constitution, section 8. 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 179 



rulers, which is indispensable for a free go- 
vernment. 'Authors of valuable works, and 

i«o 'discoverers of useful inventions ought to be 
'considered public benefactors, and should 
receive encouragement and reward for their 
labors. They cannot obtain ' protection 
from the states. A copy-right or 'patent, 

M given by one state, might be 'violated with 
impunity by all the 'others. 

(§11.) Piracy is 'generally defined to be 
robbery upon the high seas. Pirates are the 
declared enemies of all nations, and may 

ito be punished by any nation. The laws of 
nations can only be 'deduced from reason 
and the law of nature, and the 'practices 
and general consent of 'civilized nations. 
Each government is 'responsible to foreign 

175 governments for the 'conduct of its citizens 
on the high seas, and must have 'power to 
punish any 'infraction of the laws of na- 
tions. (§ 12.) The power to 'declare war 
must evidently be deposited with the general 
l eminent. It seems to belong 'appropri- 
atelv to Congress, where all the states and 
all the 'people are represented. Congress 
y raise and support armies; but no ap- 



Requisite. 

Writers. 

Introducers. 

Deemed. 

Compensa- 
tion. 

Support. 

Privilege. 

Invaded. 

Rest. 

1'suallr. 

Open waters. 

Foes. 

Condemned. 

Drawn. 

Usages. 

Learned. 

Answerable. 

Deportment. 

A utbority. 

Violation. 

Wage. 

Obviously. 

Fitly. 

Commoawrtltht 

Inhabitants. 



What are \\\o ! this department 1 52. How may Coo- 

science an 1 the u - * • fi j I arts? . r ).'{. Why may not a state 
*rant a copy-rig I I 54. What power has Congress in regard 

to e-" ' (S 11.) • r >- r >- What powei in regard to pira- 

'. What is piracy 1 T>7. Why may 

any l gainst the la ws of nations 1 (§ 1*2.) 

r 1 tO war | 59. Why i- tin- 

ngress 1 60. What ar<> letters of manrne and 

See Artirlr I of tbeCoostitotioi. 



180 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



propriation of money to that 'use shall "be for 

185 a longer 'term than two years." Without 
this authority, the power to 'declare war 
would be 'nugatory. It secures promptitude 
of action ; and by being always 'prepared 
for war, a nation may frequently 'avoid it. 

190 This power is also important, for the 'sup- 
pression of domestic 'insurrections. As this 
power might be 'abused in times of peace, 
a restriction is placed upon the grant of 'ap- 
propriations for the support of armies. 

105 (§13.) Congress 'may "provide for and 
'maintain a navy." This power has the same 
'objects as that to raise and maintain armies. 
It is 'considered less dangerous to the liber- 
ties of the people than \in army. There is 

200 no 'record of any nation having been de- 
prived of liberty by its navy, while many have 
been ruined by their 'armies. A navy is very 
'important for the protection of commerce, 
and is a strong arm of 'defence in war. 

205 Congress may "make rules for the govern- 
ment and 'regulation of the land and naval 
forces." This* power is 'an indispensable 
consequence of the preceding clauses. (§ 14.) 
The next power of Congress is to ' pro- 

210 vide for " calling forth the militia to exe- 



Purpose. 

Period. 

Make. 

Ineffectual. 

Ready. 

Prevent. 

Checking. 

Rebellions. 

MlMlSt'd. 

Supplies. 
Maintenance 

Support. 

Thought. 
A soldiery. 
.Wvount. 
Fleet of ship* 
wrces. 
NY.dfu'. 
Protection. 
Control. 
Management 
A necessary. 
Previous. 

ftfaks provi- 

mam, 

Knforre. 



reprisal? 61. For what purpose are they granted ? 02. What power 
in regard to armies? 63. How is this power restricted? 64. "What 
are its objects? (§ 13.) 65. What power in regard to a navy? 60. 
What are the benefits of. a navy? 67. What power in regard to the 
regulation of land and naval forces? 08. To what is this power 
incident? (§ 14.) 69. For what purposes may Congress call forth the 
See Article 1 of the Constitution, section 8. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 18] 



cute the laws of the Union, suppress insur- 
rections, and repel 'invasions." Among a 
free people, there are the 'strongest objec- 
tions to maintaining a large standing army, 

215 justly deemed the curse of republics. This 
} «>\ver of calling on the 'militia prevents this 
necessity, which must otherwise 'exist, for 
the purpose of suppressing insurrections and 
riots. The power 'exercised by Congress 

220 over the militia is designed to 'secure uni- 
formity and energy of action, while the 'con- 
trol left to the states 'prevents them from 
being entirely deprived of the means of mili- 
tary defence, in any sudden 'emergency. 

Ml (§ ir>.) It is indispensable that government 
should have power to enforce its authority in 
the place where its functionaries convene, so 
that they shall not be liable to 'insult, or to have 
their proceedings interrupted by force. One 

m instance has occurred, where, being unable 
to obtain the protection of the state in which 
they were, they were obliged to adjourn to 
another place. (^10.) The 'power over 
places 'purchased for the erection of forts, 

S8 etc.. was dictated by similar reasons to 
that over the seat of government. This 
declares in plain language the power of 



Subdue. 

Incursions. 

Greatest. 

Sujijxirting. 

Bane. 

Citizen sol- 
diery. 

Be. 

SuMunig. 

Wielded. 

Maintain. 

Governance. 

Hinders. 

Wholly. 

Exigency. 

Needful. 

Ability. 

Officers. 

Abuse. 

Debates. 

Occasion. 

Acquire. 

Compelled. 

Authority. 

Boegfct 

like. 
Site. 



militia? 70. What necessity does this power prevent? 71. What 
power ha' I the organizing and governing of the militia? 

tei I 73 For what purpose 7 74. 

wee between immmct kMB and yfafil (§15.) 75. 

i over the seat of poverninenl and placet par- 

ibeee poweni i I 77. What is the 

See Article I of tfe •n, icction 8. 



182 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



Congress to 'employ all necessary and proper 
means to carry out the 'foregoing powers. 
240 It is 'clear, that a power to do a thing, with- 
out the right to use the 'necessary means to 
perform it, w r ould be an idle and 'useless 
power. But this clause is inserted to avoid 
all possible 'doubt, for 

245 The bane of governments is 'want of power 

To make effective 'wholesome laws enacted, 
And steadfastness 'forsakes them from the hour 
Concessions are of 'feebleness exacted. 



Apply. 

Preceding. 

Evident. 

Needful. 

Futile. 

Put in. 

DJMI it;iiiity 

Lack. 

Useful. 

Desert* 



present seat of government? 78. By whom selected? (§ lfi.) 7<». 
What general powers are given to Coflgresi ! 80. For what pot] 
81. Give the four last lines of the lewon in prose, and supply the eili | 



LESSON XXXIV. 

PROHIBITIONS UPON THE POWERS OF CONGRESS, 
AND UPON THE STATES.* 

(§ 1.) The ninth section of the first 'article cuom. 

treats of the 'limitations and prohibitions h<> 

upon the power of Congress. " The'migra- Expatriation 

tion or 'importation of such persons, as any Entrance 

5 of the States now existing shall think 'proper Fit. 

to admit, shall not be 'prohibited by the Con- ForWiOaa 

gress, prior to the year one thousand eight r.eviou* 

hundred and eight. But a tax or duty may impost. 

be 'imposed upon such importation, not ex- Levied. 

10 ceeding ten dollars for each "person." This mmm, 

clause will be understood as 'referring to the Relating. 



(§ 1.) 1. What prohibition upon Congress in respect to the migra- 
tion or importation of certain persons? 2. What tax may be imp 
* See Article I. of the Constitution, section 9. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



183 



slave-trade. Congress ^vas 'prohibited from 
passing any act to prevent the importation 
of 'slaves until the year 1808. Boob after 

15 this restriction was removed, Congress 
abolished the slave-trade, thus setting the 
first example of its interdiction in modern 
times. (§&) The writ of habeas corpus is 
a term used in common law, and is em- 

90 ployed, when a person is imprisoned, to 
ertain whether the imprisonment is lawful 
or not. The writ, " habeas corpus," signi- 
fies 4i you may have the body," and autho- 
rizes the officer to whom it is directed, to 

25 bring the prisoner from 'confinement, before 
a judge, and if the cause of the imprison- 
ment be insufficient, he is immediately set 
at liberty. This is justly esteemed the great 
bulwark of personal liberty, and cannot be 
upended unless u the public 'safety require 
it." 

(§ 3.) " \o bill of attainder, or ex post 
facto law, shall be passed." A bill of at- 
tainder, is an act 'convicting a person of 
ne fault, for which it inflicts upon him 
punishment of death, without any trial. 
Surfi acts, u they deprive a person of life 
without any lags] proof of his guilt, are in the 



Prevented. 
Prohibit. 

Peranna In bond- 

Restraint. 

Destroyed. 

Prohibition. 

Days. 

Phrase. 

Incarcerated 

Determine. 

Means. 

Empowers. 

Addressed. 

Durance. 

Reason. 

Inadequate. 

Rightly. 

Defence. 

Intermitted. 

'Security. 

Impeachment. 

Enacted. 

Criminating. 

Brings. 

Penalty. 

Ik reave. 

Criminality. 



To what does thi< prohibition refer? 4. Has the slave 

! ? (§ 2.) 5. When, only. <an the privilege of the 

<.f babeai rorpoi be Mtpended I 6. What is a writ of habeas 

- | 7 What . ! ($ 3.) 8. Can a hill of attainder or 

is a hill of attainder ? 10. 
i) a bill Of att'iijvhr ;m<[ an ex post facto 



184 



COMMENTARY ON THE. 



highest degree 'reprehensible. Ex post facto 

40 laws are laws made after the 'act is done. 
By these a person might be 'punished for acts 
which were lawful when 'committed. The ty- 
ranny and injustice of these laws are 'apparent. 
(§ 4.) " No tax or duty shall be laid on arti- 

45 cles exported from any State. No 'prefer- 
ence shall be given by any 'regulation of 
commerce, or revenue to the ports of one 
State over those of another; nor shall 'ves- 
sels, bound to or from one State, be obliged 

50 to enter, clear, or pay 'duties, in another." 
The 'design of these two clauses is similar; 
it is to preserve the equal 'rights of the 
states, and to 'prevent Congress from giving 
any 'undue preference to the interests and 

55 'pursuits of one state over those of another. 
(§5.) "No money shall be 'drawn from 
the treasury, but in consequence of appro- 
priations made by law. And a regular state- 
ment and account of the receipts and expen- 

G0 ditures of all public money shall be published 
from time to time." Thus, the expenditures 
of the 'president are made dependent upon 
the 'appropriations of the people's representa- 
tives. An 'account of the expenditures and 

65 'receipts is to be published, that the people 



Censurable. 

Deed. 

Chastised. 

Done 

Obvious. 

Goods. 

Favor. 

Law. 

Harbors. 

Ships. 

Compelled. 

Taxes. 

Piin.nsr. 

Privileges. 

Debar. 

Improper. 

Ki.C^rro.ntii. 

Taken. 



Detail. 
Disburse - 

M;ul»; known 
Expenses. 
Chief magis- 

G rants. 

Exhibit. 
Moneys re- 



law ? 11. What are ex post facto laws? (§ 4.) 12. What restriction 
in respect to taxes, commerce and revenue? 13. What is the purpose 
of these restrictions? (§ 5.) 14. In what manner, only, can money be 
drawn from the treasury? 15. Why should an account of expendi- 
tures be kept and published? 16. Why may not titles of nobility be 
granted ? 17. Why may not an officer receive a present, office or title 
See Article I. of the Constitution, section 9. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 185 



may bo acquainted with the nature, extent, 
and authority of each. (§ (>.) A perfect 
equality, not only in rights and privileges, 
but in rank, among all citizens, being con- 

70 lemplated by the 'Constitution, there would 
be manifest impropriety in allowing Con- 
gress to grant titles of nobility. To pre- 
vent bribery of national servants by foreign 
nations, officers of the government are 'pro- 

75 hibited from accepting any present, 'emolu- 
ment, office, or title. The tenth 'section of 
the first article contains the 'prohibitions 
upon the states. 

(§ 7.) M No State shall enter into any treaty, 

60 alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of 
marque, or reprisal ; or coin money." Such 
powers are 'reposed exclusively in the national 
government. They cannot be exercised by 
states of various local interests, and acting 

sj from a different policy, without 'conflicting 
with each other, and with the general go- 
vernment. The " bills of credit" alluded to, 
are a denomination of paper money 'issued 
by the colonies before the revolution, and 
terwards by the states. No -adequate funds 
e provided to redeem them, and they 
'depreciated, until they became nearly or 
quite valueless. (§ 8.) From this example, 



Character. 

Force. 

Uniformity. 

Standing. 

Chnrter of 
rights, 

Un.siiitable- 

IKSS. 

Rank. 

Corruption. 

Debarred. 

Reward. 

Division. 

Interdictions 

On- 
Become a 

party to. 

Compact. 

Stamp. 

Placed. 

Used. 

Numerous. 

Interfering. 

Main. 

Rufti'iud. 

Sent out. 

Previous to. 
Sufficient. 
Set apart. 

I.ewnrd in 
value. 

Worthless. 



fr,.m U y ment? (§ 6.) 18. Why are officers of the 

Lted fru:n MCaptim ' xn Y I>^ ,s, ' nt frnm foreign ^ov- 

••nts ? ($7.) 19. Why i« DC* » ■»*• •Uowed t<> make treaties, 

gTant letters of BMU Wb9* are bilk of credit? 

See I ■ Coortitwtioti, nation 10, page 129. 

~: i6*~~ 



186 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



may be seen the propriety of 'prohibiting 
95 their 'emission. The making " anything but 
gold and silver coin a tender in payment of 
debts," has been l found to be attended with 
similar 'pernicious results, and is prohibited 
for similar 'reasons. The power to pass 
100 "any 'bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or 
law impairing the obligation of 'contracts, 
or to grant any title of nobility," is denied to 
the states. The reasons why they are de- 
nied to the general government have been '(//- 
105 luded to; and the same 'objections exist in 
'regard to the states. 

(§9.) It will be 'seen that the powers here 
denied to the states, belong to, and are ex- 
ercised by 'Congress. The same could not 
no be intrusted to the individual states, without 
'producing confusion, and engendering feuds 
* destructive cf the prosperity, and dangerous 
to the 'peace, of the Union. In case of ac- 
tual invasion, when delay would be attended 
us with pernicious, if not. fatal consequences, 
they have power to engage in defensive war. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.* 

(§ 10.) The second article relates to the 
structure, 'organization and powers of the 
'Executive Department. 'Section first is as 



Forbidding. 

Issue. 

An offer. 

DiscoYered. 

Dcstructire. 

Causes. 

Instrument. 

Bond*. 

Refused . 

Withheld 
from. 

Spoken of 

Rmmi. 

iM.l. 

Tha Na'mnal 
mtily. 

Separate. 

siting. 

iMrmnntal 
to. 

Incursion. 

Ruinous. 

Protective 



Refers. 

Regulation. 

Presidential 



(§ S.) 21. Why may not the states pass bills of attainder, ex post facto 
laws, or grant any title of nobility'? (§0.) 22. What restrictions are 
laid upon the states in respect to duties'? 23. What, in respect to 
troops and ships of war, compacts with the other states or foreign 
powers, and engaging in war? 24. Why are these powers denied 
to the states? 25. In what case may a state engage in war? (§ 10.) 
* See Article II. of the Constitution, section 1, page 130. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 187 



Hi follows: "The executive power shall be 
vested in a President of the United Stat 
America. He shall hold his office during 

the term of four years ; and together with 

the Vice-President, chosen for the same term. 

m be elected as follows." The executive power 

is 'vested in a single individual, to secure 
energy and promptitude in the administra- 
tion. The term of four years is long enough 
to secure independence and 'firmness in the 

cution of his duties; but not so long as 
to remove B sense of responsibility to, and 
dependence upon* the people. In case of the 
iney of the office of President, by death, 
impeachment, or otherwise, the Vice-Presi- 
EH dent succeeds him in office. (§11.) The 
President and Vice-President ' commence 
their duties on the fourth day of March, 
liflg their election. The first govern- 
ment under the Constitution vent into opc- 
ho ration on the 4th of 'March, 1789, there- 
fore it is on this day that 'every second 
year a new House of Representatives is 'vested 
with official power, and one-third of th» 
nate is renewed: hence the term new ('on- 
us grc-^. Representatives and Senators 'may 
be 're-elected to office, and consequently con- 
tinue to be wumbers of Con^ s long as 



Authority 

Confederated 

Rttain. 
Period. 
Selected. 

Acting. 

Lodged. 

Despatch. 

Space. 

Steadiness. 

Performance 

Feeling. 

Citizens. 

Place. 

In any other 
in. inner. 

Follows. 
Degfei 

Functions. 
A Her. 

Commenced. 
Third month. 
F.ach. 
Clothed. 

tad. 
Phrase. 
Cnn. 
Chosen. 
Delegate! in. 



. whom ia the • I 27. Sow long doei the 

: ' . Why U the 

exec. in a single individual 1 (§11.) 30. When 

did the first g : go into operation nn<h-r the Constitution 1 

See A • 



188 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



the citizens of their 'respective states see pro- 
per to keep them in the National 'Legislature. 

150 (§ 12.) The 'name of the Congress for any 
year may be found by ! — 1789, the year the 
Congress first originated, from the 'current 
year, and 'dividing the remainder by two ; if 
the 'result is an even number, it denotes the 

155 'number of the Congress of the year ; if there 
'remains one, this last remainder is to be 
'added to the quotient, and the result will be 
the Congress of the year. 'Ex. 1848 — 
1789 '= 59 -f- 2 = 29 + 1 remainder = 30, 

ioo the name of the new Congress, in 'session 
for the year 1818. (§13.) The 'people do 
not 'vote actually for President, but for elec- 
tors ; and these electors vote 'directly for 
President and Vice-President. This 'plan, 

165 it was thought, would be 'attended with less 
excitement than a purely popular election. 

No 'right hereditary names the chief 

Ordain'd our country's 'togged sons to guide — 
No 'warrior famous, grasping as a thief, 
170 Can here 'through bayonets to power ride; — 

Our law from all such 'despots gives relief, 

And, 'as our freemen point to it with pride, 
Kings tremble for their 'crowns, and see in grief, 
'Throngs move towards open polls with manly stride, 
175 Where, free from 'sharpened sabres at their throats, 
They cast in peace their 'silent, mighty votes. 



Several. 

Council. 

Appellation. 

Subtracting. 

Present. 

Quotient. 
Title. 
Is left. 

+ 

For exnmplc. 

Equal*. 

Continuance. 

Citizens. 

Ballot. 

ssljr. 

Way. 

Accompanied 
by. 

Strictly. 

Privilege of 
birth-right. 

Nervous. 

Leader. 

On. 

Tyrants. 

While. 

Thrones. 

Crowds. 

Keen-edged. 

Quiet. 



(§ 12.) 31. How are the different Congresses named? 32. How can 
you ascertain the name of each Congress? (§13.) 33. How many 
presidential electors are chosen from each state? 34. Do the people 
vote directly for President? 35. Why was the present mode of elec- 
tion preferred? 36. Give the last ten lines of this lesson in prose, 
and supply the ellipses if any. 

See Article 11. of the Constitution, section 1, page 130. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 189 



LESSON XXXV. 

(§ 1.) Article 'XII. of the Amendments 
of the Constitution points out, in \in explicit 
manner, the duties of the electors in casting 
their votes, and gives such directions in re- 
5 gard to the signing, scaling, transmission, 
and opening of the certificates of the elec- 
tors, as are necessary to prevent frauds or 
'alterations. It also provides for an election 
of the President by the House of 'Represen- 
10 tatives, and a Vice-President by the Senate, 
whenever the people fail to make a 'choice 
through their electors. They are, however, 
• ricted in their choice to the three who have 
received the highest number of 'votes. Other- 
15 wise, a person having a 'small number of 
$ might be elected, 'against the wishes of 
a large majority of the people. (§ 2.) The 
design of making all the electors 'give 
their votes on the same day, is to 'prevent 
20 frauds or political combinations and intriggea 
among the colleges. Congress has 'still fur- 
ther provided against frauds in the migra- 
tion of voters from one 'place to another, and 
double- voting, by causing the electors them- 



Twehe. 

a plain. 
Bt tfon . 

Instructions. 
RncJoMiig. 

Unsealing. 
Essential. 
Changes. 

Delegates. 

Second exe- 
cutive officer 

Selection. 

By. 

Choosing. 

Ballots. 

Trifling. 

Contrary to. 

Plurality. 

Cast. 

Avoid. 

Impositions. 

Yet. 

' 

ML 

K» •«i , ;inng. 



($ 1 ) 1. How do the electors- proceed in the ohofe* of President 

How is the Presi lent chosen, when the elec- 

: ul to mak< II w \ te-President ! 4. To what 

number i- ' 5. To what number is 

- nate limit-- 1 ! 6. Why aro they thai limited ? 7. To bOW many 

electors is each ifled from 

being electors ? ($ 2.] H - the tun. rt, and 

See Article XII. of the AmeadneoU of the Coootitnti 



190 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



25 selves to be chosen 'upon the same day 
throughout the 'Union. By a law of Con- 
gress, the 'electors for President and Vice- 
President must be 'appointed on the Tuesday 
'succeeding the first Monday in November. 

30 (§ 3.) The electors are 'required to vote 
for President and Vice-President 'on the first 
Wednesday in December, in 'every fourth 
year after the last 'election. The electors 
do not assemble at l the general seat of gov- 

35 ernment, but 'usually at the capitals of their 
'respective states. The electors in each 
'state are required to make and sign three 
'certificates of all the votes given by them, 
and to 'put the same under seal. One of the 

40 'certificates is to be at once put into the post- 
office, 'directed to the President of the Senate 
at Washington. Another 'certificate is also 
to be 'sent by some responsible person, selected 
by the electors, to the President of the Se- 

45 nate; and the last certificate is to be 'deli- 
vered to the judge of the 'district in which 
the electors shall have assembled. The day 
appointed for opening and counting the votes 
is the second Wednesday of the 'following 



On. 

United States 

Choosers. 

Designated. 

Following. 

Enjoined. 

During. 

Each. 

Choice of offi- 
cers. 

Washington. 

Generallj. 

Particular. 

Commonwealth. 

Attestations. 

Place. 

Authentica- 

Addressed. 

Testimonial. 

Conreyed. 

Chairman. * 

Committed. 

Precmct. 

Convened. 

Numbering; 

Succeeding 



the day on which they shall give their votes, determined ? 10. Why 
should the same day be fixed throughout the Union? (§ 3.) 11. Why 
is it necessary that the House of Representatives choose the President 
before the 4th of March? 12. In case it fails to elect a President, 
what is then done? 13. When are the electors chosen for President 
and Vice-President? 14. When are they required to vote for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President? 15. How many distinct tickets are the 
electors of each state required to sign? 16. What do you suppose is 
the reason of this law? 17. When are the votes of the electors of all 
See Article XII. of the Amendments of the Constitution, page 145. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



191 



50 February. (§ 1.) Section first of Article II. 
also relates to the qualifications of the Pre- 
sident. By the 'requirements o( the Consti- 
tution, the qualifications of the Vice-President 
must be the same as those of the President. 

55 The office of President being the highest 
post ^f honor in the United States, the highest 
degree of attainment is required to render 
a person eligible to that office. As to the 
qualification in respect to age, the middle 

BO period of life has been 'selected, when the 
characters of individuals are ' generally 
known, their talents fairly 'developed, and 
the faculties arc fast ripening into 'maturity. 
\ i true beer ofhu country could see, witii- 

05 out fearful apprehensions, the highest office 
in his country's gift intrusted to any other 
than a citizen of the 'Union. 

.) Provision is made for any pos- 
sible contingency that might occur to pre- 

70 vent a total suspension of the executive 
functions, which would be injurious, if not 
fatal, to the interest of the country. The 
salary of the President is twenty-five th<»u- 
id dollars per annum; that of the Vice- 
thousand dollars. The 'salary 
of- -lent cannot be increased during 



Svcond month. 

Refers. 
Requisitions. 
Capabilities. 
Shall. 

Situation. 

Dignity. 

Aecomplish- 
nient. 

Qualified for. 
Requirement 
Chosen. 

Commonly. 

Formed. 

Perfection. 

Patriot. 

Forebodings 

Given. 

Confederacy 

Precaution. 

Chance. 

An entire. 

PlltlfS. 

Welfare. 
Stipend. 
A ye:ir. 
Kmolument 

Bo] ined. 



ted? (§4.) 18. What qualifications arc requisite for 

Presi l<-iit tli»- same ! 20. Why 

[tiired ' Bl . Wnal i 

of the "Hi * of Presi lent -m>- 

plied President, wrho is to provide for 

ying the vacancy 1 24, What ii the talary of the rVesiJeutl 



192 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



the 'period for which he shall have been 
elected." This provision removes all 'temp- 
tation to use his influence, or to 'intrigue 

80 for its increase during his 'administration. 
It cannot be 'diminished, because this would 
make him 'dependent upon Congress, or an 
humble 'suppliant for its favor. (§ 6.) No- 
thing has contributed so much to the 'sta- 

85 bility and 'unequalled prosperity of our 
country, as the universal and abiding 'prin- 
ciples of Christianity. No witness, no jury- 
man, no judge, no governor, no president 
can ever 'enter upon any duty, without first 

90 being 'placed under oath or affirmation, 
which implies a belief in a supreme being, 
who will 'reward the good and punish the 
'guilty; and it is moreover an appeal to the 
Judge of all to bear witness to the 'purity of 

95 the intentions of the person 'taking the oath 
or affirmation, and is the strongest 'binding 
authority on the 'conscience. 

(§ 7.) Woe be to him who 'inculcates the 
idea that these arc vain and idle forms; 

ioo they were 'ordained by the founders of human 
liberty in America, and no one can 'escape 
the retributive justice of 'Him whose name is 
idly invoked. Should any President' violate his 



Time. 
Inducement 

Plot. 

Term of of- 
fice. 

Sutwtrrient to. 

Petitioner. 
Strength. 
Unparalleled 
Doctrines. 
!>♦", (inent. 
Justice. 
Engage in. 
Hound by. 
Involves. 
Requite. 
Bad. 

Innocence. 
vmg. 
Obligatory. 
Mind. 
Enforces. 
Unprofitable. 
Established. 
Evade 
God. 
Break. 



25. Why may not this salary be increased during his term of office? 

26. Why not diminished? 27. What is the salary of the Vice-Presi- 
dent? 28. What oath is the President to take? (§ G.) 29. What lias 
contributed most to the stability of our form of government? 30. 
What is required from every public functionary on his initiation into 
office ? (§ 7.) 31. What is the consequence of a violation of the so- 

See Article II. of the Constitution, section 1, page 133. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 193 



solemn obligations of office — should he dare 
ioo knowingly to exclude honest merit, and pro- 
le to office for dishonorable ends, the 
fawning tools n\ party; he may receive the 

outward and temporary applause of his ob- 
lioofl sycophants, but will even by them 
no be inwardly despised — his doings will pass 
the searehimr ordeal of an enlightened pos- 
terity, and his happiest fate on earth will be 
an early oblivion: but no evasion can 'shield 
him, of any who pander for power, and 
iter principle for offifee, from the inevit- 
able retribution of heaven. 

rriKB OF THE PRESIDENT.* 

8.) The second section of the second 

article enumerates the powers and duties of 

the President. The command of the army, 

is> navy, and militia, obviously belongs to the 

ailment; for in no other de- 

in we 'expect to find the qualifi- 

- of promptitude of action and unity 

of i indispensable to success in cases 

U5 of war or rebellion. (^ 9.) The President 

>wer to grant 'reprieves and pardons. 91 

imperfections in human 

lav. fallibility of human tribunals, and 

ity that new testimony may be 

i» brought to light, which might prove the inno- 



Crtagtag. 

L'wriKil. 

Secretly. 

Scrutiny. 

Lot 

Protect. 

Cater. 

Place. 

Punishment. 

Part. 

Recounts. 

Direction. 

Plainly. 

Branch. 

Look for. 

Qunkness. 

Nece.^ 

Insurrection. 

H from 
puUahoirnt. 

iMe. 
.uiity 

nee. 
Harmless- 



lemn : nblic functionary ? H2. What 

pow» i \ ($ s.) mmand of the 

army 

the power lo grt . 'ant ? 

"*. p«p 133. 



194 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



cence, or 'mitigate the crime of the offender, I usse». 
render this power 'highly important in the very, 
'administration of justice. Any criminal 
'code, which provides no pardoning or miti- 

135 gating power, would justly be 'considered 
cruel and 'oppressive. The President cannot 
'pardon in cases of impeachment; because 
the 'convicted party might have been acting 
under his 'authority, or be one of his corrupt 

140 favorites. In this 'case, there would be a 

dangerous temptation to 'pardon the guilty. 

(§ 10.) The treaty-making power is so 

extensive, and so 'capable of abuse, that it is 

not 'confided to the President alone, but two- 

145 thirds of the Senate must 'concur with him. 
Thus, a treaty receives the 'sanction of a 
sufficient number of public 'functionaries, to 
give the surest 'guaranty of its utility or ne- 
cessity. The power of appointment fur- 

i5o nishes one of the greatest 'means for exert- 
ing influences, 'possessed by the executive. 
It is, however, guarded in some 'degree, by 
making the appointment dependent upon the 
'concurrence of the Senate. (§ 11.) The Pre- 

155 sident 'removes the officers of his appointment 
without the 'assent of the Senate, and usage 
seems to have given the 'custom validity. It 
lias been 'maintained by some of the StateS- 



Dispensc x.on 

Sy>tem. 

Deemed. 

Tyrannical. 

Remit pun- 
ishment. 

Condemned. 
Sanction. 
Instance. 
Clear. 

Liable to. 
Committed. 

Approbation. 

Officers. 

Warranty. 

Facilities. 
Kujoyed. 
Measure. 

Approval. 
Displaces. 
Concurrence 

Held. 



35. Why may not the President pardon in cases of impeach meat! 
(§ 10.) 36. What body must concur with the President in forming 
treaties? 37. What proportion? 38. What body must concur with 
him in the appointment of ambassadors and other public oflB 
39. Why is the appointing power thus granted? (§ 11.) 40. Is the 
See Article II. of the Constitution, section 2, paq;e 131. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



195 



men who 'assisted in framing the Constitu- Aided 



Ml tion, that where the advice and 'consent of 
the Senate are necessary to an appointment, 
they are also 'necessary to a removal from 
'office. 



.\p;>n»\al. 

IllV. >* 111: lit 

Requisite. 
Employment 



rrence by the Senate necessary to removal from office ! -i l . 
VYbai opinion has hern held by sotne concern iilg this? 4*2. In what 
case has die President power to iill vacancies 1 



LESSON XXXVI. 

(§ 1.) The third section of the second 
article enumerates the duties of the Presi- 
dent. From his general 'supervision of the 
affairs o{ the nation, foreign and domestic, 
5 the President is 'peculiarly qualified to give 
"information of the state of the Union," 
and, from his large experience, to recom- 
mend measures for the 'consideration of Con- 
gress. 'Occasions may arise, when the in- 

10 terests or safety of the nation 'require im- 
mediate action. Hence the necessity of a 
power to convene Congress. He can ad- 
journ Congress only in case of 'disagree- 
ment. '-He shall take care that the laws 

15 be faithfully executed." The great object 
in the establishment of the executive depart- 
ment is, to accomplish a faithful 'execution 



Supcrintend- 
iuice. 

Concerns. 

Particularly. 

Condition. 

know ledge. 

Act ion. 

• incca. 

Demand. 

ration 
Convoke. 

! lew i 



Ju»:]y. 

Administer- 
ing. 

Perfbrmenofl 



(§ 1.) 1. Why i- the pi ecoliarly qualified to give infbrma- 

Why i- th«- power to 

When m DOt adjourn 

Congr--^ ? L. What ihlish- 



196 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



of the laws. (§ 2.) It is a 'duty of the Pre- 
sident to send 'annually to Congress, at the 

20 'opening of the session, a message, which 
should include l a synopsis of all national 
'matters of importance. Special messages 
are often sent to Congress, which have 'par- 
ticular reference to one, or only a few 'sub- 

25 jects. It is evident that the chief magistrate 
of the nation wields an 'immense and increas- 
ing influence through patronage. The num- 
ber of postmasters alone, 'dependent on the 
'executive, in 1846, was fourteen thousand 

30 six hundred and one; \vhereas, in 1790, one 
year after the 'Constitution went into opera- 
tion, the number was only seventy-five. The 
'office of the President ought always to be 
filled from the rank of the wisest and best 

35 statesmen of the 'nation. 

(§ 3.) The President 'occupies the most 
exalted office in the country, and as he re- 
ceives all foreign 'ambassadors — who are 
the 'personal representatives of their sove- 

40 reigns, as has been 'heretofore shown in the 
'Laws of Nations, (page G6,) — he must ne- 
cessarily have much 'weight with foreign 
powers, and in cases of 'revolution, or divi- 
sions of other 'governments, much discrimi- 



Reqmrement 
Yearly. 
Begin rung. 
An epitome. 

Business. 

Especial. 

Mutters. 

President. 

Extensive. 

Power. 

Depend inf. 

Administra- 
tion. 

But. 

Government. 

Amount. 

Station. 

Ablest. 

Country. 

Holds. 

Admits. 

Ministers. 

Peculiar. 

Previously. 

Regulations 

Influence. 

Alterations. 

Realms. 



merit of the executive department? (§ 2.) 5. What annual fluty de- 
volves on the president? 6. What are some of the causes that in- 
crease the influence of the president 1 7. What number of post-offices 
was there in the United States in 1790? 8. What number in 18-lfi ? 
(§ 3.) 9. Who do you suppose occupies the most exalted office in the 
world? 10. What gives the president much weight with foreign 

See Article II. of the Constitution, section 3, page 134. 



STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



197 



49 nation and wisdom is required on the part of 
the executive? inasmuch as the rejection of 

ambassadors usually produces hostility. (§4.) 
When treaties are violated by foreign nations, 
it devolves on the President to require their 

60 proper enforcement. When public officers 
_ tect their business, or abuse their privi- 
leges, it is the dutv of the President to 're- 
move them, and appoint in their places faith- 
ful and etlicient agents. It may be proper 

. r )5 here to 'remark, that no member of Con- 
gress, no judge, no president, no 'officer what- 
ever under the national government is 'honor- 
able, in any titular way, by the 'authority of 
the Constitution; all titles are 'given as mat- 

60 ters of etiquette. 

(§ 5.) The 'President, like the members of 
Congress, cannot be impeded in the discharge 
of his official duties, but is privileged from 
arrest in all civil cases; but for any derelic- 

65 tion of duty, he may, in common with all 
the civil officers of the general government, 
impeached, and is also held accountable to 
the courts of justice for any violation of the 
laws of the land, the same as any other Citi- 
nators and Representatives hold 
their o id derive all their power to 



Repolsfoo. 

Generally. 
Infracted. 
IVmand. 
Execution. 

Mnegard. 
Dfeobaige. 

Employ. 

Factors. 

Observe. 

Functionary. 

Excellent. 

Sanction. 

Accorded. 

Courtesy. 

Chief- magis- 
trate. 

Hindered. 

Exempted. 

Desertion. 

Office. 

Municipal. 

Arraigned. 

Tribunals. 

Obtain. 



pow< V. i: i- tlie duty of the president when treaties 

other nations n ' 2. Whal i- tin' duty of the presi- 

dent • f «.f t!:o national officers neglect theii duties or abuse 

the truot- : to them 1 i re memben <•! Con] 

) 14. Illustrate tin- d 
and ruhjert, in the I (S 6 ) 1 5, Illustrate the difference be- 

Se* 

17* 



198 



COMiMENTARY ON THE 



act from their 'constituents in the several 
states, and consequently are 'exempted from 
'impeachment ; but for misconduct, they are 

75 liable to be summarily expelled from Con- 
gress. (§G.) In the exercise of his 'preroga- 
tive, the President pursues the course dic- 
tated to him by his 'conscience, and has the 
power of 'contributing much to the prosperity 

80 or 'ruin of the republic. The President of 
the nation should 'consider his own interest 
of secondary moment, and the 'welfare, not 
of any 'party or state, but of the whole 
Union, of paramount importance: his main 

85 'study should be, DOt to secure the temporary 
'eulogies of favorites, but to perform with 
'uprightness the functions of the most exalted 
office that oan be 'committed to mortal man 
— to 'preserve the purity of republican insti- 

90 tutions, to add to the honor and prosperity 
of the nation, and thereby 'promote the civil 
and religious liberties of the world. 

(§ 7.) However excellent, patriotic, and 
pure may have been the characters of Ame- 

95 rican Presidents, the people should 'con- 
stantly remember that no past 'excellence, 
no barriers of the Constitution, no 'restraints 
of law, can be of any 'avail : if they cease to 
'inspect the conduct of their rulers, if they 



Employers. 

Freed. 

Arraignment 

Ejected. 

Right. 

Follows 
Sane ef jus- 
Adding. 
Destruction. 

Ktc.ird. 

Prosperity. 

Clique. 

[\sm\ 

Entrusted. 

Plenty. 
Forward. 
Privilege*. 
Eminent. 

ations. 

Worth. 

( tions. 
Effect. 
Overlook- 



tween ruin and destruction, in the 80th line. 16. What should be the 
main study of the president of the nation? (§ 7.) 17. What should 
the people constantly remember ? 18. What are the extreme dai 
of a republic? 19. Why should people inspect the conduct of their 
rulers? 20. What is requisite to sustain and perpetuate liberty ? 21. 
* See Article II. of the Constitution, section 1, pa^e 130. 



CONSTITUTION OF T11K UNITED STATES. 



199 



100 become ignorant of the requirements of the titan-Thin 

Constitution, political power must inevitably r^riaiij 

pass from the many to the few. A republic ivo P ie. 

10 name may become a despotism in reality, Tyranny. 

or be rent asunder by intestine broils and Tumults. 

105 anarchy. Intelligence and vigilance are Knowledge. 

alike requisite to perpetuate liberty. continue. 



JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT TREASON. 

(§ 8.) It is evident that government must 
possess an administering tribunal, to inter- 
pret the laws, decide 'controversies, punish 
no offences, and enforce rights. 'Otherwise the 
ernment will be 'deficient and powerless, 
or this power will be 'usurped by the other 
ailments, which would be 'fatal to liberty. 
The celebrated Montesquieu has said, that 
lis rt there is no 'liberty, if the judiciary be not 
separated from the legislative and executive 
powers." And no 'remark receives stronger 
'confirmation from experience, in all ages of 
the world. As it is the 'duty of the judi- 
m clary to decide concerning the 'constitu- 
tionality of the 'acts of the legislature; to 
carry into effect ' established laws, and 
prevent the enforcement of those that are 
"itutional; its powers are 'equally t& 
with those of the legislative 'depart- 



Obvions. 

A judiciary. 

Disputes. 

Else. 

Imperfect. 

Assumed. 

Destructive. 

Famous. 

Freedom. 

Divided. 

Observation. 

Corrobora- 
tion. 

Function. 
Validity. 
Proceeding 

Con«titution«l. 

Sanction. 
Co-extensive 

Division. 



Do wise* an<l grod rulers wish to keep their national or legislative 
proceedings from the knowledge of the people ? {% 8.) 22. For what 
•se is a judiciary n< . Why should it be separated 

from the I I 94. With what are tin 4 jtl licial p 

co-extensive ? vrti Mooteaqoiaii ? (S 9.) 96. In what is the 

See Article III. of the Constitute 



•200 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



ment. (§ 9.) The third article 'relates to the 
judiciary. The judges, as we have 'seen, 
are 'appointed by the President, with the 
'concurrence of the Senate. Were they 

130 'elected by the people directly, they would be 
liable to have their feelings enlisted in favor 
of the party which 'elected them, and to be 
'prejudiced against the party which opposed 
them. They would be more liable to be 

135 'swayed by faction, and to mould their deci- 
sions to suit the 'prevailing opinions of the 
day, ill order to retain their places. The 
'judges " hold their offices during good be- 
havior*" They can be removed only on 

uo impeachment. This secures firmness and 
independence, by removing all 'apprehen- 
sions of being displaced, so long as they 'dis- 
charge their duties with fidelity and integrity. 
A situation so 'permanent and independent, 

145 so exalted above the hopes of higher 'aspi- 
rations, should awaken a 'laudable ambition 
to leave behind them a lasting fame, by a 
wise and faithful 'discharge of duty. 

(§ 10.) Section second of Article III. 're- 

150 fcrs to the jurisdiction and powers of the 
judiciary. The Supreme Court has juris- 
diction in cases 'arising under the constitu- 
tional laws and 'treaties of the United States, 



Refers. 

Observed. 

Deputed. 

Assent 

Chosen. 

Kncnrrd. 

Chose- 

Biased. 

Prone. 

Influenced. 

Existing. 

Arbitrators. 

Set aside. 

rs cer- 
tain. 

Fears. 
Perform. 
Truth. 
t'nchtnf m 

Praiseworthy 

Renown. 

Performance 

Ex'rnt of 
authority. 

Coming up. 
Compacts. 



judicial power vested? 27. How long do the judges hold their offices ? 
28. Why should not the judges be elected by the people? 29. What 
is the probable effect of this term of office upon the judges? (§ 10.) 
30. To what cases does the judicial power extend? 31. Why does it 



See Article III. of the Constitution, page 136. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



20] 



because the judicial power must be co-ex- 

Pi tensive with the legislative and executive, 
in order to insure uniformity in respect to 
their operation. The other cases of juris- 
diction are too numerous to be particularly 
mentioned in a work <>( this kind. They 

Mi are such as obviously appertain to the juris- 
diction of the JSupreme Court, and such as 
could not 'properly belong to the courts of 
the states. (§ 11.) Foreign 'ministers are 
national officers, and no court can have 

iti3 jurisdiction against such foreign officers, but 
the Supreme Court of the United States. 
The JSupreme Court has power over cases 
of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, be- 
cause they are intimately 'connected with 

rro commerce, and the 'regulation of commerce 
belongs to the national government. It has 
power over 'controversies between states, 
and citizens of 'different states, because no 
state should be 'a judge in its own case, as it 

its might be inclined to favor its own citizens. 

(\ 12.) A court is said to have 'original ju- 

i icti< »n, when a party may 'commence a suit 

before such court. 'Appellate jurisdiction is 

right to revise and affirm or reverse the 

ieo decision made by some other 'court. The 



For the rea- 
son that. 

I-aw-making. 
Becro. 

Action. 

Many. 

Character. 

Pertain. 

Tribunal. 

Suitably. 

Envoys. 
Functiona- 

llt'S. 

Legal power. 

Highest. 

Authority. 

Naval. 

United. 

Management 

Administra- 
tion. 

Disputations. 

Various. 

An arbiter. 

Disposed. 

Primary. 

Begin. 

Appealing. 

Tribunal. 



ing under the Constitution and laws of the United 

~i (§11.) 32. Why does the judicial powei extend to cases 

aflec - ? 33. Why to cases of admiralty and mari- 

3 l. Why I the states and 

hetu . Tn what I 

has • In what i 



202 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



right of trial by jury is 'esteemed one of the 
great 'bulwarks of human liberty. It se- 
cures to every one who may be accused of 
crime, 'an impartial trial by his fellow-eiti- 

185 zens, who can have no interest in oppressing 
him, and are presumed to have a common 
'sympathy with him if he be innocent. The 
trial must "be held in the state where the 
crime shall have been 'committed, that the 

190 accused may not be removed from ' home, 
witnesses, and friends, to be tried among 
strangers, who feel no 'sympathy for him, 
and may be prejudiced against him. 



Considered. 
Barriers. 
Charged with 
A just 
Maltreating. 

Commonwealth. 

Perpetrated. 

R(>sulenre 
Associates. 

I'r, di.sjx.scl. 



appellate jurisdiction? 37, What is meant by original jurfsdici 

38. What by appellate jurisdiction ? 39. How must all crimes e\ 
impeachments be tried? 40, Where must it be ? 41, What are the 
advantages of a trial by jury? 42, Why should the trial be held 
where the crime was committed? 



LESSON XXXVII. 



(§ 1.) Section third of Article 'III. relates 
to 'treason. Treason is the highest crime 
known to human laws, as its aim is to over- 
throw the 'government, and must generally 
5 be 'attended with more or less bloodshed. 
So 'atrocious is the crime considered, that 
even a 'suspicion of treason is likely to rouse 
the public indignation against the suspected 
person, to a 'degree that must operate to the 
10 'prejudice of the accused, though he might 



Three. 
Rebellion. 
Subvert. 
AdminiNtra- 

Accompanied 
Enormous. 

I>is:ru>t. 
Wrath. 
Height 
Injury. 



(§ 1.) 1. In what does treason consist? 2. How many witnesses 
See Article III. of the ronstitution, \w<tp ITT. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



203 



be innocent. To prevent the 'innocent from 
suffering, treason is confined to 'overt acts 
of 'hostility against the government. For a 
like reason, two witnesses are 'required to 

15 'convict of treason, while in other cases 
only one is necessary. (§ 2.) " The Con- 
gress shall have power to declare the pun- 
ishment of treason. But no 'attainder shall 
work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, ex- 

20 cept during the life of the 'person attainted. " 
'According to the common law of England, 
treason was punished in the most 'cruel 
manner. The 'offender was drawn to the 
'gallows in a hurdle. He was then hanged 

25 by the neck, cut down while 'yet alive, *his 
head cut off] and his body quartered. The 
punishment declared by Congress is death 
by hanging. Under the common law, the 
person attainted forfeited all his estates, real 

30 and personal. His blood was also corrupted, 

that his descendants were 'incapable of 

'inheriting any of his property. Thus the 

'innocent suffered for the crimes of their 

'ancestors. 

PUBLIC RECORDS PRIVILEGES OF CITIZENS FUGI- 
TIVE CRIMINALS AND SLAVES PUBLIC DEBT 

LEMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS 

KELIGIOUS TEST OATH OF OFFICE RATIFICA- 
TION, &C 

IS {\ 3.) If a case which had been 'decided 



Guiltless. 
Public. 
War. 
Denuded. 

Find guilty. 

Essential. 

Authority. 

Conviction. 

Confiscation. 

Individual. 

Agreeable. 

Unfeeling. 

Criminal. 

Gibbet. 

Still. 

'Decapitated. 

Pronounced. 

Gibbeting. 

Lost. 

Moveable. 

Not capable 

Possessing. 

Harmless. 

Progenitors. 



Determined. 



are re^uir^-l to conrict of treason 1 3. Why is treason confined to 
! [% 2.) 4. UoW i- CongTeM restricted in regard to the 
punishment of treason"? 5. II W WtoM treason punished under the 
See Article II of the Constitution. pe*< 



204 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



in one state could 'afterwards be brought to 
trial in another state, it is 'evident that end- 
less 'contests at law might be produced by 
either party, and the 'ends of justice effectu- 

40 ally defeated. Section second relates to the 
privileges of citizens, 'fugitive criminals and 
slaves. In 'regard to this subject there exists 
much animosity, and 'diversity of opinion. 
"The citizens of each state shall be entitled 

45 to all privileges and Immunities of citizens 
in the 'several states." The United States, 
though 'consisting of many di tie rent states, 
as they are bound by the Constitution to the 
same 'national government, constitute one 

50 nation. 'Hence, a citizen of one part must 
be a citizen of any and every 'part. (§4.) 
This 'provision is designed for the mutual 
'benefit and convenience of the states. It 
'aids in carrying out the demands of justice, 

55 and must have a tendency to 'suppress crime, 
by diminishing the chances of escaping its 
penalties. This 'enables the slave-holding 
states to 'reclaim slaves who may have 
'escaped into the states where slavery is not 

60 'permitted. The third section of the fourth 



Plain 

Litigation. 
Pufyuwa 

Foiled. 

Runaway. 

Relation. 

Contrariety. 

Haw- a claim 

Rights. 

'■>>m;»nsing. 

General. 

:'.re. 
Portion. 
Measure. 
Advantage. 

Assis's 

Probabilities. 
Empowers. 

Fled. 
Allowed. 



common law ? 6. How was an attainted person treated under the 
common law? 7. Who were thus made to suffer? (§3.) 8. Why 
should credit he pfren in each state to the judicial proceedings of 
every other? 9. To what are the citizens of each state entitled in 
every other state? 10. In what manner may fugitive criminals be 
reclaimed? 11. What is the tendency of this provision? 12. How 
may fugitive slaves be recovered ? 13. What is the design of this 
provision ? (§ 4.) 14. What power has Congress in relation to the ad- 
mission of new states? 15. What in relation to forming new ones 
from the other states? 1G. How many states were there when the 
See Article IV. of the Constitution, page 137. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 205 



article relates to the admission of new states, 
and the government of territories. When 
the Constitution was ibrmed, there were only 
thirteen states: since that time seventeen 

G5 have been added, making thirty. 

(§ f>.) There is still remaining 'in the vest 
a vast amount of territory, which will pro- 
bably be admitted at some future time, 'form- 
ing several states. But 'Congress has no 

70 power to form a new state within the juris- 
diction of another state, or 'merge two in 
one, without the 'consent of the legislatures 
of the states 'concerned ; for then, the states 
would no longer be independent, but hold 

75 their sovereignty at the will of Congress. 
It is but reasonable that Congress should 
have 'power to govern and control the terri- 
tories, since they are the property of the 
United States. The territories generally 

80 have a governor appointed by the president, 
and a legislature, 'consisting of representa- 
tives, elected by the 'people of the territory. 
They also send a delegate to the House of 
Representatives at Washington, who 'may 
iiate questions, but cannot vote. (§6.) 
The fourth section of the fourth article gua- 
rantees a republican 'form of government to 
each of the states. Were a state allowed to 



Entrance. 

Districts. 

Framed. 

Subsequently 

Admitted. 

Towards the 
Pacific. 

Very large. 

Constituting:. 

The national 
legislature. 

Limits. 

Involve. 

Approval. 

Interested. 

Uncontrolled 

Supremacy. 

Just. 

Authority. 

Because. 

Provinces. 

Designated. 

Composed. 

Inhabitants. 

Deputy. 

Can. 

Discuss. 

Secures. 

Mode. 

IVrnntted. 



sritation was adopted! 17. How many have sinr-e been added? 

18. Why may • - rrnnl others without the 

(* 5.) 19. What control has Con- 

roperty of the United Si 

are the I ' rM '" 1 1 ""'O " J ] ' What 

* Se« Article IV. of the Constitution. pa*e 13a 



IS 



206 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



'adopt a monarchical government, it would 
90 be ' dangerous to, and probably destruc- 
tive of, the Union. The duty of a govern- 
ment to protect all the people within the 
'limits of its jurisdiction, from domestic vio- 
lence, by 'insurrection, and from foreign in- 
95 vasion, cannot be 'reasonably doubted. 

(§ 7.) The fifth article ' prescribes the 
manner in which 'amendments may be made 
to the Constitution. No Constitution is 'per- 
fect; and no one can be so 'framed as to 
ioo meet all the 'exigencies which may arise in 
different ages. .7 total change may in the 
'course of time take place in the character, 
or 'aims and pursuits of a people, which 
will require corresponding 'changes in the 
]05 powers and 'operations of government, to 
suit their interests, conveniences, and 'ne- 
cessities. To guard against too 'frequent and 
easy 'changes is also highly important A 
'changeable government cannot have a pros- 
no perous people. Hence the 'propriety of 
making two-thirds of each 'House of Con- 
gress necessary to propose 'amendments, and 
*an application of the legislatures of two- 
thirds of the states, 'necessary to call a con- 
ns vention. (§ 8.) The sixth article is a 'decla- 
ration of an obligation which is 'morally 



Receive. 

Detrimental. 

Obligation. 

Guard. 

Bounds. 

Rebellion. 

Candidly. 

Sets forth. 

Improvement*. 

Complete. 

Formed. 

Emern 

An entire. 

Process. 

DttifM, 

tons. 

Wants. 

New- 
tag 

Mutations. 

Variable. 

Fitness. 

Branch. 

Alterations. 

A request. 

Essential. 

Prodi 

CsMeien- 



must the United States guarantee to every state? 22. Why is this 
necessary? 23. Is it the duty of the general government to pr 
the states from invasion ? (§ 7.) 24. How may amendments be ma le ? 
25. Why are they sometimes necessary? 26. What should be guarded 
against? (§ 8.) 27. In what manner are all debts binding upon go- 
See Article V. of the Constitution, paxre 139. 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 207 



'binding upon every nation through all 
'changes. The powers enumerated in the 

Constitution would be utterly useless, if they 

no could not be exercised independent of any 
other power j or, in other words, if they 
were not supreme; and the Constitution it- 
self would be (i nullity. The propriety of 
an oath on the part of public 'officers, in 

ns every department, will hardly be 'doubted. 
The last part of this 'clause is, to prevent 
any alliance between church and state in 
the administration of the government. The 
history of other countries 'affords examples 

10 of the mischievous effects of such a union, 
amply sufficient to warn us against a 'like 
experiment. 

(§9.) Two of the 'states, North Carolina 
and Rhode Island, did not at first 'accede to 

m the Union, but they finally 'ratified it, when 
thev f>und that the national government 'con- 
Bldered them as foreign nations. At the 'close 
of the Constitution follow the 'names of the 
'delegates* from the different states, most of 

mi whom are 'distinguished in history for their 
wisdom and patriotic devotion to their coun- 
try. At their head, as President, and tide- 
Virginia, stands the name of 



Obligatory. 
Variations. 
Entirely. 
Used. 

language, 

Paramount. 

Void. 

Functiona- 
ries. 

Questioned. 

Article. 

League. 

Management 

Furnishes. 

Injurious. 

Similar. 

Trial. 

Confedera- 
cies. 

Consent. 

Confirmed. 

Looked upon 

End. 

Cognomens. 

Deputies. 

Eminent. 

Discreetness. 

Depot?. 

Is registered. 



ncnts in ail circumstances 1 28. What is declared to be the su- 

the land 1 29. Who arc hound thereby 1 30. What 

thout this provision } 31. What officers 

Constitution 1 33, Why is any reli- 

ore required to 

- 

• See Bin*r:iplnr.il 



208 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



George Washington — a sufficient 'guaranty 
H5 to 'every American that the Constitution was 
framed with 'prudence and foresight, and 
with an ardent desire that it might 'prove a 
'perpetual blessing to the whole American 
'people. 



Warrant. 

L'acli. 

Discretion. 

Become. 

Continual. 

Nation. 



ratify the Constitution? 34. What states at iirst refused to ratify it? 
35. Who was President of the Convention that framed the Constitu- 
tion ? 36. Of what is his name a sufficient guaranty? 



LESSON XXXVIII. 

AMEND.M FATS. 

(§ 1.) The 'amendments to the Constitu- Additions. 

tion have all been 'ratified, and are now a Approved. 

part of that 'instrument. The greater part Document. 

of them are designed more 'effectually to Efficiently. 

5 guard rights before 'alluded to in the Con- Referred. 

stitution, or more 'clearly to define certain Lucidly. 

'prohibitions of power, the exercise of which interdictions 

would be dangerous to the 'interests of the «* 

country. The first article is — "Congress clause. 

10 shall make no law 'respecting an establish- concerning. 

ment of religion, or 'prohibiting the free ex- Forbidding. 

ercise thereof; or 'abridging the freedom of curuu.ng. 

speech, or of the press; or the right of the Liberty. 

people peaceably to assemble, and to 'peti- Memorialize 

15 tion the Government for a redress of y;riev- correction. 

ances." (§ 2.) We have 'seen, in Article VI. observed. 



(§ 1.) 1. Of what are the amendments now a part? 2. For what 
are they mostly designed? 3. Why is Congress forbidden to make 
any law respecting an establishment of religion? (§ 2.) 4. What pre- 
See Article I. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 112. 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 209 



of the Constitution, thai no religious 'test 
can be required, as a qualification tor office. 

The first clause here, is an extension of that 

20 prohibition, and is supported by the same 
reasons. It prevents all interference of go- 
vernment in religious duties. .Moreover, 
this clause presents an insurmountable bar- 
rier to the union of church and state, and 

25 Congress can never have any 'pretence for 
legislating-on the 'various forms of religion. 
.// whatever time a government has estab- 
lished the frm of belief of any sect, it has 
usually patronised only those professing that 

30 belief, and placed 'grievous restrictions upon 
all other 'denominations. 

(§ 3.) It may be proper here to remark, 
that the Constitution makes no 'provision for 
the support of Christianity, because it was 

35 framed exclusively for civil purposes; and 
the Christian religion formed no part of the 
agreement between the contracting states — 
each of which surrendered to the general 
government a few of its 'political rights 
r the better protection of the rest; but 
every state and every individual in the 
country retained untouched and unmolested, 
wry principle of his religious freedom. It 



Pledge. 

Exacted. 

Enlargement 

Interdiction. 

Intermed- 
dling. 

Pious. 

Passage. 

Junction. 

Pretext. 

Different. 

Whenever. 

Creed. 

Favored. 

Oppressive. 

Sects. 

Suitable. 

Arrangement 

The religion 
of Christ. 

Altogether. 
Christianity. 
B.inrain. 
National. 

Public. 

fYi M.n. 

Ei pt 



sents an insuperable barrier in this country to the union of church 
nnd - >' been the result whenever any 

government ha- tfl 7 (§ 3 J 6. For what reason, 

ippotl Christianity in the 

tution ? 7. Why d the national gorernrnenl any 

if their political rights 1 B. Wbatd ind ererjr indi ridual 

See Article I of the Amendment- to v • . ptfl 112 

"uT 1 



210 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



would likewise have been 'impossible to 

45 introduce the 'subject of religion in such 
manner as to meet the 'approbation of the 
numerous 'sects of Christians; for though 
most agree on the fundamental doctrines of 
religion, yet there are various 'minor differ- 

50 ences. (§ 4.) Among the 'framers of the 
Constitution were men as 'eminent for their 
wisdom and 'piety, as they were for their 
patriotism; and the history of our country 
has 'demonstrated that religion may flourish 

55 in its 'utmost vigor and purity, without the 
'aid of the national government: and that 
the universal '(dissemination of Christianity 
is best promoted, the highest happiness of 
society secured, and the most enduring glory 

60 of the nation 'attained, through the medium 
of 'schools. 

(§ 5.) The 'freedom of speech and of the 
press is indispensable to the existence of a free 
government. The acts of the government 

65 are open to free 'discussion, and thus any 
'abuse of its powers may be exposed. This 
power is designed to 'shield the people from 
those tyrannical usurpations, which have so 
wantonly deprived the world of some of the 

70 richest 'productions of the mind. In despotic 
countries, no newspaper or book can be 'pub- 
lished, even of a scientific or literary cha- 



Impracticable. 

Matter. 

Sanction. . 

Denomina- 
tions. 

Smaller. 
Founders*. 

Disliiigui»he>1. 

Religion. 

Chronicle. 

Proved. 

<;r.-;itrst. 

Help. 

l\Y:iclicd. 
S rn 'iiaries. 

Deration. 

i >.•■■.:<.-. 

Debate. 
Ill-use. 
r.'i.ird. 

Wickedly. 

Lrtcrmry work*. 

Printed. 
An artistical. 



retain ? (§ 4.) 9. What does the history of our country d em oust rate ? 
10. How is the happiness of mankind best promoted? (§5.) 11. In 
what manner is free discussion useful ? 12. What is the design of the 
first Article of the Amendments to the Constitution ? (§ 6.) 13. What 
See Article I. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page U2. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 211 



raeter, without the sanction of government 5 
and there are probably, at the present time, 
[75 in the United States, more newspaper pres 

than in all the rest of the world. (§ (>.) 
Despotism always fears the truth, anil stitles 
public discussion; but our government being 

stituted by the people for the benefit of the 
80 people, is interested in the universal disse- 
mination of knowledge ; and the purity of its 
objects and the ability of its administration, 
should ever be so manifest as to render the 
discussion of its affairs, and the dissemination 
85 of truth, itfl jest bulwarks. It should, 

however, be 'distinctly understood, that this 
3 not confer an unrestricted right 
of speech or publication. 

(§ 7.) If that were the case, a 'citizen 
90 might vilify and abuse another with impu- 
nity, might destroy bis reputation, and sac- 
rifice his happiness and dearest interests, from 
a mere wantonness, or to gratify a spirit of 
revenge. A man might even excite sedition, 
ellion, and treason against the govern- 
ment It gives liberty to print or say any- 
thing that will not injure another in his rights, 
proj erty, <>r reputation ; or that will not dis- 
turb the public peace, or threaten the over- 



Approval. 

Now. 

Gazette. 

Globe. 

Dreads. 

Examination 

Founded. 

General. 

Justness. 

Wisdom. 

Make. 

Diffusion. 

Barriers. 

Clearly. 

Privilege. 

Utterance. 

Denizen. 

Reproach. 

Immolate. 

Felicity. 

Sportiveness. 

Disafflcion. 

Insurrection. 

Wnmg, 
Mta*. 



ire jomp of the ro«tri tions upon knowledge in despotic countries? 
does despotism alv. What an* the BtTO 

the light to iay pi 

(5 7.) 17 • ing of this 

>ll and tl • 1 B. What mu>t be* 

ibe condr. D ? (§ 8.) 

8m Article I of the A mend menu to t «*PM« H2. 



212 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



100 throw of the 'government. The right of the 
people " peaceably to assemble and 'petition 
for a redress of 'grievances" is invaluable. 
(§ 8.) It is difficult to conceive of a more 'ab- 
ject state of slavery, or one more humiliating 

105 to those who have even limited views of their 
own 'rights, than where the people dare not 
make known their grievances, and 'petition 
for their 'redress. This right has often been 
denied in 'despotic governments, under a 

no pretence of guarding against 'insurrections 
and 'conspiracies. 

(§ 9.) The second article is — " A well 're- 
gulated Militia being necessary to the secu- 
rity of a free State, the 'right of the people to 

us keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." 
Some 'tyrannical governments resort to dis- 
arming the people, and making it an offence 
to keep arms, or participate in military 'pa- 
rades. In all countries where despots 'rule 

120 with standing armies, the people are not 
allowed to keep guns and other warlike 
weapons. The true 'nature of a standing 
army was fully 'known by our forefathers; 
they had 'experienced its practical results 

125 before the 'revolution. It may indeed be 
a question, if England could have waged 



Administra- 
tion. 

Pray. 

Wrongs. 

Despicable. 

Degrading. 

Ideas. 

Immunities. 

Memorialize 

Relief. 

Tyrannical. 

Rebellions. 

Plots. 

Organized. 

Needful. 

Liberty. 

Weapons. 

Imperious. 

A crime. 

Drills. 

Inhabitants. 

Muskets. 

Character. 

Recognised. 

Realized. 

Change. 

Doubt. 



19. What is the most abject state of slavery to which man is subject ? 

20. What right has been denied under despotic governments? (§ 9.) 

21. What is the condition of the people in despotic countries? 22. 
What is the difference between guns and ?7iuskets, in the 121st line? 
23. In what way had the republic of this country realized the evils 
of standing armies? 24. Are the citizens of a country easily made 

* See Article II. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 112. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE I'MTED STATES. 213 



any war of long duration against the colo 
-. without its standing army. The citi- 
zens of any country quickly perceive the 

i3i) injustice of despotic 'measures, and cannot 

lerally be made the tools of oppression. 

(§10.) It is the extreme of folly for any 

] eople to maintain a large standing army in 

times of peace: almost every feature of a 

OS free government is 'abolished in organized 
armies ; the soldiers are not tried by juries 
for any real or 'supposed offence; they are 
at the mercy of their officers — in 'short, under 
the most 'absolute despotism. Denied the 

no privileges of going out of 'prescribed limits, 
the endearments of domestic life, the freedom 
of speech, or the enjoyments of the social 
privileges of civil society, they are required 
to move as puppets, to receive orders which 

Ho they must obey, to 'consider others as their 
superiors, and to pay homage to men. 

(§ 11.) Thus, gradually led to be the ser- 
vants and slaves of power, to obey 'com- 
mands, right or wrong, they are 'further lia- 

uo ble, for offences which in civil society would 

entail but slight punishment, to be 'court- 

rtialled, whipped, hung or shot. Thus 

a man of discretion, of wisdom, and of 



Province!. 

IYnnanf nt. 
Soon. 

Proceed mp> 
Hirelings. 

Height 

Support. 

Se-.isons. 

Destroyed. 

Equals. 

Imaginary. 

Fine. 

Complete. 

Defined. 

Home. 

Discourse. 

Free. 

Automatons. 

Deem. 

Render. 

Impercepti- 
bly. 

Mandates. 
Moreover. 

Derelictions 
of duty. 

Trird bf mil- 
itary oiii<Xrs. 

Executed. 
Judgment. 



on? (§ if).) 25. What laws exist in established 

aru.i 16 tendency of long-continued surveillance 

X\ How must men in armies view their officers 1 28. 

lure to go without the limits prescribed by tbelc 

officers? some other objections to permanent armies. 30. 

Do you suppose any people can lo>e their liberty without standing 

armies? (\ 11.) 31. W: difference between 

See Article III of the Amendnv 



214 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



'years, may be hung, for refusing to obey, or 

155 questioning the orders of some young and 
perhaps passionate and 'senseless upstart, 
whom chance, accident, or favoritism, has 
placed in 'command. It is well worthy of 
remark, that the most illustrious generals of 

ito the revolution were 'citizens and not soldiers 
by profession, and gave the strongest testi- 
mony against 'standing armies. (§ 12.) The 
whole 'revolutionary army were citizens be- 
fore the war, and may justly be 'regarded as 

105 citizen soldiers; and the 'standing army of the 
'king of England was the most oppressive and 
'hated instrument of his power. The princi- 
pal officers, like Washington, 'resigned their 
offices, and assumed their places as citizens at 

nothe 'close of the war. Ambitious men may ad- 
vocate the 'feigned glory achieved by stand- 
ing 'armies : but the people should remember, 
that as the soldier's profession is advanced, 
their own 'calling is degraded. Make war the 

175 most honorable of all callings, and every 
one must [ bow to the nod of military despot- 
ism. Wherever the largest standing 'armies 
have 1 been found, there also has existed the 
most oppressive and 'absolute despotism. 



Advanced 
age. 

Doubling. 

Foolish. 

Partiality. 

Authority. 

Renowned 

Civilians. 

Evidence. 

Permanent. 

Continental. 

Looked upon 

Regular. 

Potent 

Abhorred. 

Relinquished 

Positions. 

End. 

False. 

Fu i c<s. 

Calling. 

lUlMllCSS. 

Respected. 
Reverence. 
Host*. 
EM sway. 
decontrolled 



a trial by jury and a trial by court-martial ? 32. Where is trial by 
jury prohibited? 33. Who were the illustrious generals of the revo- 
lution? (§ 12.) 34. Did the revolutionary generals resort to war as a 
profession? 35. In what light may the whole revolutionary army be 
regarded? 36. What was the most oppressive menial anil tool of the 
king of Great Britain? 37. What effect has the exaltation of the sol- 
diers profession upon the pursuits and calling of citizens? 38. Who 
must support soldiers? (§ 13.) 39. What are insuperable barriers to 
See Article II. of the Amendments to the Constitution, pa^e 142. 



I 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 215 



wo (§ 13.) The great body of the people, the 
militia of a nation, presents insuperable bar- 
riers to the usurpation of power by artful 
and ambitious met); citizens and not 'stand- 
ing armies, are the bulwarks o{ Freedom. 

w Let then all knowledge and power be uni- 

rsally disseminated among the people, and 

all toes to liberty, whether domestic or fo- 

gn, will ilee like M chaff before the wind." 

The political condition of the world is such, 

i'-o that the friends of human improvement 
should be constantly on the alert: if the 
history of the past is an index for the future, 
it admonishes the people of this country to 
'countenance no system of policy that pro- 

ioj duces an inequality of its citizens; it shows 

that arms, followed as a 'profession, have 

inevitably produced either the most abject 

slaves and absolute despotism, or a dissolute 

I disorderly soldiery, the utmost 'anarchy 

xo and misery — both of which, though in oppo- 
site extremes, are alike ruinous to republics. 
(§ 1 1.) Let then each and every 'citizen 
throughout the land, participate in whatever 
of honor or of 'disgrace there may be at- 

M ta'ched to the profession of arms; let not 

the us idea that a Standing army 

ially protect the country, ever be 



Large, 

Invim\bh\ 
Cunning. 
Established. 
Supporters. 

At'ainm.nt. 

Spread. 

Enemies. 

Dust 

National. 

AdvaQOe- 
llirilt. 

Look-oat 
a director. 

Counsels. 

Favor. 

A disparity. 

Vocation. 

Despicable. 

Depraved 

Confusion. 

I'nhappincss. 

Fatal. 

Inhabitant. 

Share. 

Ignominy. 

Calling. 

Wry ibsord. 



of power 1 ■!' ' If milit ntial, who 

ougrc the tendency of keeping 

men constantly un lei military requiring them t.« receive 

and obey or«l»*r*. urn rant- | (^ l 1.) 
See Ac i. if !I of the Amendnv m 



216 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



entertained. In cases of sudden invasions, 
as well as violent commotions, the country 

210 must be 'shielded by the great body of the 
people. Let then our 'chief reliance be upon 
the citizen soldiery so that in 'war every citizen 
may be a soldier, and in 'peace every soldier 
a citizen. Let not the 'military profession be 

215 considered the requisite road to the highest 
honors, but as a necessary evil, produced by 
the wickedness of tyrants, and the ignorance 
of their subjects. The third 'amendment is — 
"No soldier shall in time of peace be 'quartered 

220 in any house without the 'consent of the 
owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner 
to be prescribed by law." It was a 'custom 
in 'arbitrary times to lodge soldiers in the 
houses of private citizens, without 'regard to 

225 their interests, or to forms of law. 



HntfilA «n- 
Itwm 

iVrturlta- 
iliillS. 

Protected. 
Individual. 
Conflict. 

(Jillrtllde. 

Warlike. 
Necessary. 
Generated. 
CJnriglifc 

IHX«>. 

Addition. 
Lodged. 
Approbation. 
Way. 

Despotic. 
Respect for 



42. Can soldiers be quartered in any house ? 43. In what manner 
only? 44. Has it ever been done without regard to forms of law? 

43. Why should not <j, in the 2Q2d line, be changed to an, when you 
substitute usage for custom I 



LESSON XXXIX. 

§ 1.) The fourth Article protects the citi- 
zens against unreasonable innovations and 
molestations by government officers. In 
'former times, any house might be searched, 
5 at the 'discretion of the officers of govern- 
ment, without any ground of 'accusation, 



Secures. 
Changes. 

( unYials. 

!';ist 

Option. 

S 



(§1.) 1. What rights of the people cannot be violated? 2. UpOfl 
what conditions may warrants for search be issued? (§ 2.) 3. What 
See Articles III and IV. of the Amendments to the Constitution, pages H2 and 143. 



ISTITUTIOH OF THE UNITED STATES, 217 



and many innocent pera s suffered front) 

such 'illegal acts. T riders 

f this kind ssible in this 

10 country. I sions of Articles 

five and a y important T 

_ n indict- 
ssar sed can be 

put - They I him 

15 from unnecessary oppression, before his 
It shall be 'established: he cannot be har- 
:d by more than one trial, and cannot 
be 'compelled to self-accasation ; his life, 
liberty, and pr .re all protected by 

20 law, unless he shall have forfeited them by 
crime; and his trial must be 'speedy and 
public, that he may be promptly acquitted, 
if innocent. (§ 3.) They ala d the ac- 

cused every reasonable advaiv de- 

25 fence: he is to be informed of the nature of 
the 'accusal _ inst him, that he may pre- 

pare his defence and refute the allegation: he 
i be confronted with the witness - gainst 
him. that he may question them ; he is to ha ve 
n to compel the attendance of wit- 
; and he may ha\ 
sel to assist him in his defence. In arbitrary 
emments, many, and frequently all of 
these pri _ s are denied. 



Guiltless. 

!?■!■■ m 

MOO*. 

Momentous 

Charged. 

; u>: :" /. n 

Seventy. 

Confirmed. 

Ordeal. 

Forced. 

BhhM 

Expeditions. 

Vindication. 
Chara 

~ :■..-. :■_-■? 

Rebut. 
Deponents, 
lnterroeate. 
Proceedaga. 

: | ■ ;. • ■ 

Often. 
Uhmt 



it necessary before a person can be brought to trial for an infamous 
crime* 4. In what other respects is the accused protected from in- 
convenier. and oppression ? 5. How are false accusations 

I trial be - 1$ 3 ) 7. '• 

the accused be informed of the accusations against him ? b. 
See Articles V and VI of the Amendments to the Constitution, psfe 143. 

~T9~~ 



218 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



35 (§ 4.) The seventh Article has 'reference 
to the 'extension of the right of trial by jury 
to civil as well as criminal cases. This 're- 
lates only to the 'courts of the United States. 
This Article also prescribes the manner in 

40 which the Supreme Court shall 're-examine 
the facts in a 'cause tried by a jury. The 
eighth Article is — " Excessive 'bail shall not 
be required; nor excessive fines 'imposed ; nor 
cruel and unusual punishments 'inflicted." 

45 Cruel and atrocious punishments, which 
might be inflicted from 'malice, or to gratify 
a feeling of 'revenge, are thus prevented. 
The history of past 'ages affords numerous 
examples of the disgraceful and tyrannical 

50 exercise of what is here 'prohibited. (§ 5.) 
The ninth Article is — "The enumeration in 
the Constitution of certain 'rights shall not 
be construed to deny or disparage others 
'retained by the People." The tenth Article 

55 is — " The powers not 'delegated to the United 
States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by 
it to the States, are reserved to the States 
'respectively, or to the People." These two 
Articles speak for themselves. It is evident 

60 that the powers not delegated to the United 
States must 'belong to the States, except such 
as are prohibited to them or to the people. 

confronted with the witnesses against him? 9. Are any of these pri- 
vileges ever denied to persons accused 1 (§4.) 10. To what civil ! 
cases is the ri^ht of trial by jury extended 1 11. What is prevented i 
by the prohibition of excessive bail and fines, and cruel punishment- ? 
(§ 5.) 12. What powers are reserved to the states respectively, or to 
See Articles VII., VIII., IX., and X., of the Amendments to the Constitution, pa?es 144 anl 145. 



Allusion. 
Application. 
Pertains. 
Judiciary. 
Likewise. 
Review. 
Case. 
Security. 
Exuded. 
Executed. 
Wicked. 
Malignity. 
Vindictive- 
rthy. 
Defarred. 

Bcatton 
Privileges 

\ due. 
Kept. 
Given. 
Forbidden. 
Secured. 
Individually. 
Clear. 
In'risred. 
Appertain, 
dtizens. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 219 






(^ 6.) The s lnun - 

\1 power of the Unit 3 shall nol 

nd to any suit in law or 
nmenced or pr 
States another 

is or sul f any fo- 

This i> merely an additional «•.,!>•. 
of the prohibit 
Supreme Court, the powers of which haw 
been considered, in treating o\ Article III. BnodMd. 
of the Constitution,* (§7.) This amend- 
ment applies only to original suits against 
75Uk- tea, snot exclude the Supreme ?»•?•*. 

trying cases brought by appeal n 
or writ o( error from any of the state tri- urt.s. 
bunals. A wrii cf error is a writ founded I *2LJ B * r * 
on an alleged error in judgment, which car- r> 
80 ries the suit to some 'superior tribunal, and 
authorizes the judges to examine the record 
OH which judgment has been given in the - 
interior court, and to reverse or affirm the ibml 
'no. 
65 ($ 8.) The twelfth and lust Article <^ the 
Amendments has been inserted in the body 

stitution.1 It may, however, be \.vertheie» 

; i and every Article K^^rked. 
•ndments of t !io < 'onstjneion 1- 
90 equally ai - 



I die jutli rer of 

■ 

writ of error f (§ 8.) 16. 

* Smpuge arm 



220 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



tion, and justly considered part and parcel 
of that 'document. The twelfth Amendment 
is the only one that 'alters, in any way, the 
original Constitution. It was 'proposed in 

95 1 803, on account of the presidential contest 
of Aaron Burr and Thos. Jefferson. On the 
the return of the electoral 'vote, in 1801, it 
was found that each had seventy-three votes. 
(§ 9.) The House of Representatives pro- 

100 ceeded, on the 11th of 'February, 1801, in 
the manner prescribed by the Constitution, 
to elect a President of the C. SL, and con- 
tinued to 'ballot during the business hours of 
each day, till the 17th of Feb. 1801, when 

105 Thomas Jefferson was elected, on the thirty- 
sixth ballot, 'Chief-Magistrate of the Union. 
This amendment is, therefore, important, 
inasmuch as it requires the electors ex- 
pressly to designate the 'candidates for Pre- 

iio sident and Vice-President; by that meant 
saving the nation from 'useless expense, and 
the animosity of party 'rancor. 

(§ 10.) The Constitution has been in 'ope- 
ration for fifty-nine years. In peace and in 

ii5 war it has proved itself the 'guardian of the 
republic. In its 'infancy it was assailed with 
unparalleled ' vehemence : it was then a 
matter of 'theory, if the Constitution could 



Rightly. 

Instrument. 

Changes. 

Propounded. 

By reason. 

Thomas. 

Suffrage. 

Ascertained. 

Commenced. 

2d month. 

Ordained. 

linted States 

Vote. 

February. 

' in.s.n. 

President. 

CotMeqnaaOT. 

Particularly. 

Then-hy. 

\. ■e.Iless. 

Virulence. 

Use. 

Purine. 

Protector. 

Origin. 

Violence. 

Conjecture. 



Why was Article XII. of the Amendments inserted in the body of the 
Constitution? 17 What is peculiar of the twelfth amendment ? (§9) 
IS. Give an account of the presidential contest in 1 S01. 19. Why is the 
twelfth amendment important ? (§ 10.) 20. How long has the Constitu- 
tion been in force 3 21. What has been the result of its operation ? 22. 
See Article XU. of the Amendments to the Constitution, pa^e 115 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 221 



rittft upon the country union, and its na- 

i?o tural consequences, 'prosperity and power. 
Experience, the infallible test of all human 
theories, has demonstrated the 'wisdom of 
its arrangements, and the unequalled bless- 
ings of its operation. Those who hereafter 

125 attempt to 'weaken its bonds, must do so 
against the weight of its own transcendent 
example to bless mankind, and the light of 
all past experience : and nothing but the 
mental darkness of the people could ever 
\e a chance of success to the 'schemes 
of those unworthy Americans who would 
wish to destroy this glorious 'confederacy. 
(| 11.) Every friend of 'liberty throughout 
the world has felt a new 'impulse to duty by 

135 the unparalleled 'prosperity and happiness 

:iferred by the American Constitution: it 

has proved the mightiest 'rampart against 

those dreaded evils which its early but often 

patriotic opponents feared it might foster ; its 

ho fruits have surpassed the 'expectations of the 
most sanguine of its framers. Let then every 
honest person reflect upon the dangerous 
doctrines of dissensions and 'disunion. Every 
one should remember that our bond of union 
broken, we have thirty distinct but 



Give to. 

Success. 

Proof. 

Sageness. 

Unrivalled. 

Action. 

Enfeeble. 

Tower. 

Precedent. 

Trial. 

Blindness 

Intrigues 

Base. 

Union. 

Freedom. 

Motive. 

Success. 

Bestowed. 

Fortification. 

Feared. 

Adversaries. 

Hopes 

Confident. 

Sincere. 

sppuration. 

Recollect. 

Severed. 



Constitution I in its infancy? 23. What is the 

f all human theories ? (§11) 24. What effect lias the 

: the Amei stituti >n bad on the friends of liberty 

throughout the 25. What arc its results upon the evils it was 

i r in disseminating 
iloctr snd disunionl 27. What would result from 

the destruction of the Constitution ? 28. If the Union were destroyed, 

19* 



222 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



'feeble nations, where now exist the most 
prosperous people of the world. 'Questions 
that are now debated and reasonably 'de- 
cided in the 'Halls of Congress, would then 

150 be 'decided by brute force in the field of 
'battle. 

(§ 12.) Let 'disunion once take place, and 
who can tell where the line of division will 
'end 1 Who could tell the number of unprin- 

155 cipled politicians and military 'adventurers 
that would spring up; the enormous taxes 
that would be 'exacted of the people to sup- 
port armies for mutual aggression; the mili- 
tary despotism ami theconsequenf misery that 

160 would 'inevitably follow I (^ 13.) Hut how 
can the Constitution be 'maintained, unless 
it is made known to the people, and how 
can it be made known it' not 'taught in 
our schools? Unless the youth of our ' land 

105 learn to 'appreciate the security it gives to 
property, 'liberty, equal laws, and even life, 
and 'realize the truth that measures injurious 
to one section of our country must 'eventually 
injure all; divided, we must surely fall: that 

no united our country will not only stand, but 
take the ' lead of all others in the improve- 
ment of the 'social condition of man, and 
'attain a degree of renown unequalled in the 
'annals of the world. (§ 14.) For nearly 



He picas. 

Determined. 
Houses 
Settled. 
Strife. 
Sepe ration- 
Mark. 
Terminate. 
Dmftmdom. 

Heavy. 

Required. 

Annoyance*. 

nesa. 
Certainly. 
Supported. 
Community. 
Inculcated. 
Country. 

Comprehend. 

Finally. 

Severed. 

Exist. 

Advance. 

Domestic. 

Reach. 

Chronicles. 



how would questions of sectional moment be then decided ? (§ 12.) 
29. Would the Union, once divided, continue without numerous sub- 
divisions and distractions? (§ 13.) 30. What is the only effectual way 
to support the Constitution? 31. In what consists the strength of our 
country? 32. To what desirable position does the Constitution lead 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 223 



its su thousand years has the world been 
created, yet during that 'time liberty has 

heretofore been pent up in narrow territo- 
ries, and never before had dominion on such 
a magnificent scale as is now exhibited in 
America ; never before have knowledge and 
equal laws been extended to the million, and 
the highest 'offices of honor, of profit, and of 
usefulness, been given alike to the rich and 
the 'poor; never before have the mightiest 

IBS men of a nation, the brightest 'names in the 
curriculum of fame, risen to immortal re- 
nown from obscurity, solely on the ground 
of merit. 

(§ 15.) The Constitution may justly be 
urded as the promoter of universal know- 
ledge and equality among men, the patron 
of letters, the fountain of justice and of 
'order in human society; it is the strong bul- 
wark of American freedom. It is a mag- 

M nificent structure, reared with unequalled 
wisdom by the purest patriots, and the most 
successful ' benefactors of the human race : 
its ' pillars are now the virtue and intelli- 
gence of the people ; its ' keystone is union. 

aw Vice, immorality, and corruption may 'under- 
mine the one; faction, sectional jealousies, 
and strife, may 'corrode and destroy the 
other. Let it be the 'care of every Ameri- 



G000. 
PerimL 

Shut. 

Predomi- 
nance. 

Grand. 

Information. 

Offered. 

riaces. 

Utility. 

Indigent. 

Appellations. 

Cycle. 

Retirement. 

Ability. 

Palladium. 

Looked upon 

Equal rights. 

Literature. 

System. 

Liberty. 

Edifice. 

Sagacity. 

Friends. 

Supports. 

I';i>!« nmp. 

Sap. 

Local. 

Consume. 

Solicitude. 



33 H w long lias the world continued under 
despotic ru I What intry §et the example of freedom to all 

others? 3 r men promoted to office under the Constitution? 

36. For what reason 1 ('"j 15.1 87. How may the Constitution be re- 



224 



COMMENTARY ON THE 



can to 'comprehend the vastness of its bless- 

205 ingvS, and to 'guard it from all possible 'en- 
croachments. 

(§ 16.) The 'legacy of the Father of his 
country sets forth alike the 'importance and 
the 'paramount claims of the Constitution. 

210 Those who 'revere the sage counsels of him, 
whose fame is 'co-extensive with the history 
of America, will 'coincide in the opinion, that 
the Constitution should be studied in all the 
'schools. " It is of infinite moment that you 

215 should 'properly estimate the immense value 
of your national union to your 'collective and 
individual happiness ; that you should cherish 
a 'cordial, habitual, and immovable attach- 
ment to it; 'accustoming yourselves to think 

220 and speak of it as of the palladium of your 
'political safety and prosperity; watching for 
its preservation with jealous anxiety; dis- 
countenancing whatever mny suggest even 
a 'suspicion that it can, in any event, be 

K5 abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon 
the first dawning of every attempt to alienate 
any 'portion of our country from the rest, or 
to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link 
together the 'various parts."* 



Understand. 

Protect. 

^Intrusions. 

Farewell Ad- 
dress. 

Necessity 
BfcfeMt 

Reverence. 

Co-existent. 

AgTee. 

Learned. 

Seminaries. 

AtVquately. 

Combined. 

Felicity. 

Heartfelt. 

Habituating. 

Shield. 

National. 

Solicitude. 

Hint. 

Doubt. 

On. 

Appearance. 

Part. 

Weaken. 

Different. 



garded ? 38. What should be the care of every American? (§ 16.) 
39. What should be properly estimated? 40. Should all understand 
the Constitution? 41. Is it written so that all can understand it? 

42. Should each pupil in every school in the country understand it? 

43. Should every citizen study it? 44. How should all speak of 
it? 45. Would it be reasonable or safe to require persons to speak 
in a favorable manner of a document which they had never read? 

* The entire Farewell Address is inserted in the " Citizen's Manual, by Joseph Bartlett 
Burleigh." 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 225 



(§ 17.) Great w ere the hearts, and 'strong the minds, 
those who 'framed, in nigh del 
l ie 'immortal league of iove that binds 
Our lair 'broad empire, state with state. 

And deep the gla Lneea of the hour, 
•2Tv3 When, si i] icioua task was done, 

In solemn trust, the sword of power 
WmM given to Glory's unspoiled Sox. 

That noble race is gone; the suns 
Of sixty years have 'risen and set; 
240 But the bright 'links those chosen ones 
So strongly 'forged, are brighter yet. 

Wide — as l otir own free race increase — 
Wi le shall extend the 'elastic chain, 
And bind, in 'everlasting peace, 
245 Lte, a 'mighty train. — Bryant. 



Stoat 

\hu\c. 

Eternal, 

• 
Awful. 
Unstained. 

Worthy. 
Soared. 
Rin^s. 
Formed. 

Americans. 
Stretching. 
Evcrduring. 
Potent. 



(§ 17.) 46. What were great? 47. What strong? 48. What was 
framed ? 49. What was given? 50. To whom? 51. What is gone? 
>'hat are brighter yet? 53. What shall extend wide? 54. Should 
all endeavor to imitate the virtues of Washington, who endeavored 
never to tell a falsehood, violate an obligation, or be guilty of any other 
dishc tl 55. If we strive to attain the highest pinnacle, shall 

we \> and accomplish more good than we should otherwise? 

'A* ho do you suppose the happiest in this life, the wicked or the 
good ! 



LESSON XL. 

THE Dtmn AND EE-POXSIWLITIES OF VOTERS.* 

(§1.) The impressions and 'prejudices 

imbibed in infancy — the infancy of a person 

or of a nation — and perpetuated in the use 

of - which should vary 

circumst are, perhaps, 



Pm Me* 

Early exist- 

Contjaoad. 

Expressions. 



(% 1.) rly life ? 

■ 



226 



DUTIES AND 



in no instance more 'indelibly and injuriously 
fixed, than those relating to our 'social, poli- 
tical, and 'national associations. Thus, the 
phrases and the impressions 'incident to them, 

10 "right of suffrage," which 'implies the grant 
by the 'ruling power to the subject to exer- 
cise the elective 'franchise, and " govern- 
ment," as applied to a 'detached body of 
men in power, are both rendered 'obsolete 

15 by the 'peculiar character of our republican 
institutions, and by the declaration that " all 
men are 'created free and equal \" hence 
society, as 'regards its organization and go- 
vernment, is resolved into its 'original ele- 

20 ments ; and man votes, and elects 'legislators 
and rulers, as a right, not as a 'privilege; 
government 'exists for man, not man for 
government. (§ 2.) As then all men are 'po- 
litically free and equal, the only 'operation 

25 necessary to 'constitute civil society is their 
association for social enjoyment, the pr 
tion of the 'weak against the strong, the 
'ignorant against the shrewd, the destitute 
against the wealthy, 'and so forth ; and in this 

30 'compact each has equal liberty to partici- 
pate and 'express his will. The united will 
of every member 'constitutes the govern- 
ment of a republican 'community. 

(§ 8.) A 'republican government then, is 

35 nothing more nor less than l a contract formed 



Permanently 

Domestic. 

Public. 

Appertaining 

Means. 

Governing. 

Privilege. 

Separate. 

Antiquated. 

Genius. 

Assertion. 

Made. 

RtkfH i 

Primary. 

Law-r: 

Endures. 

nally. 
Thing. 
Form. 
Defence. 
Feeble. 
Illiterate. 
Ac. 

Agreement. 
Declare. 
Makes. 
People. 
Free. 

An ■grremmt. 



2. Do people derive the right to vote from their rulers? 3. For whtkX 
does government exist ? (§ 2.) 4. What are some of the advantages 
of society? (§ 3.) 5. What is a republican government? 6. What is 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 



227 



by the people for 'mutual protection, de- 
fence, and security of their inalienable rights. 
Hence the duty oi every Freeman is plain; 
his own interest and the interest of those 
40 dear to his heart, his family and his suc- 
3, require him to meet the assembled 
nmunity and express his wish respect- 
ing measures proposed for the general 
weal, which will be found ultimately to 
45 subserve his own self-interest. (§ 4.) But 
how, and where, shall a modest, humble in- 
dividual, meet the assembled community, 
sing this great nation, to express his 
'opinion fearlessly and efficiently ! At the 
as. His diffidence is there at once re- 
lieved by the consciousness of his rights and 
the use of the ballot ; and his vote, thus cast, 
may counterpoise that of the millionaire 
over his 'coffers, the judge on the bench, or 
55 the general in command. 

(§ 5.) Except in very small communities, 
the direct 'agitation of the question under 
debate, cannot conveniently and simultane- 
ously be discussed and decided by the united 
60 will of the nation. This circumstance gives 
to a representative republican govern- 
it, in which the voter delegates to his 
representative the privilege of 'carrying his 
opinions to the legislature, and presenting 



Reciprocal. 

I'nfraiisfer- 
Oivious. 

Followers. 
Collected. 
Citizens. 

-led. 

Prosperity. 

Promote. 

Diffident. 

Gathered. 

Forming. 

Con Wet ion. 

Place of elec- 
tion. 

Knowledge 
Vote. 

Counterba- 
lance. 

Treasures. 
High officers. 
Societies. 

Discussion. 

At the same 
time. 

ComUned. 

Jncxlent. 

Pu.ity. 

Grants. 

Conreying. 

Views. 



the duty of every freeman ? (§ I.) 7. How do voters express their 

us ? 8. Is th<-re any dii • te of the man 

that 'he most man in the country? 

(^ 5 to a repre at? ($6.) 10, 



228 



DUTIES AND 



65 them for him. (§ 6.) But let the 'voter bear 
constantly in 'mind, that the ballot here cast, 
is his 'immediate opinion, expressed on the 
matter at issue, and such 'collateral points 
as are 'connected with it, to be immediately 

70 decided in the ' legislature by his agent ; and 
no one should be so 'thoughtless as to con- 
sider the " election" merely an 'opportunity 
of expressing his 'partiality for a favorite 
aspirant, who has 'elicited admiration by a 

75 'facetious " stump speech," or for the gratifi- 
cation of personal feelings; the candid citi- 
zen will discard all unworthy motives ; he 
will look with pureness of heart and 'sin- 
cerity of purpose, to the future effects of 

80 the 'choice of officers. (§ 7.) He will neither 
be the 'tool of party, nor allow personal 
'enmity or prejudice to sway his vote. lie 
will 'participate with a pure patriotism of 
other ages in the self 'sacrifice of individual 

85 or party preferences, for the most 'merito- 
rious and the ablest officers, and, 'governed 
by good common sense, and patriot reflec- 
tion, will select a faithful, efficient, and 
trusty 'agent, to convey and execute his will 

90 on subjects connected with his interest, the 
interest of the nation, the well-being of Chris- 
tianity and of the 'world. 

(§ 8.) Thus, as so much 'importance is 
attached to the 'elective franchise, it appears 



Balloter. 

Memory. 

Direct. 

Indirect. 

United. 

Law making 
department. 

Occasion. 

Favor. 

Culled forth. 

Witty. 

Individual. 

Renounce. 

Honesty. 

Election. 

Instrument. 

Pique. 

Share. 

Immolation. 

Worthy. 

Directed. 

Meditation. 

Competent. 

Deputy. 

Themes. 

Religion. 

Earth. 

Value. 

Voting pre- 
rogative. 



What should every voter bear in mind ? 11. To what will every pa- 
triotic voter look? (§ 7.) 12. What should not sway the opinion of 
the voter? 13. What will govern every intelligent voter? (§ 8.) 14. 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 



229 



95 that the duty of a voter is one of great pri- 
vilege to the freeman : but its importance to 
the nation rests on the honesty, the candor, 
and 'intelligence of its several members; 
hence the propriety and necessity of the ex- 

100 ertions to disseminate, with other general 
topics of education, a knowledge o( the 
principles of the government, and to 'incul- 
cate morality and religion — the pillars on 
which rest the freedom, the permanency. 

Mi and the entire value of our republican insti- 
tutions. (§0.) Every voter is bound by self- 
interest, independent of the unerring com- 
mands of the scriptures, to support such 
measures as will contribute most to amelio- 

no rate the sufferings and 'distresses of society, 

general prosperity of his country, and, 

above all, to the perpetuity of its institutions. 

In the course of time, additions to and altera- 

is of the Constitution must necessarily be 

113 proposed for the consideration of the people, 
and even its very existence is 'committed to 
them ; hence the imperative injunction is 
placed upon all, to understand that document, 
which has conferred so many blessings upon 
and, inasmuch at there are in our 
con -at a million of adult white per- 

j deemed impor- 
tant her briefly the necessity and 



Business. 
("oiiscc.utiiOf 

Sni'vr.ty 

Enlighten- 
ment. 

Suitableness. 
BtMTolaat, 

1> ranches. 

Iufuse. 

Christianity. 

Puration. 

Liberal. 

Balloter. 

Undeviating. 

Maintain. 

Aid. 

Adversities. 

Weal. 

Duration. 

Tp.-rrss. 

< If course. 

Deliberation. 

Entrusted. 

• tiinmand. 

•'umprehend. 

Benefits. 

Seeing that. 

Foll-fi 



re frail ;bi*t benefit ibe emiioa I l •">. 
which t insti- 

ll! ($V.) ■!<» ' 17. \Vh;it 

I ';m pertoni unable 

to read be considered safe guardians of liberty ? L9. Who direct the 



230 



DUTIES AND 



claims of sound instruction, to 'allude to the 

125 duty of all to support 'measures for the ge- 
neral 'diffusion of knowledge, and especially 
of those who direct through the ballot-box 
the 'destiny of the nation. 

(§ 10.) If a citizen neglects to 'vote, he 

130 'relinquishes one of his most valuable privi- 
leges, and neglects an important 'duty. The 
'boast of our republic is, its representative 
'feature, and to carry out its plan, all ought 
to be represented. All 'ought to vote, for if 

135 they do not, the 'object of government fails, the 
'people are not wholly, but only in part, repre- 
sented. Every good citizen who stays away 
from the polls, may be justly said to 'frustrate 
the plan of our institutions; and in 'case of 

140 bad officers being elected, to tacitly support 
their election and its consequences. (§ 11.) 
In voting, a 'man is acting both for himself 
and his country, and is under obligation to 
use the utmost discrimination and sound 

H5 sense in the selection of public officers, and 
conduct himself on all occasions with cool- 
ness, candor, and kindness. There should 
never be any angry words, or imputations 
of bad 'motives. The display of ungovern- 

150 able temper, or of rude and ungentlemanly 
conduct, is beneath the dignity of freemen, 



Meaus. 

Dissemina- 
tion 

Guide. 

Fate. 

Ballot. 

Gives up. 

OMigation. 

Glory. 

Character. 

Should. 

Design. 

Inhabitants. 

Km fft 

Bafl* 

The event. 
Silently 
Result* 
( "itizen. 

lity. 

Judgment. 

Designation. 

Instances. 
Ingenuous- 

Exist. 
Below. 



destiny of the political affairs of the nation? (§ 10.) '20. What does 
the man relinquish who neglects to vote? 21. Why should all vote 
in a republican government? (§ 11.) 22. Under what obligation is 
every man who votes? 23. What should never exist? 24. Do the 
best of men ever make mistakes? 25. Do instances occur in which 
men think profound statesmen wrong — in which, if they possessed 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 



231 



and totally unworthy of a citizen of the Ame- 
rican 'republic. The best oi men may some- 
times think they are right, and yet be in the 
m wrong: and men often think profound states- 
men in the wrong, when, if they enjoyed 
their advantages, they would know that they 
were in the right. 

(§ 12.) In making political 'statements, it 

i6o is incumbent on those who advance them to 

use much caution and inquiry in reference 

to their validity: it is by fair and honorable 

-ion thai the cause of human liberty 

idvanced : and the greatest folly any party 

iw or people can commit, is to cheat, "dupe, 

and deceive each other; all honorable men 

will endeavor to support the cause of truth 

and justice. As 'treason is the worst crime 

known in civil society, so should political de- 

ivers be ranked among the most heinous 

f truth, and be 'dismissed from 

the society cf all honorable and respectable 

men. (§ 13.) Experience 'proves, that the 

m«»re the human race are accustomed to rea- 

: and reflect upon their duties, the more pure 

aod'holythe; e. A. community that has 

for tones been oppressed by 

taxation, and made the cringing slaves of 

ire prone to run into the extremes 

i» of rice and folly when their shackles arc 



Undeserving. 

Commonwealth. 

I .earned. 

Possessr 1 . 

Understand. 

True way. 

Assertions. 

Obligatory. 

Discretion. 

Soundness. 

Argument 

Promoted. 

Defraud. 

Impose upon. 

Aim. 

Rebellion. 

Liars. 

Classed. 

Discarded by 

Ma^mnimou*. 
Demonstrate*. 
Habituated. 
"Munitions. 

Course. 

Tyranny. 
Fetter*. 



ht1 (§12.) 90. 

11 >w should 

9. Wiii' do6i experience 

'i that man is 



232 



DUTIES AND 



removed, and are sometimes led to believe 
that " kings rule by divine right," and that 
man is not 'capable of self-government ; with- 
out ever 'reflecting on the absurdity, that if 

185 men, in the 'aggregate, cannot control their 
own affairs, the 'baser class of men may 
seize the 'prerogative of heaven, and not 
only 'govern themselves, but also others; that 
the 'greater number should be oppressed with 

190 taxes to support in sumptuousness the 'few ; 
that they must have 'an imbecile race of 
kings, to force them to 'submit to law and 
to do right. (§ 14.) The fact is, that /// 
times past, education has been 'denied to 

ids the mass of the people; hence the most dis- 
interested benefactors of our racr, — those 
who 'disseminated most the fundamental 
principles of human 'equality — that the 
people should be free and enlightened — that. 

200 'virtue and wisdom constituted the highest 
'excellence of character — and that men should 
be'respected according to their personal merit 
and the 'piety of their lives, have been sacri- 
ficed by the 'illiterate multitude, who were 

205 'duped and made the tools of artful despots. 
(§ 15.) Recount the names of the most 're- 
nowned 'philosophers of antiquity, the most 
disinterested statesmen, the ablest 'orators, 
the purest 'philanthropists, even to him "who 



Induced. 
Munarchs. 
Qualified for. 
Pondering. 
Whole. 

Inferior. 

Exclusive 
privilege. 

Direct. 

Majority. 

Minority. 

A weak. 

Yield. 

Heretofore. 

Withheld 
from. 

I'lisHfUh. 
Mankind. 
Diffused. 

Kdurati-d. 

Morality. 

Worth. 

Esteemed. 

Sanctity. 

Ignorant. 

Deceived. 

Celebrated. 

Siiges. 

Speakers. 

Lovers of 
mankind. 



incapable of self-government? (§ 14.) 30. What has heretofore been 
the state of education? 31. What has been the fate of those who 
have heretofore contributed most to human happiness? (§ 15.) 32. 
What are the names of the most distinguished philosophers of anti- 



" 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 



233 



2io spake as never man spake," they have 'suf- 
fered the most 'excruciating pains, and death, 
through ignorance, by the hands of these 
whose best interests could alone be 'promoted 
by their existence; Providence will ever 

PU rentier the inevitable hour of death happy to 
those who live for the benefit of mankind; 
but they brought 'untold misery and wretch- 
edness upon themselves and their posterity, 
and their ignorance may justly be said to 

m have clothed the world in mourning. (§ 1G.) 
Ignorance then cannot be anything but a 
moral crime of the darkest dye to those who 
have imperishable education placed within 
their reach, and fail to take the 'prize. The 

xx history o{ the world, the infallible index of 
future human action, 'shows that no people 
can remain free who are illiterate: know- 
ledge, true knowledge, is indispensable to 
ire 'permanently in families even the ne- 

£» cessary riches of this world. Without it, in 
a republic, it is utterly impossible for wealth 
to continue in, and contribute happiness to 
a family : it becomes the 'putrid carcass that 
invites unseen vultures, that seize it, and 

M bring either poverty or 'inevitable ruin on its 



Endured. 
Tormenting. 

1 
Ail v;i need. 
God. 
Certain. 

Wcitoa 

Unrevcaled. 
Descendants. 
Truly. 
Habited 

Want of know- 
ledge. 

Color. 

Enduring. 

Reward. 

Unerring. 

Proves. 

Uneducated. 

Requisite. 

Lastingly. 

Wealth. 

Entirely. 

Administer. 
Corrupt. 

Unavoidable. 
Holders. 



ime the mo-t distinguished orators and philanthropists? 
bat J id th< ' (§ 16.) 35. Why is it a crime 

. What is shown* bj ry of the world, on 

tl 37. Why is kn< try to public arvl private 

7 38. What does •■ n without 

knowledge. 39. D * *e who live for the benefit of mankind best 

ty ? 

20* 



234 



DUTIES AND 



LESSON XLI. 

(§ ].) 'Self-interest alone, even for this 
world's 'enjoyment, renders moral intelli- 
gence 'indispensable; let then no one rest 
'satisfied whilst, within this Union, there are 
5 hundreds of thousands who find it difficult 
to 'discriminate between right and wrong; 
it is ncf ^enough that they know how to read 
and write ; an 'enlightened man without pro- 
bity, may become the more 'efficient tool for 

10 mischief; but morality should be paramount 
to letters. Let the 'youthful mind be always 
'impressed with moral examples in theory and 
'practice, and so be fortified against the evil 
influences of after-life. (§ 2.) Let the 'in- 

15 structors of youth receive such 'remuneration. 
and such honor, that the profession may com- 
mand the ablest talents of the land, and so- 
ciety will receive the rich rewards of the 
common harvest. 'Apathy to the vital sub- 

20 ject of the moral 'training of the young may 
be fatal; no citizen, however 'wealthy, or 
however 'exalted, can escape the evils of 
surrounding and depraved ignorance. Let 
none 'imagine themselves in conscious secu- 



Individual 

ga iii- 
Pleasure. 

Necessary. 

Contented. 

Are puzzled. 

.•'tit. 
Educated. 

• lal. 

Young. 

Stamped. 
f'< rformance. 

.'•rs. 

tldl. 
tloi*. 

InililT. ■: 

Guidance. 

Opulent. 

Corrupting. 



(§ 1.) 1. What renders moral intelligence indispensable 1 2. Can 

the morals of children, or the property of individuals, remain safe 
among ignorant and corrupt communities? 3. What may an enlight- 
ened man without morality become ? 4. What examples are requi- 
site to enforce morality? (§ 2.) 5. Who will reap the benefits of 
having good instructors? 6. What is necessary to hav lehool 

besides good teachers? 7. Are any so wealthy or so exalted, that 
they may be shielded from surrounding ignorance? S. Who have a 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 



235 



25 rity. surrounded by mental darkness, or im- 
moral 'mental illumination; all have a part 
to perform — the richest and the poorest, the 
mightiest men of the nation, and the feeblest 
Women of the land; no citizen should be 
imgfor the mental distresses, 
. and perishing wants of the multi- 
tudes within this republic. (§ 3.) May no le- 
thean stupor overtake, or contracted personal 
views engross the attention of the citizens 
U pf America, till, revelling in the fruits of 
ethers' labors, and claiming part of the 're- 
nown «>f their ancestors, the hand of barba- 
rian ignorance writes M menc, mene, tekel, 
upharsin," <>n the walls of the republic, and 
40 the tide of brutal force, guided by mental 
depravity, sweeps for ever liberty from the 
'shores of America. Let then every one re- 
nber that here the people rule, that the mi- 
nority must always submit to the majority, 
IT) whether their political measures savor of 
6 or virtue, of folly or wisdom; the vigi- 
lance of all should be used, that the 'eloquence 
the zeal for party may not cause 
them to forgel cither the rights or mental 
ts "f their 'country, 

i All minorities in a republic are en- 
titled to equal rights and protection with the 
• rity. and any violation of the JUSt rights 



Ignorance. 

Intellectual. 

Fulfil. 

Most influen- 
tial. 

Voter. 

Insensible of. 

Endurances. 

Deathly. 

Individual. 

Monopolize. 

Productions. 

Fame. 

Ferocious. 

Want nf know- 
ledge. 

Nation. 
Depraved. 
Recklessness 
Coasts. 

Smaller number 

Yield. 

National. 

Discretion. 

Devotion. 

Cornmon\*r»ltn. 

Security. 
Infraction. 



pari- i of knowledge 1 9. Who 

DOH 

. I • refer 

ailed ? 



236 



DUTIES AND 



of any minority, however 'small, would be 

55 'despotic oppression in a republic ; and the 
worst of all despotisms has been exercised 
by ignorant 'multitudes, over the wisest and 
best citizens. Any man that votes for an 
evil person, for any office, commits a hei- 

60 nous 'offence against his country and human 
liberty; he does all in his power to disgrace 
and ruin the republic. But the cause of 
liberty is ever 'onward, and though often be- 
trayed, it cannot be kept down. Apparently 

65 crushed and entirely Consumed) it will rise 
ill some other land, and like the fabled phoe- 
nix, will revive from its ashes with renewed 
youth and vigor. (§•>•) The great majority 
of the 'people of the American republic will 

70 never knowingly pursue a course 'fatal to 
liberty. Education, 'moral education, is the 
sole foundation on which the perpetuity of 
our institutions 'depends; upon it alone is 
centered the future renown of America. 

75'Greece, Carthage, Rome, Poland, Switzer- 
land, Holland, and France, those attempted 
nurseries of republics, where the embers of 
liberty are still glowing, are now to look to 
the 'eyry of the eagle of freedom in the New 

80 World. The countries of the 'Old World, 



Diminutive. 
Tyrannical. 
Wielded. 

Masses. 

Supports. 

Flagrant. 

Crime. 

D«'f;imr. 

Progressist. 

Seemingly. 
Destroyed. 
Fcitrucd. 
Dust. 

Inhabitants. 

Ruinous. 

1 nri'iTt. 

Basis. 

Rests. 

Fame. 

Gaul. 
Cinders. 
Burning. 
Dome. 

D Con- 
tn.ent. 



(§ 4.) 12. Under what circumstances may despotism exist in a re- 
public? 13. What does a man do who votes for a wicked officer? 
14. Have there been times when there appeared to be no rational 
liberty in the world? 15. What lias taken place on such occasions? 
(§ 5.) 16. Will the majority of the American people knowingly pursue 
a wrong course ? 17. What is then the only security for the perpetuity 
of our institutions? 18. What countries are now to become disciples ! 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 



237 



that formerly contained all that was consi- 
dered of surpassing splendor in the produc- 
tions of man and of nature, are now to he- 
come the pupils of America; and if we per- 
B5 form our duty with the fidelity o{ our an- 
j, our country will attain enduring 
— . and receive, 'through all time, the 
enviable appellation of the Alma Mater of 
rational liberty. 
90 (§ 0.) In conclusion, it may be well to 
remind all voters, that we enjoy more liberty 
and are subject to more sudden and intense 
than any other people on the 
globe. Every citizen is a voter and a law- 
05 maker, almost every one is a politician, 
warmly attached to his party; and the op- 
site views and interests of parties engender 
contro\ tnd there is 'imminent danger 

that the ascendency over an opponent may 
ioo be too often the aim, 'when, on the contrary, 
the disr< >wry of truth should alone be the ob- 
ject /ion. (§7.) Party contest, even 
with a small number of uninformed voters, 
y endanger the tranquillity of the nation 
i<*.-> by a straggle for power among ambitious 
Political questions in this country 
:he virtue and intelligence of the 
. and the discretion, moderation, and 



MagmteMt 

Pisrijles. 
[■A cnty. 
lYrmauent. 

Pining. 

Cberiahiag 

im>liirr. 

FritiVm. 
("losing. 
C.t MB 
Liable. 
Controrer- 

Imlividaal. 

Nearly. 

United. 

Sects. 

Threatening. 

Power. 

Whereas. 

Search. 

Ignorant. 

rontesl. 
Nation. 
I*roTe. 
JndjBrment. 



-i ! 19. Whel majr be *° 6 eoYiable title of America 1 20. 

jnrt 1 (> n ) 21. What nrc ihe people of this 

rouir : Whmt etjoeei con- 

•<-t of all n ? (§ 7.) 

. whom 



238 



DUTIES AND 



integrity of American politicians. Upon the ipnghtnea 
110 present generation devolves the 'momentous important 
question of republican government. If sue- Prosperous, 
cessful, we shall recommend our institutions commend, 
to the 'esteem, the admiration, and the imita- 1 
tion of the 'civilized world, 
no (§ 8.) It is believed that no 'secular know- 
ledge can 'contribute so much to the stabi- 
lity, perpetuity, and 'grandeur of our insti- 
tutions, and so well 'prepare voters to dis- 
charge their 'duties, as a familiar acquaint- 
120 ance with the Constitution. The converse 
of the present and the 'rising generation, not 
only with its 'principles, but with the causes, 
the motives, the forbearance, the 'unwearied 
labor in its production, and the 'unparalleled 



125 wisdom and 'sagacity of its framers — the 
daily and domestic intercourse with that 
'hallowed instrument, and the pure spirit of 
its authors, must promote harmony and 
union, and 'inspire every one with patriotism, 

130 and 'an ardent desire faithfully and effi- 
ciently to perform his duty. Voters are the 
protectors of the 'charter of freedom; the 
children of the 'poorest may yet enjoy some 
of its highest honors, and, like its framers, 

135 by patriotism and merit engrave their names 
on the pillars of 'immortality. Let then every 
one, 'severing the chains of prejudice, select 
the best men for office, that the duration of 



Knlitrhtened. 

Worldly. 

Conduce. 

Splendor. 

Qualify. 

Obligation* 

Familiarity. 

Coming. 

Doctrine*. 

Indefatigable 

I'nequalled. 

Quirk (ba- 
ftl nt. 

('••mmunica- 
Consec rated. 

Enliren. 
A warm. 
Discharge. 
Constitution- 
Most obaeure 
Reward*. 
Write. 
Etenuty. 
<'u:tm?. 
Continuance. 



the republic may be 'co-extensive with time. 0f n S ldu " 



devolves the momentous question of republican government? (§&•) 
27. What is believed to best prepare voters to discbarge their duties ? 






REsrONSlBILLTIKS OF JURORS. 



239 



L E S S X X L I I . 
DUTIES and RESPONSIBILITIES of JTTBOKS. 

(§ 1.) 'Tin: right of trial by jury was justly 
asidered by our ancestors as one of the 
most inestimable privileges of freemen, and 
the violation of this prerogative was one oi' 
5 the causes 4 o( the revolution. No 'citizen 1 
of the United States, excepting those in the 
gjular army, and civil officers under the 
era] government, can ever be deprived of 
this natural birthright. Jury trials in civil 
10 suits, when the amount in controversy ex- 
ity dollars, arc also 'guaranteed to 
every citizen in this country. (§ 2.) 'Though 
the trial by jury lias in all ages been highly 
prized, and is justly considered the palladium 
15 of liberty, yet comparatively little has hereto- 
fore been done duly to discipline the mind, 
or to impress the responsibility of the 'under- 
taking on the minds of those who are to 'sit 
as judges, and decide on matters affecting 
20 not only the fortunes, the reputations, and 



Bomb. 

Regarded. 

Invaluable. 

Infringement 

Denizen. 

Reserving. 
Standing. 
National. 
Inheritance. 

Dispute. 
Secured. 

Notwithstanding 

Periods. 

Bulwark. 

Relatively. 

Properly. 

Duty. 

Preside. 

Arbiters. 

('hanicters. 



(§ 1.) 1 H<>w wn«; the trial by jury regarded by our ancestors 1 
2. What is . nion of the trial by jury? 3. What arc your rea- 

tbe difference between rfc/iizm and 
5. What person! in the United States are not 
1 ti. ( \\ j| i ter being impeached, be tried 

by jar] 7. W :!i t with Article V. of the Amend' 

menis of Can the memberi of the established 

army be tried by ■ ■ horn must they !><• tried ! (§ 2.) 

I from tri:il by jury ? 11. What lias hereto- 
fore I itndi of the majority of the people 

• Se« Declaration at Independ*i. 

itutK.n. pafM 113 and Hi 
. wcuan eeeoa 



240 



DUTIES AND 



the lives of their fellow-cit'zcns, but even the 
'well-being of society, and the permanency 
of our institutions of justice. (§ 3.) The 
object of juries is thwarted, if men, from 

25 deficient or improper mental training, are 
incapable of listening to evidence, and rea- 
soning and 'discriminating between direct 
and irrelevant testimony. It is well known 
that men who have never formed the habit 

30 of attention, of investigating and reasoning 
for themselves, after listening for a few 
days to evidence, become totally bewildered 
with regard to the 'matter in controversy. 
Hence, it is evident that well-meaning men 

35 may often be called upon to discharge duties 
for which they are totally 'unprepared, and 
if not suitably 'qualified by mental training, 
they may become the instruments of 'de- 
priving their fellow-citizens of their 'most 

40 valuable rights. 

(§ 4.) It is a prominent 'object of this book 

to impart a 'zest for critical, accurate, and 

'continued attention, and the most extended 

examinations of any 'subjects that may come 

45 under consideration, to strengthen and 'dis- 
cs I 

cipline the mind, and awaken that 'com- ; 
mendable spirit of self reliance and self per- ' 
severance, which is essential to the highest 
'success in any calling, and which constantly | 



Coun' r 
Welfare. 
Judicatur *. 
01>structed. 
. tabic. 

Discerning 

Not appli- 
cable. 

Custom. 

Ratiocinating 

Hearkening. 

Confused. 

Subject. 

Plain. 

Perform. 

Incompetent. 

Fitted. 

iving. 
Dearest. 
Privileges. 

Relish. 

n-ted. 
Questions. 
Peculate. 
Praiseworthy 
Dependece. 

.try. 
Prosperity. 



while at school, to act as jurors? (§3) 12. What may thwart the 
object of juries? 13. What is necessary for one properly to discharge 
any duty which involves testimony, and affects the property or live? 
of persons 1 (§ -4.) 14. What is the difference between object and 
design, in the 41st line? 15. What is necessary to the highest success 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 



241 



50 affords renewed and increased pleasure, in 
the most intense thought and the most un- 
wearied application. (§ 5.) It is believed 
that no youth can study this hook thoroughly 
without being better prepared indue time to 

")."> discharge efficiently, not only the cilice of a 
juror, but all the varied duties of lite — that 
its use will indelibly impress on the minds 
of all, the importance of the proper 'disci- 
pline of the "mental powers — that, actuated 

SO by the purest philanthropy, and the loftiest 
patriotism, as well as the consciousness 
that their own private interest and 'imme- 
diate personal happiness are inseparably 
linked with their social duties, they will be- 

65 come the enlightened, the efficient, the 'vigi- 
lant guardians of justice. Thus, while each 
receives new impulses to cultivate, in the 
si possible manner, the immortal mind, an 
imperishable foundation is laid, on which to 

70 rear the inseparable superstructures of do- 
mestic bliss and national 'greatness. 

'•.) As the object of this work is to 'be- 
nefit in part the present as well as the rising 
neration, the following subjects will be 

75 briefly considered : the manner of the organi- 
zation of juries; the nature and character of 
their duties; the extent of their power; the 
'correct way of doing business ; their respon- 



Bestows. 

Ardent. 

KXUgenoa 

Accurately. 

Fitted. 

Effectually 

Aviations. 

Permanently 

Culture. 

Intellect. 

Benevolence 

Love of coun- 
try. 

Direct. 

Enjoyment. 

Domestic. 

Watchful. 

Protectors. 

Incentives. 

Way. 

Basis. 

Erect. 

Power. 

Serve. 

A degree. 

Succeeding-. 

Concisely. 

Description. 

Boundaries. 

RiKht. 



in any callim 7 (§ - r >.) 16. Whnt effect ifl it hoped the use of this book 

will bare ' !T - Wbal i- the result of 

Imptiif ring mindl (♦•*) 18. What n the object 

a wnrk ? to oontider* (§7.) 

ii 



242 



DUTIES AND 



sibilities, and 'influence on the social and 
80 political 'institutions of our country. (§ 7.) 
A jury is a 'certain number of citizens, se- 
lected at 'stated periods, and in the manner 
'prescribed by the laws of the various states, 
whose 'business it is to decide some question 
85 of 'controversy, or legal case. Juries are of 
two kinds; the grand jury and the 'petit 
jury. In whatever 'manner the jurors may 
be 'selected from the people, it is the duty of 
the sheriff of the county or district, to re- 
90 turn 'their names, on a piece of paper, to the 
court, previous to the 'appointed day for 
opening. Grand jurors must be selected 
from the county or district over which the 
court has 'jurisdiction. Twenty-four men 
95 are 'summoned to attend court, but not more 
than twenty-three are ever entered upon 
duty. (§ 8.) This prevents 'a contingency 
that might otherwise 'take place, of having 
twelve 'men in favor of arraigning a party 
ioo for trial, 'opposed to the other twelve, who 
might wish to 'ignore the indictment. Not 
less than twelve men can 'serve on any grand 
jury in any state ; and 'generally some odd 
number, 'between twelve and twenty-four, is 



Power over. 

Regulations. 

Particular. 

Specified. 

Directed. 

Duty. 

Dispute. 

Traverse. 

Mode. 

Taken. 

Precinct. 

The panel. 

Designated. 

Arbiters. 

Bailiwick. 

Legal autho- 
rity. 

Notified. 
Sworn. 

An occurrence. 

Arise. 

Jurors. 

Contrary. 

Make invalid 

Art. 

Usually. 

Betwixt. 



20. What is a jury? 21. How are juries selected? 22. Do all the 
states have the same laws in reference to juries? 23. How many 
kinds of juries are there ? 24. What is a sheriff'? 25. What is the 
duty of the sheriff? 26. What is a panel ? 27. What is the difference 
between panel and pannel? 28. What is the largest number of grand 
jurors ever sworn? (§ 8.) 29. Why is not a larger number sworn? 
30. What is the smallest number of men that can ever serve on a 
grand jury? 31. What number is usually selected ? 32. What is an 
odd number? 33. How is the foreman usually selected? (§ 9.) 34. 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 



243 



lis selected. After they are called to the side of 
the court-room 'appropriated for the jury, they 
are generally 'permitted to choose their own 
'foreman. But the judges can appoint, or 
rather nominate a 'foreman for them. 

no (^ 8.) The foreman is then required to 'take 
the following oath or 'affirmation, which is 
'administered by some authorized person: — 
M You, A. B., do 'solemnly swear (or ailirm), 
that you will diligently inquire, and true 

no presentments make, of all such articles, 
'matters and things, as shall be given to you 
in charge, or otherwise come to your know- 
ledge, touching the present 'service ; the 
commonwealth's counsel, your 'fellows', and 

120 your own, you shall 'keep secret; you shall 

present no one for envy, hatred, or malice, 

nor shall you leave any one 'unpresented, for 

fear, favor, 'affection, or hope of reward or 

n; but shall present all things truly, as 

m they come to your knowledge, according to 

the best of your understanding, so help you 

God.' 1 (§ 10.) After the 'foreman has taken 

the above 'official oath, the grand jurors are 

i m according to the following precedent : 

ix " You and each of you do solemnly swear 
(or affirm), that the same oath (or affirma- 
tion) which your foreman has taken 'on kit 
/, you and 'every one of you shall well 



Taken. 
Set apart. 
Allowed. 
Spokesman. 
Chief 

Satedrihe to. 

Avrrmeut. 

Given. 

Seriously. 

Attentively. 

Indictments. 

Subjects. 

Keeping-. 

Session. 

Associates'. 

Not reveal. 

Antipathy. 

L'niudicted. 

Love. 

Emolument. 

Information. 

Utmost. 

Leader 

Leptd. 

Affirmed. 

Every DM. 

Invocation. 

For himself. 

Each. 



• is the foreman and enrh oftli required tO rlo before pIO- 

1 35. What i- the difference between 

tworn and affirmed, in the 1 29th III After the grand jury are 

•worn, what >!ionl«l he <! May the poweri ••(' the grand jury 



244 



DUTIES AND 



and truly observe on your part." The grand 

135 jurors, after being thus 'sworn or affirmed, 
should be informed by the 'presiding judge 
of the 'nature of their business and the 
extent of their 'jurisdiction, which some- 
times may be 'permitted to extend beyond 

ho the 'limits of their county; he should also 
'briefly allude to all the offences, and other 
matters, which it is their duty to 'investigate. 
(§11.) It is the duty of the jury then to 're- 
tire to a room appropriated solely to their use, 

145 and sit in secret as a jury of accusation. The 
foreman acts as 'chairman, and the jury should 
appoint one of their number to perform the 
duties of 'secretary; but no records should 
be kept of their proceedings, except those 

150 that are 'essential for their transacting their 
own business in order, and for their 'official 
use. (§ 12.) After the grand jury is 'organ- 
ized, the Attorney-general usually supplies 
them with bills of 'indictment, which should 

155 'specify the allegations against offenders. On 
these bills are 'written the names of the wit- 
nesses by whose 'evidence they are supported. 
The witnesses, before the jury 'proceed to 
business, should be in 'attendance at court, 

160 and should be 'carefully examined, with the 
utmost 'scrutiny, and in such manner as in 



Keep. 

Qualified. 

Chief. 

Character. 

Power. 

Allowed. 

Bounds. 

Succinctly. 

Examine. 

Go. 

Exclusively. 

Arraignment 

President 

Scribe. 
Doings. 
Requisite. 

Regulated. 

the State. 
Accusation. 

Enumerate. 

Eudorsed. 

Testimony. 

Enter upon. 

Waiting. 

Attentively. 

Carefulness. 



ever extend beyond their own county? 38. When? (§ 11.) 39. 
What should the grand jury do after receiving the directions of the 
judge? 40. Should they have any officer besides the foreman ? 41. 
Why? 42. Why should they not keep permanent records of their 
proceedings? (§ 12.) 43. Who usually draws up the bills of indict- 
ment for the jury? 44. What should the indictment contain? 45. 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 



245 



the judgment of the jury will best elicit the opinion. 



whole truth in reference to the pending in- 
dictment : for the 'object of the grand jury 
itt is, to secure the 'punishment of the guilty, 
and to prated the innocent; to prevent the 

commission of 'crime, and lead all to reve- 
rence and obey the laws of the 'land; to 
show that the way of the 'transgressor is 
1:0 hard, and that the only 'path of safety is the 
path of 'duty. 



K elation. 

Purpose. 

Conecfion. 

Guard. 

Wickedness. 

Country. 

Criminal. 

Road. 

Well-doing. 



Why should witnesses be in attendance at court? 46. How should 
they be examined? 47. What should be the object of every grand 
juror? 



LESSON XLIII. 

(§ 1.) The grand jury should 'always ex- 
amine witnesses under oath, and 'proceed 
with the utmost vigilance and caution. — 
When twelve jurors have 'agreed that the 
5 accused party ' ought to be placed upon trial, 
it is their duty at once to 'find a true bill, and 
any further delay on their part is merely 
a waste of time, and of the public 'money. 
When the grand jury 'find a true bill against 
10 an accented party, on the testimony of others, 
it is called an indictment. (§ 2.) When 
twelve of more jurors 'know of any public 
offence within their jurisdiction, or if even 



Invariably. 
Act. 

Watchful- 
ness. 

Decided. 

Should 

Bring in. 

Longer. 

Treasure. 

Kcfum. 

Impeached. 

Named. 

Are aware. 
In. 



ft I.) I. In what manner should grand jurors examine evidence ? 2. 

when twelve bare decided lo pnl the accused on 

trial' ■ > when twelve 01 more jurors know 

of ar 6 ? 4. What wlu-n OHO juror Knows of any crime ? 

21* 



246 



DUTIES AND 



one or more 'jurors, less than twelve, know 

15 of any libel, 'nuisance, or public offence, he or 
they may be 'placed on oath, and examined 
in the same way as any other witnesses, and 
after such 'examination, if twelve jurors shall 
agree that the 'allegations are just, they may 

20 find a true bill, and cause the authors or 
offenders to be brought to trial. When a 
bill is found in this 'manner, it is usually 
called a presentment It should be drawn 
up in 'legal form, describing the alleged 

25 offence, with all the proper 'accompaniments 
of time, and 'circumstances, and certainty 
of the libel, nuisance, or crime. The word 
presentment, in the jurors' oath, 'compre- 
hends all bills, and is 'consequently used in 

30 its 'most extended application. 

(§ ;>.) No indictment or presentment can 
be made, except by the 'agreement of at least 
twelve jurors. When a true bill is found, it 
is 'the duty of the foreman to write on the 

35 'back of the indictment, "a true bill," with 
the 'date, and sign his name as foreman. 
The bill should be 'presented to the court 
publicly, and in the presence of all the jurors. 
When an indictment is not proved to the 

40 satisfaction of tw r elve jurors, it is the duty 
of the 'foreman to write on the back of the 
bill, with the date, " [ we are ignorant," or 



Tnera. 
Pest. 
Put. 
Testifiers. 

Iuvt^'-i-j-a;. m 

AccusuUoijs. 

< >nt::i:a:.»rs. 

Adjudication 

Way. 

Written. 

Pn>iKT. 

Particulars. 

Annoyance. 
Includes. 

True Bill 

Incumbent 
on. 

Outside. 

Time. 

Handed. 

Before. 

Verified. 

Arbiters. 

Moderator. 

Ignoramus. 



5. What is the difference between a presentment and an indictment? 

6. How should a presentment be made? (§3.) 7. What number of 
jurors must concur, to bring in a true bill? 8. After the jury have 
concluded to find a true bill, what is the duty of the foreman ? 9. 



RESPONSIBILITIES OP JURORS. 



247 



"not a 'true bill, " or * not round." When 
there is not sufficient evidence to authorise 

4") the jury to find a true bill, and they express 
a doubt as above described, the indictment 

it said to be " made null and void/' The 

indictments, instead of being signed by the 
foreman, may be signed by all the jurors, in 

50 which ease the foreman's name should be at 
the head of the list of names. (§4.) In re- 
ferenee to indictments, the jury must depend 
entirely on the testimony of others, and their 
own judgments. When a disinterested wit- 

.-)."> ne>>. of good moral character, has been in 
a position to know all the facts about which 
evidence is 'required, and has sufficient abi- 
lity to testify in 'courts of justice, the jury 
are legally bound to place implicit 'credence 

60 in such evidence, 'provided there is no 
'motive for telling a false or exaggerated 
story ; but it requires the closest discrimina- 
tion and judgment on the part of each juror, 
to detect the fallacies of evidence, inasmuch 

65 as the accused party can never be present. 

5.) It is incumbent on every juror to 

use his own opinion and good sense in 

these matters, as well as all others ; and any 

one who is 'swayed by the suggestions of 

70 others, against the dictates of his own con- 
science, is recreant to the trust reposed in 



Vira. 
Empower. 
Bring in. 

\:mit(l. 
Iciiori.il. 

In plane. 

fach of. 

Instance. 

Panel. 

Accusations. 

Solely. 

Opinions. 

Reputation. 

Ascertain. 

Requisite. 

Halls. 

Belief- 

If. 

Cause. 

Scrutiny. 

Discretion. 

Deceptions. 

Criminated. 

Obligatory. 

Judgment. 

Subjects. 

Mored. 

Impulses. 

I'.ilse. 



• would be tlir if amd shoal I I for or, in 

1 lines ? . is a bill - 11. 

On what mu<t 
the jury depend in indictments? IS. What ifl Boh juror? 

($ 5 , n may a juror be sai : ID the tntiM reposed I 



248 



DUTIES AND 



him* Every public 'offence within the county 
may be considered a ' legitimate subject of 
'indictment by the grand jury ; but they can 

75 never try the 'accused party ; their business 
is 'simply to investigate the case, so far as 
to 'see if the criminated party ought to be 
put on trial. Hence they are debarred 
from examining any witness in his 'favor. 

80 (§ 6.) In "concluding this subject, it may be 
well to 'remark, that grand jurors are justly 
bound to 'secrecy ; for if they were not, the 
'imprudent remarks of jurors, that bills had 
been 'found against accused persons, might 

85 enable the 'guilty to escape, and thereby 
'thwart the ends of justice. It would also 
hold out an 'inducement for persons guilty of 
'crimes to inquire of jurors respecting the 
accused, and 'consequently facilitate their 

90 escape. The certainty of punishment is the 
surest 'preventive of crime. 

(§ 7.) The 'duration of secrecy is not in 
all cases 'permanent. If a witness should 
'swear in open court directly opposite to the 

95 evidence given in by him 'before the grand 
jury, the 'injunction of secrecy in reference 
to the witness w T ould 'be at an end. Any of 
the jurors might be 'put on oath, to show 
that the witness was not * worthy of credit, 

ioo and was guilty of 'testifying to a falsehood. I 



Crime. 

Lawful. 

Accusation. 

Arraigned. 

Merely. 

Ascertain. 

Prevented. 

Behal£ 

Closing. 

Observe. 

Silence. 

Careless. 

Sanctioned. 

Criminals. 

Defeat 

Incentive. 

Offences. 

Therefore. 

Retribution. 

Hindrance. 

Continuance 

Lasting. 

Take oath. 

In presence 
uf. 

Obligation. 
Terminate. 
Sworn. 
Entitled to. 
Perjury. 



in him? 15. Can the grand jury ever try the accused party? (§ 6.) 

16. Assign a few reasons why grand jurors should be bound to secrecy ? 

17. What is the surest preventive of crime? (§7.) 18. Is the injunc- 
tion of secrecy on the part of grand jurors always permanent? 19. 




RESPONSIBILITIES OF Jl'RORS. 



249 



From these reasons it appears, that the grand 
jury may be justly considered the vigilant 
and efficient guardians erf public virtue. 

JURY OF TRIALS. 

*•) To the petit jury are committed all 

io5 trials, both civil and criminal. Petit jurors 
must be selected from the citizens residing 
within the jurisdiction of the court. The 
form of the petit jurors' oath varies in the 
'different states of the Union; the following 

no "form is in substance generally used : M You 
and each of you 'solemnly swear, to try the 
matter at issue between the parties, and a 
true verdict to give, according to law and 
the 'evidence." As the grand jury was con- 

ii5 sidered the jury of accusation, the petit may 

be 'regarded as the jury of conviction ; hence 

their 'qualifications should be of an equally 

high order, and every one should be 'im- 

1 with a sincere 'desire to render strict 

ion justice to all the parties concerned, without 

partiality or hope of reward. (§ 9.) A petit 

jury consists of twelve persons, and unlike 

the grand jury, it requires 'perfect unanimity 

nable them to render a judgment against 

125 any party. When the litigant parties, in 



Small. 

Issues. 

Picked out. 

Bounds. 

Tniwrsc. 

SeveraL 

Plirase. 

Sincerely. 

Question. 

Judgment. 

Testimony. 

Arraignment 

Considered. 

Attainments. 

Impressed. 

Wish. 

Every one. 

Favor. 

Comprises. 

Complete. 

BNHMM at 

law. 



In What always regarded? (§ S.) 20. What 

is committed t<> tin- petit jury ? 21. In what way must the petit jury 
be s- Do the local ooetoma of this country vary in the 

seler- What i- required of each jnrof l> 

What wa ered ! 25. 

l be the 

must a petit jury al I il alw;i uy to 



250 



DUTIES AND 



their 'allegation, come to a fact which is 
'affirmed on the one side, and denied on the 
other, the cause is at 'issue, and the jury are 
the 'sole judges of the matter in controversy. 

130 To insure 'uprightness, the trial by jury 
should always be 'in open court The wit- 
nesses should be 'sworn in the presence of 
the judges, the 'counsel on each side, and 
all the 'spectators. 

135 (§ 10.) The 'evidence should then be given 
by the party on whom 'rests the burden of 
proof. After the 'witnesses called by a party 
are examined, the privilege of re-examin- 
ing them is 'allowed to the opposite party. 

ho Whenever a question is 'asked which is 
'considered improper by either of the liti- 
gants, the judges decide upon the propriety 
of the admission. 'Generally, before any 
evidence is offered, the counsel who open the 

145 cause on each side, make a short 'speech, 
in which they state the case, the matter in 
'suit, and the facts which they expect to prove, 
x in order that the jury may better understand 
the evidence. (§ 11.) After the party who 

150 supports the affirmative of the issue has exa- 
mined all his witnesses, the 'opposite party 
then calls evidence to 'support his side of the 
'question. The parties sometimes try to re- 



statement. 

Alleged. 

Trial. 

Only. 

Fairness. 

Public. 

Affirmed. 

Lawyers. 

Bystanders. 

Testimony." 

Devolves, 

Deponents. 

liuup. 
CnillWtl. 

Impounded. 

Deemed. 

Court. 

Commonly. 

Proof. 

AtMr»->s. 

Name. 

Litigation. 

So. 

Plaintiff. 

Questioned. 

Adverse. 

Maintain. 

Controversy. 



enable a petit jury to render a verdict? 29. Who are the sole judges 
of the matter in controversy 1 30. Why should all trials be in public ? 
(§ 10.) 31. What is done when an objectionable question is asked ? 32. 
What is usually done before any evidence is offered ? (§ 1 1.) 33. What 
is done after the evidence for the prosecution is examined ? 34. What 
should determine in cases of conflicting testimony ? 35. What is done 



=J| 






RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 



251 



but the testimony 'produced by each other; 

1^5 and whenever 'conflicting testimony is pro- 
duced, neither the judges, nor any authority 
'but the jury have a right to decide which rs 
it. After all the witnesses have been 
examined, the counsel for the plaintiff ad- 

i6o dresses the jury, su?ns up the evidence in bis 
own favor, shows all the strong points in his 
case, and insists upon a judgment in favor 
of his client. 

(§ V2.) The opposite 'counsel then addresses 

io3 the jury, and in like manner claims all the 
facts and the law on his side of the question. 
A reply of the plaint ijfs counsel to the argu- 
ments (f the counsel of the defendant mav 'fol- 
low, and then 'the answer of the counsel of 

lro ike defendant to the plaintiff's 'replication. 
According to 'custom, the counsel for the 
plaintiff has the privilege of speaking last 
After the arguments on both sides are 
finished, the presiding judge proceeds to 
m up the reliable evidence on both sides, 
and explains to the jury so much of it as 
he deems correct. The opinion of the judge 
ild contain a clear and explicit exposi- 
tion of the law, but the judge should never 
idertake to decide the facts, for these are 



Offered. 

C outnOeting. 

Prescription. 

L'leept. 

OonMfc 

Hand. 

Exhibits. 
Verdict. 

Pa trim. 

Attorney. 

Also. 

In his favor. 

Replication. 

Succeed. 

A rejoinder. 

Reply. 

Usage. 

Surrejoinder. 

Pleas. 

CloseO. 

Collect 

Expounds. 

Thanks. 

Succinct. 

Expounder 
ot law. 

Endeavor. 



after all the evidence lias been produced ? 86. What part of speech 
is but, in the 1 f»7ih line? 37. How many different parts of speech 
may but be? 38. When is it always a preposition? 30. When an 
adv* 'A'lipn a conjunction 1 41. Whnt i- the difference between 

the Roman and the Bogtfctl ■ J dunt, in the 103d 

linel {% K'.| 43. What is a Reph - \ Rounder? 43. Whose 

counsel has the privilege of addressing the jury la-t 7 14. After the 



252 



DUTIES AND 



committed to the jury. It is generally 'con- 
ceded that the judges are the proper inter- 
preters of the law. And the 'jury should 
for ever 'retain inviolable the right of decid- 
185 ing upon the 'validity of testimony. 



Acknowledged. 

Justices. 
Arbiters. 
Keep sacred. 
Troth. 



arguments on both sides have been closed, what is then done? 45. 
What should the judge not do ? 4G. If he should decide the facts of the 
case, would the jury be bound to coincide with his views? 47. What 
evils might result, if a judge decided upon the merits of the evidence ? 
48. What is generally conceded to the judge? 49. What to the jury? 
00. What are the advantages of this plan ? 



LESSON XLIV. 

(§ 1.) After the judge has * summed up the 
evidence on both sides, and elucidated the 
points of the bur, the jury should 'retire to 
some room appropriated 'solely to their use, 
5 and consider 'critically and exclusively the 
subject in 'litigation. Much reliance as to the 
'meaning of the law may generally be placed 
in the 'explanation of the judge ; but in this 
as well as all other matters at issue, each 

10 juror is bound to 'use his own good sense, 
with the utmost 'prudence and discrimina- 
tion, lest some 'fallacy of judgment, from 
which the 'wisest and best of men are not at 
all times 'exempt, should sway the opinions of 

15 the 'court. (§ 2.) Should a juror at any time 



Le*al ex- 
pounder. 

9 Given his 

Withdraw. 

Entirely. 

Closely. 

Controversy. 

Signification. 

Elucidation, 

On trial. 

Exert. 

Caution. 

Error. 

Ablest. 

Free. 

Bench. 



(§ 1.) 1. What is meant by the judge's charge to the jury? 2. What 
should engross the attention of the jury after they receive the charge 
of the judge ? 3. What are some of the important duties of the judges ? 
4. What are some of the essential duties of each juror ? 5. Are all men 
liable to err in opinion ? 6. Why should court, which implies several 
judges, be used in the 15th line, when judge was used in the 1st line* 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 



253 



'honestly believe that the judge had mistaken 
the 'application of the law, it is his duty to 
'mention such instances in the jury-room, and 

if no jufOT is able to explain the same so as 
*20 to show that the bench was right, they should 
at once inform the presiding judge of the 
same. For no man does his duty as a juror, 
or fulfils his obligations to 'society and his 
country, who follows blindly the 'ipse dixit 
2 5 of any man, or any 'body of men.* 

(§ 3.) No one should ever 'consent to serve 
on a jury who is conscious of being unable 
to draw just 'conclusions from statements 
which have before been made; of 'discrimi- 
30 nating between specious eloquence and plain 
evidence; for if a jury may be swayed by 
the enchantment of 'oratory, the lawyer who 
is the most 'eloquent, or perhaps the one who 
iks fast, will always have an 'undue influ- 
ence ; and an ignorant and incompetent jury 
may then as often be 'arrayed on the side of 



Sincerely. 

Precedents. 

Num. 

Cm. 
Court. 

Immediatrly. 
Fulfils. 

The commu- 
nity. 

Men asser- 
tion. 

Number. 

Ain"ee. 

Sensible. 

Inferences. 

Judging 

Showy. 

Moved. 

Declamation. 

Gifted. 

Unwarranted 

Illiterate. 

Marshalled. 



(§ -J.) 7. What i= the duty of any juror when he thinks the judge has 
erred? 8. Is it the duty of a juror to follow blindly the opinions of 
others? 9. Wh4n JTOO Substitute community for society, in the 23d line. 
why is it necessary in the former instance to prefix the article the? 
I serve as a juror? 11. What may an igno- 
rant and ii ■ • ? (§ 4 ) 12. How should a jury regard 

I- Reports will i Bturlien 

en in ' Ur infan 
:i trial in London, in 1670, charged with 

' . .»t. \\ il it 

iry were fined end imprisoned ; bot by 

|....ii. and acqnitted. for the nrfkneing res- 
iruprtv.iri.. i>! 
i law. 1 

on tins 

I hi,, r.« .. ..•••:.:>' .•■..._-... .t.. ;■ :.. j iry (»n<lii of dut> ho to d<i then every ruan sees thai 

.real charge, and of no use in determining riglit and 
wrong; and therefore the trials by them may be belter abolished than continued." 



254 



DUTIES AND 



error as on that of justice. (§ 4.) The opinions 
of the 'court are entitled to much and care- 
ful 'consideration, yet if a jury were to fol- 

40 low 'implicitly such directions, they would 
not comply with the 'requisitions of their 
oath, which 'enjoins them to act according to 
the best of their own knowledge. They are 
not to 'see with " another's eye, nor hear with 

45 another's ear," but to 'perform their duty 

according to the 'dictates of an approving 

'conscience, with an abiding remembrance of 

the omniscience and 'omnipresence of God. 

(§ 5.) 'Sometimes a case is so plain that 

50 the jury may 'render a verdict without leav- 
ing the 'court-room ; but when the matter in 
'controversy is involved in much obscurity, 
they should 'retire to the juror's room, and 
there freely 'interchange views on the various 

55 points at issue: it is 'unlawful for any juror 
to have 'communication with any but his 
'fellow-jurors and the proper officers of the 
'court. By the *common law, jurors were 
kept without food, drink, candles, or fire, 



Right. 

Judges. 

Deliberation. 

Strictly. 

Demands. 

Requires. 

1'tmosL 

View. 

DiM-harge. 

Monition. 

Sense of right 

Continual pr*- 

■ ■ 

ind 

then. 

Bring in. 
Jury-box. 

Suit. 
Withdraw. 

..] •.ike 
mutually. 

Illegal. 
Intercourse. 

Do laborer*, 

Judicial tri- 
bunal. 

Sustenance. 



the opinions of the court ? 13. How should jurors endeavor to dis- 
charge their duties? (§ 5.) 14. What may be done by the jury when 
the case is plain? 15. When there is much obscurity in the evidence 
what should be done? 10. What is unlawful for jurors to do? 17. 
What is the common law? 18. Wherein does the common law differ 
from the statute law? 19. What was a regulation of the common 
law? 20. Where is the common law in all its essential points in 

* As the term, "common, or unwritten law," is in general use. it may be proper here to ob- 
serve, that, the term is OSftd in contradistinction to written or statute law, wlicti is a ra e of 
action prescribed or enacted by the legislative power, an. 1 promulgated and recorded in wrnnc 
But the common law is a rule of action which derives its authority from Ion? us -ge oi 
lished custom, which has been immemorially received and recognized by judicial tribon i - 
this law can be traced to no positive statutes, its rules or principles are to be found only in the 
records of courts, and in the reports of judicial proceeding's. The common law is in ra 
England, and its essential features are recognized by the supreme courts of everv state in the 
Union, as well as by the supreme court of the Umed States. 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 



255 



GO until they rendered a 'verdict, unless the 
court directed otherwise. (§(>.) But juries 
in 'modern times are not hound to such exact 
rules, and instances frequently occur in which 
they do not come to any agreement, and 

65 are dismissed by the court : the case must 
then be tried l de novo* At other times, when 
they find it difficult to determine all the 
Points in dispute, from the 'perplexity of evi- 
dence, and the obscurity of law, they may 

70 render a special verdict, which is done, 
either by 'stating all the evidence in general 
terms, and requesting the "court to decide 
the case for them, or by finding the 'facts of 
the case for the plaintiff' or defendant, but 

75 requesting the judges to decide the case ac- 
cording to 'law. 

.) Criminal prosecutions 'require of 
jurors the most unwavering firmness ; they 
are i as impartial judges, and should 

SO not Incline cither to the side of leniency 

towards the Criminals, nor on the other hand 

be unjustly anxious for 'conviction. In the 

United Slates, the 'tendency of juries is pro- 

• iy always to favor the side of the guilty, 

Qtly it is this weakness of our 

• ire that jurors have mo&l to guard against 

8, The certainty of immediate punish- 



Dmmob. 

To the con- 
trary. 

Otl en. 
Verdict. 
Discharged. 
Anew. 

Troublesome 

Entangle- 
ment 

Oniutalligi- 
bionoM. 

Peculiar. 

Recounting. 

Justices. 

Truth. 

Prosecutor. 

Court. 

Lefral princi- 
ples. 

Demand. 

Steady. 

Correct. 

Lean. 

Misdoers. 

Condemna- 
tion. 

Inclination. 
Criminals. 

Infirmity, 

DisjxjMtion. 
Suffering. 



lay ofjarora in modern times? 22. 

the jury are dismissed by the court, 

ial verdict ! 26. In what two 

'. ) 20. What is tli^ (hity 
the surest pre- 



256 



DUTIES AND 



ment is the surest preventive of 'crime; and 
the inadequacy of law, or the laxity of juries 
90 towards criminals, has a strong tendency 
to lead the injured parties to take justice into 
their own hands, and 'summarily avenge 
their real or supposed 'wrongs. This state of 
society is the more to be 'dreaded, as all law 
95 is thus trampled on, and anarchy, one of the 
'hideous monsters that have crushed all other 
republics, is thereby 'fostered. (§ 9.) It re- 
quires but little 'acquaintance with human na- 
ture to know, that wherever crime can be 
ioo committed with the greatest 'impunity, there 
both property and life are the most insecure. 
It is, however, natural for those who are 
'interested, or expect so to be, to "declaim 
'eloquently against the horrid law," and dwell 
105 most 'pathetically upon the claims of hu- 
manity. Jurors should however 'remember, 
that the 'purest principles of true humanity 
require them to 'protect the innocent and 
punish the guilty; that the 'amount of human 
no 'suffering is infinitely less, confined to one 
criminal, than extended to many 'victims; 
and that the " 'horrid law" has made the fol- 
lowing most 'humane provisions in reference 
to criminal 'prosecutions. (§ 10.) In cases 



Wickedness 

Looseness. 

Influence. 

The law. 

Quickly. 

Injuries. 

Feared. 

Waal of jus- 
tice 

Frightful. 
Cherished. 
Insight into. 

Micdemeaaora. 
Kxamption from 



Unsafe. 

Usual. 

Concerned. 

riiu-iiMy. 

Ban in mind 
Mostgc nume 

Shield. 

Sum. 

Misery. 

Sufferers. 

Cruel. 

Benevolent. 

Arraignment*. 



ventive of crime? 28. What has a tendency to lead persons to be- 
come avengers of their own real or supposed wrongs? 20. Why is 
this state of society to be dreaded ? 30. What part of speech is that, 
in the 96th line? 31. When is that a relative pronoun? 32. 
When is it an adjective pronoun? 33. When is it a conjunction? 
(% 9.) 34. What is it natural to expect from those directly or indi- 
rectly interested in criminal cases? 35. What is the most com- 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 



257 



nces against government, the accused 
at trial has the right to exclude thirty-five 
jurors, without assigning any reason, and 
also the privilege of preventing any man 
from serving as a juror, who is supposed to he 

BM unfriendly or incompetent: and in all other 
criminal cases, the accused or his counsel, 
at trial, may object to and exclude twenty 
men, without assigning any cause whatever 
for so doing. The accused also has the pri- 

M vilege of challenging the whole panel of 
jurors for any just cause, or he may chal- 
_re " t<> the polls" Or if the accused can 
make it appear that the community are 'pre- 
judiced, the trial must be 'removed to some 

130 other place. 

(^ 11.) The number of names of jurors 
returned to court varies: there are usually 
forty-eight or seventy-two, whose 'names 
are written on 'tickets, and generally put 

135 into a small receptacle: when a cause is 

railed, the first twelve of those 'persons 

whose names shall be drawn from the box, 

ve as jurors, unless 'challenged or excused: 

hut in criminal cases it frequently happens 

141 that the entire number of names is drawn 
without obtaining the requisite number* The 
'deficiency is then supplied by summoning 



Treason. 
Giving. 

H indering. 

Acting. 

Unfit 

Suits. 

Shut out. 

Rendering. 

Right 

Excluding. 

Object to. 

Any particu- 
lar jurors. 

Biassed. 

n lanircd. 

Situation. 

Triers. 

Given. 

Appellations. 

Papers. 

Box. 

Individuals. 

Tnkcn. 

'- d to. 

Suit*. 
Whole. 

Twrlvr suit- 
,'irors. 



lable humanity! (§ 10.) 36. What hamane provisions have horn 
the law 7 aning of tha prefix mi t 

pumy. ia the LOOta Knal 88. Whnt i« the meaning of the prefix in 

Mh line ; lirfnre 

I |0tb line • the 190th lioa I (§11.) 

nyms in section 11 « 

22 # 



258 



DUTIES AND 



'men to act as jurors from the spectators in 
court. (§ 12.) There are two 'methods of 

H5 determining whether the juror challenged is 
competent, and has no 'partiality for either 
of the parties. First the court may 'appoint 
two indifferent 'persons, who must be sworn 
to try the first jurors, who when found ca- 

150 pable by the first triers are 'sworn and become 
the sole 'triers of all the other jurors for that 
case ; this is the plan of the 'common law. 
Secondly, the judges may themselves be the 
triers of the jury ; this is the more expedi* 

155 tious way, and is 'sanctioned by several of 
the states of our 'country. 

(§ 13.) There arc also other 'lenient pro- 
visions of law in favor of 'accused persons. 
The 'impeached party must be made ac- 

100 quainted with the 'charges, in writing, pre- 
vious to the day of trial, and have a list oj 
the names of the jurors, their business and 
residence ; also 'a list of all the witnesses 
who are summoned to appear in the case. 

165 The law also provides that the accused may 
'summon witnesses to prove cither innocence, 
or the 'mitigation of the alleged offence, and 
further that the accused party may have the 
'selection of counsel for assisting in making 

170 the 'best possible defence; again, no one 



Talesmen- 
Ways. 
L'xcluded. 
Bias. 
Name. 
Individuals. 
Examine. 
AJlirnicd. 
Judges. 
Unwritten. 
Court. 

Approved. 
Nation. 
Kind. 
Indirted. 

i'.nwl. 
Avocation. 
The names. 
Notified. 
Enacts. 

Suspected. 

Choice. 
Strongest. 



40. How many jurors' names are usually returned to court ? 41, Who 
serve as jurors on any case that is called? \2. What are talmmmt] 
(§ 12.) 43. What methods are there of determining whether a juror | 
that is challenged is capable of serving ? (§ 13.) 44. What are some 
of the lenient provisions of the law in favor of criminals ? 
must be done before any one can be put on trial for any heinous i 




RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 



259 



can be 'put on trial for any heinous offence, Placed. 
until thought guilty by at least twelve disin- considered. 
terested men on the grand jury, and in i 
indictment the grand jury must be sus- 

173 tained by respectable sworn witnesses. — 
(§ 14.) If a jury lias found a verdict against 
any one, and there has been any 'transac- 
tion whatever during the trial, prejudicial 
to the prisoner, the judges by law are bound 

180 to grant a new trial. But if the party is 
once acquitted, there can be no new trial, 
however fraudulent may have been the 
means by which he obtained his acquittal.* 
Again, in doubtful cases, the law commands 

1-3 the accused to be acquitted. No prisoner 
can ever be convicted, if eleven jurors con- 
sider him guilty, and only one is in his favor, 
i. e., no one can be convicted, until at least That 
twelve grand jurors and twelve 'petit jurors Traverse. 

i» have, on oath, declared to that effect, accord- Averred. 



Finding a 
true bdl. 

Upheld. 

Reputable. 

Declared. 

Proceeding. 

Injurious. 

Bench. 

Hearing. 

Set free. 

Illeeal. 

Acquired. 

Uncertain. 

Released. 

Found guilty. 

In fault. 



to the evidence and the best of their ! Test 



imony. 



judgment. Moreover, in addition to the 
perfect unanimity of twenty-four sworn ju- 
rors, must be added also the assent of sworn 
and the concurrence of the court. 



Opinion. 

Agreement. 

Unanimity. 



at must the grand jury l>»' MMtftified in cases of in- 
dictment ? (§ 14., 47. What i* done when an unfair verdict is rendered 
against any criminal ? 48. What i> done when an unfair verdict is 
40. When eleven jurors are for conviction, 
and one airain-t it, what is ifa re any punishment 

can 1 m mormbto and diain- 

.'1. Wli 

pun- 
than 
rs ? 

.ndmenU of the Cons* it n' 



260 



DUTIES AND 



LESSON XLV. 

(§ 1.) The 'remarks in this book have no 
reference whatever to the propriety or impro- 
priety of 'continuing existing modes of pun- 
ishment, but are 'intended to show that the 
5 regulations of society should be 'infallibly put 
in force, and so long as juries 'efficiently and 
'properly perform their duties, there is no dan- 
ger of convicting innocent persons: that the 
innocent, and society in the aggregate, have 

10 rights as well as felons; thai so long as laws 
exist, they should be 'administered with cer- 
tainty, scrupulous justice, and 'impartiality, 
by those who have charge of their 'execution. 
(§ 2.) It has been intended to show that 

15 our 'laws are reasonable and humane, in 
giving 'alleged criminals an ample chance 
of justification ; that no one can ever be 
'condemned without a fair hearing. It may 
be remarked that our laws 'emanate from 

20 the people, and should be administered for 
the 'good of the people, and not rendered 
'null for the temporary benefit of individuals ; 
that a constant desire for change is agitating 
the minds of the community in reference to 

25 our laws ; and that they must 'inevitably 



'change either for the better or for the worse : 



Observations 

At all. 

Perpetuating 

Deeignod. 

Invariably. 

Well. 

Faithfully. 

Condemning. 

As one body. 

Ruffians. 

Enforced. 

Rectitude. 

Appli.- 

Demonstrate 

Supposed. 

Defence. 

Convicted. 

Pr^,>, J. 
Put in force. 
Advantage. 

Alter.it: 
KelaMon. 
Certainly. 
Be altered. 



(§ 1.) 1. W r hat is the purport of the remarks in this book upon the 
laws? 2. Why ought laws to be impartially executed? (§2.) 3. 
What is the character of our laws in reference to alleged criminals? 
4. From whom do laws emanate? 5. Should the people be afraid of 
laws of their own making? 6. If the representatives of the people 
make a bad law. what may be done? 7. What is a strong argument 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF JIRORS. 



261 



hence the necessity of universal moral edu- 
cation. (§3.) There is reason to apprehend 
that, from the eloquence of la wyers, the neg- 

uries, and the clemency of execu- 
tives, a great many dangerous offenders are 
annually let loose, to prey upon and mar the 
happiness of the people; thai the loop-holes for 
the escape of criminals are annually increas- 

35 ing : that the 'punishment of crime by human 
law is more and more uncertain ; that the 
law is reverenced less and less; that gilded 
crimes and moneyed offenders frequently go 
unpunished, and that the most atrocious have 

40 at their mercy the property, the morals, and 
the lives of the innocent, whose numbers 
alone form a barrier to their rapacity. 

(§ 4.) Is there no danger that 'degeneracy 
and corruption, 'mob law and anarchy, will 

45 inevitably overrun the country ; that the 
hands erf ignorance, and the tools of tyrants 
will insidiously disseminate throughout this 
Union the fatal error, that the 'punishment of 
criminals is oppression, and their indiscrimi- 

50 nate acquittal philanthropy — and that the me- 
lering train to a mammoth powder-maga- 
zine will be lighted without warning the peo- 
■ >f the danger of an overwhelming explo- 
) The more critically and exten- 

55 lively our laws are examined, in reference to 



General. 

Inattention. 

I";ivur. 

IVj'rcdators. 

Impair. 

Awnues. 

The guilty. 

Correction. 

Doubtful. 

Regarded. 

Offence*. 

Wicked. 

PlSjMisul. 

Unoffending. 

Devastation. 

Deterioration 

Lynch. 

Certainly. 

King*. 

Cunningly. 

Chastisement 

Despotism. 

Winding. 

Hug*. 

Notifying. 

Irresistible. 

Accurately. 

Relation. 



in favor of unii itioa ? (^ 3.) B. What m tben rea- 

son to aj»; What fol . . !i* -racy and corrup- 

in'l fatal jiimv D6 insidiously 

di&sc 11. To what will this opinion, if allowed t<> prevail, 

lead? ( c ; I ha» a critical examination of our laws? 



262 



DUTIES AND 



the trials of criminals, the more 'transcendent 
will their 'wisdom and humanity appear, com- 
pared with those of other countries. Indeed, 
so perfect are they in this 'respect, that it seems 

60 impossible that 'an innocent person could 
ever be 'convicted. It should, however, be 
'borne in mind, that any law which, while it 
professes to protect the property and lives of 
citizens, 'permits reckless persons to burn their 

65 houses, seize their property, or take their 
lives; and then, out of 'professed philan- 
thropy, lets them escape or 'pardons them, 
'sanctions the most oppressive despotism. 
(§6.) The law in its 'administration grows 

70 either better or worse ; the trial by jury must 
make either a progressive advancement, or 
"decline in its power to protect and bless the 
larger and better 'portion of mankind. To 
the juries of the country is 'committed the 

75 correct administration of justice; they are 
equally bound to convict the guilty and pro- 
tect the innocent ; 'consequently, they should 
exercise their utmost 'sagacity, and have pa- 
tience to enter into the minutest 'details ; they 

80 should be slow to convict on the 'testimony 
of dissolute and 'immoral witnesses, slow to 
convict persons known for 'probity of cha- 
racter, and for leading 'exemplary lives, still 
slower to 'acquit infamous persons, whom 



Superior. 
Justness. 
Nations. 
Repard. 
A guiltless. 
I .lined. 

Guard. 
Allows. 
Steal. 

Pretended. 

Sustains. 

Citizens. 
Constant. 

Orow weaker. 

Part. 

Entrusted. 

Law. 

Condemn. 

Hence. 

Penetration. 

Particulars. 

Evidence. 

Vicious. 

wortlkj 

Set at liberty. 



13. What seems impossible? 14. What is every law that without 
reason acquits or pardons convicts? (§ 6.) 15. How does the law in 
its ail ministration grow ? 10. What are your reasons for this opinion ? 
17. What is the difference between voters and juries, in the 74th line? 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF JTRORS. 



263 



85 they believe guilty, with the evidence pre- 
ponderating against them. (§ 7.) Sometimes 
they may honestly differ from the judges; 
they may even know what is deposed in court 
to be absolutely false, when such evidence 
iy be alike unknown to the 'counsel and the 
court. They should endeavour to divest 
themselves of every particle of prejudice — 
to act as the impartial arbiters between man 
and man, irrespective of personal fear or 

95 personal favor, popular applause or popular 

'indignation. The turning of a ravening beast 

into the fold is as much to be dreaded, as the 

'possibility of cruelly confining an innocent 

m the guise of a wolf. 

ioo (^ S.) When we consider the general ex- 
eellrney of our laws, the wisdom and spot- 
- integrity of the American judiciary as 
a body, the ample provision already made 
to befriend criminals, and the very great 
iary advantage it is to the lawyers who 
arc selected to defend them, to procure their 
acquittal, we may be assured that nothing is 
to be feared from the oppression of law, 
'administered as it always must be, in all its 

no 'essential features, by jurors selected from the 



Criminal. 
OccMtonally 

Smccrt ly. 

Swam to. 

Cntrue. 

Free. 
Bias. 

Judges. 

WtthoQl ro- 
ganl to. 

Praise. 

Censure. 

Tear* d. 

Likelihood. 

Clothing. 

Humanity 

Prudence. 

Purity. 

Class. 

Aid. 

Profit. 

Chosen. 

Liberty. 

Grievance. 

Important 



18. K K. f§ 7.) 19. May any juror 

20. What arc jrow reason! l<-r 
difference between conned and lawyert, 
mild all juror* endeavour to do 1 (\ s.) 

•mliar ii. - I I I ' I'tnmn'y. in the 

. iioiiym of general exeetit my } 
r tbis opi ! acqmttml 

in the 1 07 tli Line, either - eflnitiom ? 87. What i* most 

to be fear- 



264 



DUTIES AND 



mass of the people. The 'danger then rests 
with the improper 'management of jurors 
themselves, and the Pardoning Power. (§ 9.) 
Independent of these, and many other 'ra- 
ils tional and kind privileges 'allowed by law, 
criminals, who are ever 'vigilant to destroy 
the peace of society, and the lives of its in- 
nocent members, 'resort to the most artful, 
fraudulent, and untiring means to get their 
120 friends 'placed on the juries, or they set forth, 
in the most 'pathetic appeals by counsel, or 
otherwise, the cruelty of inflicting pain when 
it cannot restore the 'dead to lite, and by the 
'mazes of the law, the conscientious scruples 
125 of those who lose sight of the 'welfare of the 
many, and look solely to the present 'grati- 
fication of the individual, they 'adopt many 
devices that arc never 'resorted to on the 
part of the agents of ike innocent. 
130 (^ 10.) To such on ascendency has the 
'eloquence and the skill of some lawyers 
'attained in some sections of the country, 
that it is often remarked by the people, that 
if a 'criminal, no matter how aggravated 
135 may be his crime, can 'secure the services 
of certain lawyers, he is 'sure of an acquittal. 
It is a happy and just feeling of our nature 



Risk. 

Conduct. 

Execu* 

Reasonable. 

GmnU-d. 

Watchful. 

Welfare 

•••• "arse. 

(adefkl 

Put. 
Feeling. 
Torment, 
ised. 
In'ncaciet. 
Good. 

Imlulpencc. 
Pill in roqui- 

RCftd. 

Attor- 
A pitch. 
Orator>'. 
Reached. 
Inhabitant*. 

Obtain. 

Certain. 
Rsrht. 



the marginal word for Pardoning Power, when it is neither a defini- 
tion nor a synonym ? (§ 9.) 29. Do criminals resort to any but h'iral 
means to obtain exemption from punishment? 30. What are some of 
the arguments used by those who wish to obtain the acquittal of 
felons? (§ 10.) 31. What is often remarked in some sections of the 
country? 32. Should we generally sympathize with the oppressed find 
distressed? 33. When a person is robbed, or has his dwelling burned 



RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 



265 



to 'sympathize with the sufferings and afflic- 
tions of the oppressed. And this is, per- 

uo haps, the most effective weapon used in 'ora- 
torical dexterity, to captivate and win the 
verdict of an unreflecting jury. It is the 
business of the lawyer to use every argu- 
ment in favor of his side of the 'question; 

MS his pecuniary interest and his professional 

reputation, alike demand it. (§11.) If a 

party is really guilty, it is he, and not the law 

that is the oppressor. He, and not the law, 

uld suffer. lie, and not the whole com- 

ioo munity, should endure the 'penalty of its vio- 
lation. Any one guilty of a revolting crime, 
though in a more 'obscure or limited way, is 
as much the usurper of the rights of man, 
the oppressor of the innocent, the 'violator 

155 and destroyer of law and 'rational liberty, 
as a Tarquin, a Caligula, or a Nero. 'Any 
juror, in criminal prosecutions, who allows 
the eloquence of counsel on either side to 
sway his better judgment, who entertains 

loo prejudice against, or false 'sympathy for, 
either the prosecution or defence, is throw- 
ing his influence against the purity and the 
. -tity of the law. If the accused is guilty, 
and a juror by any means contributes to his 



Feel for. 
Probably. 
Rhetorical. 

Fascinate. 

Unreasoning. 

Jurist. 

Issue. 

Monetary. 

Require. 

Has violated 
the law. 

Tyrant. 

Ought to. 

Privations. 

Horrible. 

Humble. 

Assailant. 

Breaker. 

Reasonable. 

Every. 

Arraignments. 

Attorneys. 

Cherishes. 

Kindness. 

State. 

I'ourr. 

Holiness. 

Countenance*. 



by another, who is the oppressed, the unfortunate person who sus- 
tains such looses, or the one who commits such aggressions? 34. 
Are heinous felons then oppressors, OI arc they oppressed by the law ? 

(§11.) 35. Who should goffer when a crime is committed? 30. Who 

t for the violation of the law ? 37. Is there more 

than one authorized way to ipell defence^ in the 1 1st line? 38. What 

[does every juror who countenances the escape of criminals? 39. Does 

23 



266 



DUTIES AND 



165 escape, he 'aids the worst of despots, who 
totally disregards 'suffering and oppressed 
innocence; he is the actual 'abettor of crime; 
he throws his 'weight in favor of one who 
aims to 'destroy the peace and harmony of 

no society, and the laws of this free republic. 

(§ 12.) Any juror who 'lends his influence 

to set at liberty the 'prowling robber, and 

the midnight murderer, is equally 'recreant 

to his duty, as he would be if he ' knowingly 

no aided in 'convicting an innocent man, — the 
'saying which has filled so many lawyers' 
pockets with gold to the 'contrary notwith- 
standing, "that it is 'better that ninety-nine 
guilty persons should escape, than that one 

iso innocent person should 'sutler." The fact is, 
this saying originated in a 'monarchical 
country, and is totally 'inapplicable to the 
soil of a free republic, whose 'laws are infi- 
nitely more lenient, and should be infinitely 

ie5 more certain to punish. It was 'undoubtedly 
'intended to minister to the unbridled pas- 
sions and unhallowed crimes of royal princes, 
dukes, marquises, 'carls, viscounts, and ba- 
rons ; all the 'nobility of England have more 

wo or less escaped untohipped of justice, from 
this saying, uttered by a pampered pet of 
royal favor. (§ 13.) But where and when 



Assists. 

Distressed. ' 

Ai ler. 

InHueii 

Subvert. 

Country. 

Gives. 

Plundering. 

False. 

Intentionally 

Condemning. 

Aihi-e 

Opposite. 

Pn-ferable. 

Criminal. 

ndemn- 
ed. 

Tyrannical. 
Foreign. 

Mild. 

Certainly. 

Designed. 

Desecrated. 

Counts. 

Hereditary 

ranks. , 

With impu- 
nity. 

Nourished. 
Partiality. 



everyone who indirectly aids in the escape of criminals contribute to 
the ruin or the support of our free institutions? (§ 12.) 40. Is it right 
or wrong to aid criminals to escape the penalty of the law? 41. 
What are your reasons for this opinion ? 42. What saying has contri- 
buted most to this effect ? 43. Whence did this adage originate ? (§ 13.) 






RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 



267 



has it ever 'protected poverty and innocence? shielded. 
'Certainly not in our country, for in cases of surely 

wo doubt, the law requires the jury to acquit, rjnoeruintj 
and the conviction of the innocent is next to 
an impossibility; but if there is no 'doubt, Question, 
the acquittal of a criminal is upholding des- sustaining. 
potism.it is giving the few — those " who 

200 fear not God, nor 'regard man" — the privi- Re*m*. 
lege to 'revel on the fruits of the labors, and Feast, 
trample upon the happiness and the lives of 
the many with impunity. He who counte- 
nances criminals, the 'enemies of rational opponents. 

205 freedom, upholds them in 'setting at defiance rutting. 
the infallible laws of God. The Deity. 

(§ 14.) It is therefore incumbent on all 
jurors in the Union to use their utmost saga- 
city and discrimination, alike for the 'plain- 

210 tiff and defendant, in civil suits as well as 
criminal, to view the cases before them in 
all their bearings, to reason, to think, and 
investigate for themselves, and with an en- 
lightened and 'unduped zeal to pursue their undeceived 

215 course with unwavering rectitude, ever re- \ undeviatm? 
membering that they are the most 'efficient Effective. 
judicial officers of the 'country, that upon Lead. 
them 'depends the honor and the dignity of Rests, 
our lenient and ' humane laws, and the en- [Benevolent. 

m» during glory of our unequalled institutions. i n ro mr . r »bu. 
livery unjust verdict of an American jury, nie^L 

44. Do the innocent in our OOtUttiy stand in aeed of this Faying? 45. 
uiili us thp inuo •cnt will be puflithad I 46. What 

rhe unjust acquittal of criminal! be rightly termed I 17. Who 

support criminate! 48. Who support tyrants! ft 14,) 49. What is 

'.-juror in the I ' What if the difference 



Exemption from 
puniahmeni. 



Especially 
the duty of. 

Greatest. 

Prosecution. 

Defence. 

Examine. 

Variations. 

Inquire. 



268 



DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 



from criminal 'suits, however aggravated, to 
'civil suits, however trifling, is the sapper's 
blow at the 'foundation of the Temple of 
225 'Liberty. 



Cases. 
Pecuniary. 
Base. 
Freedom. 



between unjust and illegal in the 221st line? 51. What bad i 
have the unjust verdicts of juries even in trilling pecuniary oai 



LESSON XLVI. 

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CIVIL 
MAGISTRATES. 

(§ 1.) A 'civil magistrate* is a public 
officer, 'charged w r ith some executive part 
of the government. In 'treating of 'the duties 
and responsibilities of civil magistrates in 
5 this book, ' reference will be had solely to 
their connection with juries, in 'relation to 
'culprits; duties which it is deemed impor- 
tant that every citizen 'throughout the coun- 
try should understand. In the outset it may 

10 be observed, that the pardoning power of 
executives in the United States is 'co-exten- 
sive with that of the most 'absolute despot 
in the world. (§ 2.) The presidents and go- 
vernors of these United States, have now 

15 the same unlimited power to 'pardon that 
was exercised by kings in 'by-gone centu- 



Cmc. 

Intrusted. 

Discoursing 
on. 

Rulers. 

Allusion. 
Respect. 
''onvirts. 
All over. 
Bepinni ng. 
Remitting. 

Equallv unli- 
mited. 

rnhmitetl. 
Chtef offiorr*. 
PoMK 
Forgive. 
Past. 



(§ 1.) 1. Parse duties, in the 7th line. 2. Also which. 3. Where are 
who, which and what, in the objective case, always placed ? 4. What 
is always the form of who, in the objective case? (§ 2.) 5. What is 
the difference between pardon and forgive, in the 15th line? 6. What 

• A full illustration of the powers and extent of the judicial, financial, and other incorporated 
institutions of the United States, is contained in the Citizen's Manual, by Joseph Bartlett Bur- 
leigh, 



OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 



2C9 



rics, when the world was just emerging 
from barbarian darkness, when hundreds of 
thousands of 'innocent persons Buffered the 

20 most revolting tortures for no crime whatever, 
and were even burned alive at the stake by 
the hands of deluded ignorance.* Xo longer 
ago than the middle of the seventeenth cen- 
tury, it was deemed a reproach to the 'Turks 

25 that they had neither witches nor 'demoniacs 
among them, and urged as a 'decisive proof 
of the falsity of their religion.-)- (§ 3.) How 
wonderful, how incredible, has been the 
improvement of human society! for in every 

30 country where then such savage cruelties, 
such horrible excesses against 'reason, against 
humanity, and the religion of the Bible, 
were 'committed, the enlightened principles 
of true Christianity are now beginning to 

35 bless mankind. 

(§ 4.) It must not, however, be 'understood 
that the banishment of those barbarian cus- 
toms was 'owing to the wisdom and human- 
ity of the 'civil mogistrates of those coun- 

10 tries; for the history of the world 'shows, 
that wherever man has been found 'incapable 



Issuing. 

Gloom. 

Unoffending. 

Abhorrent. 

Consume* 

Blind. 

Past. 

Moslems. 
Possessed 

persons. 

Conclusive. 

Faith. 

Marvellous. 

Adrancemont. 

Land. 

Justice. 

Benevolence 

Perpetrated. 

Time-honor- 
ed. 

Man. 

Imagined. 

Expulsion. 

Due. 

Rulers, 

T'lif ripaltlr. 



is meant by the phrase, "burned alive at the stake,"' in the 21st line? 
7. Near the middle of what century are we now living? 8. How 
do we find the distinctive name of any century? 9. Explain 
the reason of thi*. 10. What if the difference between Turks and 
Moslems, in tho 21th line? 11. Is the word demoniacs, in the 25th line, 
•ly defined by tb« t^rm, postered persons? (§ 3.) 12. What are 
the inipr* • "'v to bfl attribute! to? (§ 4.) 13. To what 

was the banishment of these barbar.an customs OWlQg ! H- Are those 

• It is estimated tKat upward* of one hundred thousand innocent persons have been con- 
tssasied to death for witchcraft. 
f E«»ay on Crimes and Punishments : translated from the French, hy Edward D. Ingraham. 

23 m • 



270 



DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 



of self-government, there also has been 
exhibited in the 'most glaring light his total 
'incapacity to govern others. This remark- 
45 able improvement in human society has been 
brought about by the enlightening influence 
of wide-spread education, and the humane 
effect of the 'religion of Christ on the minds 
of the people. No 'people have ever main- 
50 tained for any 'length of time their national 
liberties, who did not understand the duties 
and 'responsibilities of their civil magistrates. 
(§ 5.) Even Greece, once the 'cradle of the 
arts and sciences, the fountain of whatever 
55 was considered grand and noble among men, 
by 'withholding proper education from the 
'mass of the people and keeping them igno- 
rant of the 'duties and responsibilities of their 
civil 'magistrates, lost its liberty: for the w ise 
60 were 'immolated or banished from the re- 
public, because they were honest, and ex- 
posed the follies of the age, whereas those 
who 'wheedled and 'cajoled the most, that 
they might aggrandize themselves by pleasing 
65 the people, were most 'applauded, and reached 
the highest 'posts of honor and power. It 
'should never be forgotten that our own coun- 
try once 'enjoyed less liberty than England, 
on account of being 'deprived of the liber- 



Too. 

Clearest. 

Unfitness. 

Intercourse. 

Illuminating 

Instruction. 

Doctrines. 

Race. 

Extent. 

Comprehend 

Accounta- 
bility. 

Dwciliog- 

Sonrce. 
Great. 

Iv r:.;nHark 
Hulk. 

Dtteafe 

Sacrificed. 

Laid hare. 

Times. 

Flattered. 

'Deceived. 

Commended. 

Plan* 

Must. 

Had. 

Debarred. 



who are unable to govern themselves fit to rule others? 15. Have an 
ignorant people ever maintained their liberties for any length of time? 
(§ 5.) 16. Why is cradle, in the 53d line, defined by dwelling-place? 
17. What term was used by the Greeks to denote banishment ! 18. 
For what reason? 19. When did our country enjoy less liberty than 



OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES, 271 



70 ties" which the great charter secured to all mh*<*** 

Englishmen as an inalienable right : and that inborn, 

this deprivation caused the revolutionary ftndoead. 

war. (§ 6.). Our ancestors in England knew understood 

the duties and responsibilities of civil mapis- Kuiers. 

75 tratcs, and when the British governor attempt- King, 

ed to take the trial by jury out of the hands Pram 

of the American pcople,f when he 'pardoned J Forgave, 
his menials and profligate nobles, for ag- 
gressions on the people, and 'violated the 

BO Declaration of Rights, he was 'proclaimed 



Tools. 

Invaded. 

Declared. 



What is the meaning of Magna Charta? 21. From 
what king of England was it extorted ? (§ 0.) 22. What caused the 
revolutionary war ? 23. What did our ancestors know ? 24. What 
should we understand? 25. What is meant by the phrase "our ances- 
IB England?'* 26. Did the patriots of the revolution prize 
the liberties of their English ancestors ? 27. What were some of 
the acts of ancient Englishmen in favor of liberty? (§ 7.) 28. Give a 

• The principles of these lil>erties are set forth, often nearly verbatim, in the Declaration of 

I X . page 86 ) 

-art from Magna t'harta. confirmed by Kin? Edward I., in the five-nnd-twentieth year 

ID., 1297, chap. xxix. " S one shall be condemned without trial. Justice shall not 

be sold < -No free ma n shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseized of his freehold, 

or bbrrtK-s. <>r free customs, or l>e outlawed, or exiled, or any otherwise destroyed. DOT will we 

not pass upon luni. nor condemn him. but by lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the 

larw. NVe will sell to no man, we will not deny, or defer to any man either justice or right." 

(Also s* • American Manual.) 

nacted the second year of the reign of Edward III.:— "In 
vhnt cases only pardon of felony shall be aranUd— Whereas, offenders liave been greatly encour- 
aged, because the charters of pardon have been so easily granted in times oast, of manalaugh- 
k s. and other trespasses against the peace. It is oraained and enacted, 
That «> - shall not be granted, but only where the king may do it by his oath, that is 

to say, where a man slays another in his own defence, or by misfortune. 

4 death or man, robberies, and felonies against the peace, divers acts of parlia- 
ment i tbe power of granting Charters of pardons. First, That no soch Char- 
ten stall be granted, bat in case where the king inav do it by his oath. Secondly, That no 
■.fers out of Parham* nt, Stat t Edw. 3, c. 13. 
"And accordingly in a parliament roll it is said, [for the pease of the land it would be murh 
help. :*' it ices were appointed in every county, if such as be let to mainprize do put in 
r gentlemen : And that no pardon were granted, b'lt by parliament.] 
• kin? hath granted pardons of felorues upon false suggest ions ; it is pro- 
sided, y which shall be granted at the suggestion «>f any, the mime 
of him that ir . >>hall Ik- comprised in the Charter; and if the suggestion be 
found untrue, • i:i t*; disallowed. 

Tie anoenf and constant rule of law. Son jtoUrit rrx aratiam facere cum injuria rt damno 
ahorum ; quod autem aJienum est, dorr non potest per svam qratxam. \\\ an appeal of death, rob- 
• -lenre. Air ., the king cannot paidon the defendant, for the appeal is the suit of the 
party. I ther the defendant \ns attainted by judgment, 6lc, or by outlawry, the par- 

be king shall not discharge him " 

-ays. "These statutes are excellent instructions for a religions and prudent king 
to full' •' KB ca^es, Ul summer potestatu Reoia est posse quantum sett sir mmjnitudims 

est wlie quantum possit. fas it is the highest kingly DCWer to ha able to act what he Wills j so it 
■ his rreulness and nobleness to will on! . 

hunt the pardoning power 
• monarch* —They found it onsafi pardoning power solely in the hands ..f 

their sovereign*, lb that many fb - ma> exercise greater par- 

doning po we iry kings. 



272 



DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 



a 'tyrant.* When it was found that the Eng- 
lish king would not keep within the 'bounds 
their English brethren had 'prescribed to him, 
they resolved to shake off this power, as 

85 their ancestors had done.f 

(§ 7.) It is 'deemed not inappropriate to 
give here an extract from Locke's 'Essay on 
Civil Government: "This holds 'true also 
concerning the supreme 'executor, who hav- 

90 ing a double 'trust put in him, both to have 
a 'part in the legislative and the supreme 
'execution of the law, acts also against both, 
when he sets up his own 'arbitrary will as 
the ' law of the society. He acts contrary 

95 to his trust, when he 'employs the force, 
'treasure, and offices of the society, to cor- 
rupt tlie representatives, and gain them to his 
'purposes : when he openly pre-engages the 
'electors, and prescribes to their choice — 

ioo those whom he has by 'solicitations, threats, 
promises, or 'otherwise, won to his designs — 
and 'employs them to bring in those who have 
'promised beforehand what to vote, and what 
to enact. (§ 8.) Thus to regulate candi- 

105 dates and electors, and new-model the ways 



Usurper. 
Limits. 

Established 
for. 

Determined. 

Forefathers. 

Considered. 

Treatise. 

Good. 

Ruler. 

Confidence. 

Share. 

Enforcement 

Absolute. 

Regulation. 

Usee. 

Wealth. 

Win. 

Designs. 

Voters. 

Entreaties. 

In any other 
maimer. 

Uses. 
Agreed. 
Decree. 
Change. 



synopsis of section seven ? 29. What is the difference between trust 
and confidence, in the 90th line ? 30. What is here said of those who 
pervert to a bad use the power entrusted to them by the people? 
31. What bearing have the remarks concerning the abuse of the 
elective franchise, on the conduct of political parties in the United 
States'? (§ 8.) 32. What is the difference between tear and cut, in the 

* See Lesson XXI. page 94. 

t By the Magna Charta forced from King John, 1215. the Great Charter made by King Henry 
111., and confirmed by Edward 1., various acts of Parliament, and the Revolution of 1688, the 
principles of liberty "were secured to the people, and acknowledged by all succeeding sove- 
reigns. 



OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 



of election, what is it but to 'cut up the 
vernment by the roots, and poison the very 
fountain of public security. For the peoplej 
having reserved to themselves the choice of 

no their representatives, as the fence to their 
properties, could do it for no other end, but 
that they might always be freely 'chosen; 
and so chosen, freely act and advise, as the 
necessity of the commonwealth, and the 

no public good, should, upon examination and 
mature debate, be judged to require. This, 
those who give their votes before they hear 
the debate, and have weighed the reasons 
on all sides, are not capable of doing. (§ 9.) 

i*> To prepare such an assembly as this, and 
endeavor to set up the declared abettors of 
his own will, for the true representatives of 
the people, and the ' lawmakers of the so- 
ciety, is certainly as great a breach of trust, 

ns and as perfect a declaration of a design to 
subvert the government, as is possible to be 
met with. To which, if one shall add re- 
wards and punishments visibly employed to 
the same end, and all the arts of perverted 

mo law made use of to 'take o/f and destroy all 
that stand in the way of such a 'design, and 
will not comply and consent to betray the 
liberties of their country, it will be past 



273 

iY..r. 

b'oun Int'on. 
Sou. re. 

Barmr, 

Puifxj.se. 

Si IscSjd, 
QmdbmL 

Need. 

Welfare. 

Discussion. 

Are pledged. 

Arguments. 

Performing. 

A legislature 

Aiders. 

Faithful. 

Legislators. 

Violation. 

Promulga- 
tion. 

Overthrow. 

A person. 
Privation^. 

Put away. 
Plot. 

Certain. 



3. Why ihould the purity of legislation bo an especial 
• of <--ur • pledged representatives unlit to 

trans.-! i -:ness? (§ '.'. ) 35. What is the difference between 

trut ami faithful, in the 122d li the meaning <>f 

these wo: f, in the 1 f i~i\\ 

line. . a person ' 38. Give some examples, (t 10.) 39. Why 



274 



DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 



doubt what is doing. What 'power they 

135 ought to have in the 'society, who thus em- 
ploy it 'contrary to the trust that went along 
with it in its first institution, is easy to 'de- 
termine; and one cannot but 'see, that he 
who has once 'attempted any such thing as 

140 this, cannot longer be 'trusted. 

(§10.) "Again, as to 'judicial ministers, 
according to the 'observation made by *the 
Father of Candor, ' Should any one in that 
'station of high trust and dignity temporize, 

145 or ever join those in power, he must be 
'despised by every one, as it is the power, 
not the person, he 'courts.' 

(§ 11.) "Suppose any man 'base enough, 
for a pecuniary satisfaction, or dishonorable 

150 'title, to concur in the introduction of arbi- 
trary power into a free state. By what 
'tenure will he hold his illegal acquisitions? 
What reasonable hope can he entertain 
that his 'posterity will enjoy the acquisition 

155 which he would transmit? Will he leave 
his children tenants at will to his hereditary 
and acquired 'fortune ? It is said, the profli- 
gate and the needy have not any reflection : 
true. But will Britons 'make choice of such 

ico to be the guardians of their property, their 
lives, and their ' liberties ?" 

(§ 12.) "Liberty receives 'strength and 



Place. 

Community. 

Against. 

Settle. 

Observe. 

Tried. 

Confided in. 

Justices. 

Remark. 

'Locke. 

Post. 

Unite with. 

Hated. 

SoliciU. 

Unworthy. 

Money. 

Rank. 

Commonwealth. 

Title. 
Feel. 

Descendants. 
Pass down. 
Occupiers. 

r.-WNMwllV 

Thought. 

Select. 

Keepers. 

Freedom. 

Power. 



should a minister of the law refrain from interfering in political mat- 
ter-*? (§ 11.) 40. Repeat section eleven. 41. What is said of those 
who, through motives of gain, deliver the liberties of their country 
into the hands of tyrants? 42. Who are destitute of reflection? 43. 



OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 



275 



vigor by wholesome laws, and a punctual 
observance of them ; not by contemning or 

165 'treading them under foot. Justice, equity, 
and regularity, are all friends to 'liberty: she | 
cannot 'subsist without them ; and in a word, 
courts Virtue as her 'chief and bosom friend, 
and abhors Vice as her greatest enemy. 

isi (§ 13.) "When honors of any 'sort are 
'prostituted, they are changed into marks of 
infamy and disgrace, and will be looked upon 
by every honest mind with horror and dis- 
dain ; they are no longer badges of dignity, 

iT5 but yokes of servitude; no longer the price 
of virtue, but the bribes of vice. They de- 
generate into the accoutrements of knaves 
and fools, and become the 'signs and tokens 
to distinguish the corrupt from the incorrupt, 

i^o the Catilines from the 3 Catos. But on the 
other hand, when honors, as in the days of 
Trajan, flow in a pure channel, and spring 
from a fountain that is clear and unsullied, 
who is not glad to approach the stream?' 

185 (§14.) Another writer justly remarks:* 
••In governments where liberty is held in 
regard, creat precaution should be taken that 
the power of pardon be not rendered detri- 
mental, and that it shall not become a privi- 



An exact. 

Despising. 

Trampling. 

Freedom. 

Exist. 

Greatest. 

Detests. 

Kind. 

Basely used. 

Reproach. 

Contempt. 

Marks, 

Slavery. 

Inducements 

Equipments. 

Marks. 

Pure. 

Traitors. 

'Patriots. 

Course. 

Source. 

Near. 

Properly. 

Freedom. 

Esteem. 

Injurious. 

May. 



if thi3 the case? (§ 12.) 44. What is the difference between 
detests and abhors, in the 169th line? 45. Illustrate the meaning of 
these words in sentences? (§ 13.) 46. To what does the prostitution 
of honors to base purposes lead? 47. Why is a course of honesty 
recommended to all public functionaries? 48. What is the difference 
between badges and marks, in the 174th line? (§ 14.) 49. What should 
• Commentary and review of Montesquiens Spint of the Laws. 



276 



DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 



1:0 lege to 'certain persons or classes for the 
'perpetration of crimes with impunity, as too 
often 'happens in monarchies." "It is cer- 
tain, governments which 'support themselves 
by false ideas, do not venture to give their 

195 subjects a very 'solid education; that those 
which require to keep certain 'classes in a 
state of 'degradation and oppression, do not 
permit them to obtain 'instruction ; and that 
those governments only which are 'founded 

aoo on reason, can 'desire that education should 
be 'solid, profound, and generally diffused." 



Particular. 
Commission. 
Occurs. 
Sustain. 
Spurious. 
Substantial. 
Orders. 
Wretched- 
Knowledge. 
Established 
Hope. 
Correct 



be done in governments where liberty is held in regard? 
attention do corrupt governments pay to education I 51. 
good governments dc-irc ! 



50. What 
What do 



LESSON XL VII. 

(§ 1.) Such are the opinions of the ardent u 

friends of liberty of other countries, and of unds. 

other ages; of those whom our 'forefathers An,. 

reverenced, and from whom the 'framers of Fabricators. 

5 the Constitution derived much instruction ; Received, 

and such are the sources to which we may Fountains, 

trace the origin of some of our best laws. wue«t 

From those 'fountains of wisdom we may spring, 

learn, that there is less danger from 'vigilance w «**** 

10 than from lethargy ; less danger in watching stupor. 

our rulers too closely, than in relying ' implicitly Biindiy. 

on their patriotism and 'professions. (§ 2.) Is Declarations. 



(§ 1.) 1. From what sources did our fathers derive much benefit? 
2. Should the people look to more than the mere professions of their 
rulers? 3. What are your reasons for this opinion? (§ 2.) 4. What 



OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 



277 



there no 'danger at the present time lest the 
law, the rampart 01 our liberties, be ] erfo- 

15 rated by false sentinels, wlu>, while Working 
lor pecuniary 'benefit and personal aggran- 
dizement, may let in a torrent o\ vice to over- 
whelm the liberties of the 'country 1 How 
man\- secret loop-holes does every years ex- 

20 perience show there are, through which 
the most atrocious criminals 'escape by in- 
trigue, gold, or the pardoning power of exe- 
cutives!* (§^-) The criminal 'calendar of 
our country merits the closest 'scrutiny on the 

25 part, not only of juries, but of the 'people of 
the whole country. If the governors of 
several states, each for a single 'term of 
office, may of their own free will pardon hun- 
dreds of 'criminals who have been, by the 

30 all-protecting care of the law, and against 
the skill of able counsel, found guilty by 
hundreds of different juries of the 'country, 
is there not just apprehension that the law 
may become a 'dead letter, and be totally 

35 disregarded ; that it will blind the innocent, 
and render them more likely to be 'preyed 
upon by the wicked ? 

) Is there not reason to 'fear that the 



Protecting 
wall. 

Gain. 

Flood. 

N;i!ion. 

Apertures. 

Trove. 

Slip. 

Remitting. 

Register. 

Examination 

Citizens. 

Executives. 

Period. 

Forgive. 

Culprits. 

Guardian. 

Efficient. 

Union. 

Dread. 

Silent. 

Unheeded. 

Seized. 

Guilty. 

Apprehend. 



•• the present time 7 5. What docs every year's expe- 

v. |,y does the criminal calendar of our 

conn- ••ful examination 1 7. What do you suppose would 

Of law 1 S. What has alw:iy> followed 

• O^ fall human institution", the p a rdo n ing power 

bv ■ :.» the 

... a hich 
. | . ni i listed 
luncil In ' i 

I in the LeKudature . vmiIi 

■ 



278 



DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 



'trial by jury is becoming a mere mockery ? 

40 Is there not a confident ' hope on the part of 
the 'criminal, that if found out, he will not 
be 'convicted ; if convicted, he will easily 
receive a pardon? Does he not feel 'assured 
that it is the 'easiest thing in the world to 

45 obtain the executive clemency ? Is there 
no danger that a wholesale pardoning power 
will aid practised felons to entrap the young? 
Is it not an 'incentive to crime? — an im- 
putation on the intelligence and candor of 

50 the jury, and 'consequently upon the people ? 
Is not the power 'gradually sliding away 
from the many into the hands of the 'few ? 
Does it not denote that the sanctity of the 
law is less revered? (§5.) Every unjust 

55 pardon or acquittal tends to weaken the 'con- 
fidence of the people in the law, tends to 'en- 
courage mob-law, tends to make honest peo- 
ple look for 'safety, not to tribunals of justice, 
but to weapons of steel and missiles of lead ; 

60 tends to encourage 'crime and depress virtue; 
tends to weaken republican institutions, and 
strengthen despotism. One of the fruitful 
sources of the ruin of other republics has 
been the 'connivance at gilded crime, the de- 

65 generacy and corruption of 'rulers, and the 
'disregard of the public good. 



Examination 
Expectation. 
Trespasser. 

Pronounced 
guilty. 

Confident. 
Most facile. 
Governor's. 
Extensive. 
Old. 

Encourage- 
ment. 

Fairness. 
Of course. 

!'y degrers. 
R llers. 

Respected. 

Reliance. 

Foster. 

Upright. 

Security. 

Bullets. 

Wickedness. 

Establish- 
ments. 

Prolific. 
Destruction. 
Winking. 
Governors. 



anarchy? (§4.) 9. Give a synopsis of section 4. 10. Do hardened 
felons ever endeavor to entrap youth ? 11. What are some of your 
reasons for this opinion? (§ 5.) 12. What is the effect of every un- 
just pardon or acquittal ? 13. What has been one of the fruitful 
sources of the ruin of other republics? 14. What is the difference 
between ruin and destruction, in the 63d line? (§ f>.) 15. What im- 



OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 



279 



(§ 6.) Let not the delusive hope that moral 
'suasion can take the place of law, be enter- 
tained, while our country 'numbers nearly a 

70 million of adult white inhabitants that cannot 
read and write : while the aggregate official 
term of ollice of the rulers of the Union, 
throws upon the people thousands of par- 
doned convicts. Moral suasion, holy as it 

75 is, without the certain chastening hand of 
'law, has no more power over many hardened 
and reckless criminals than ropes of tow to 
bind the raging flames. (§ 7.) What object 
has the pardoning power, which 'seems to be 

80 spreading over several states in this 'Union? 
lias it come to this, that hundreds of Ameri- 
can juries annually render 'erroneous ver- 
dicts ? Do the American judges, during, 
their official terms of office, 'pass thousands 

85 of oppressive sentences ? If not, the par- 
doning power seems imperfect, inasmuch as 
it does Dot include all criminals. But some 
Tt that it includes only those who have 
reformed : and who is to be the judge of this ! 

90 Cannot a person who is guilty of an atrocious 
crime tell a falsehood? Is a man too good to 
. who is vile enough to wield the 
midnight torch, to rob, and murder ? 



Vain. 

Exrxwtula- 
lion. 

Contains. 

Grown up. 

Whole. 

Period. 

Multitudes. 

Reason. 

Correcting. 

Authority. 

Strands. 

Fire. 

Appears. 

Country. 

Is it possible. 

Wrong. 

Law-officers. 

Pronounce. 

Judgment*. 

Defective. 

Convicts. 

Embraces. 

Decider. 

A revolting. 

An untruth. 

Beguile. 

Kill. 



tt are thorp to prevent the full power of moral suasion? 

16. W n many hardened eon ricti 1 (§7.) 

17. Do fOO Nip are hundrcls of American juries that annu- 
ally r - ! 18. What (h>.-> thi* imply, in the B9tll 

- it irben they ptofeM to !><■ reformed, 

i ever be . What are 

your r this opinion ? (§ 8.) SI. It ■ criminal bftl really re- 



280 



DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 



(§ 8.) If truly 'reformed, would not a con- 

95 vict cheerfully comply with the laws of the 
land, which 'assign to certain crimes certain 
'punishments ? shall any one, under feigned or 
even real reformation, 'evade them I If a 
roan 'suffers innocently, may he not suffer 

ioo for the good of his country ? May there 
not be 'patriotism in prison as well as in the 
field of battle? May not a man receive 
credit for 'sustaining the majesty of the law, 
and the honor of his country in the 'former, 

105 as well as in 'the hitter. (§0.) What right 
has one man to 'pardon without assigning 
any 'valid reason, a few hundred criminals, 
within his jurisdiction, and not all ! Was 
the pardoning power 'designed especially to 

no protect the wealthy and the intelligent, and 
not the poor and the ignorant I Was it de- 
signed to favor hypocrisy — to hire conver- 
sion, by offering the 'reward of freedom, and 
the 'revelling on the earnings, and taking the 

ii5 lives of others — to free from the confinement 
of the prison, and its plain fare, for feigned 
'reformation? (§ 10.) Was it designed to 
put the people to 'enormous costs to support 
'courts of justice, and render null and void, 

120 at the will of executives, hundreds of 'right- 
eous 'verdicts of juries. Is the liberty of the 



..crated. 
Willingly. 
Allot. 
Penalties. 
Shun. 
Endures. 
Welfare. 

!>>vc of coun- 
try- 

Uet. 

Upholding. 

Cell. 

War. 

Free. 

Sound. 

Territory. 

Ku-h. 

Illiterate. 

Deceit 

Price. 

Feasting. 

Incarceration 

Spurious. 

'ment. 
1 leavy. 
Tribunals. 
Correct. 



formed, what is it reasonable to suppose he ought willingly to comply 
with? 22. What can you say of a person who sulfers innocently? 
23. What is the duty of every citizen ? (§ 9.) 24. What do you sup- 
pose was the object of the pardoning power ? 25. What is the differ- 
ence between illiterate and ignorant, in the 111th line? (§10.) 36. 
Who support courts of justice? 27. What is the object of courts? 28. 



OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 281 


vultures to take precedence of the safety of 


Security. 


the doves ? Is the 'happiness of the many 


w t ;iare. 


to be sacrificed to the unrestrained inclina- 


Licentious. 


125 tions of the few. Let the people look well 


Citizens 


to the safety, the honor, the 'dignity of the 


Reapaot. 


law, so that no power can either open Pan- 


The casket of 
rain. 


dorcPs tar, or 'render the verdicts of repub- 


Make. 


lican juries a bye-word and a farce among 


Reproach. 


130 the nations of the earth. 


World. 


(§ 11.) The lion, o'er his 'wild domains, 


Sun-scorch'd 
plains. 


Rules with the 'terror of his eye; 


Fire-glare. 


The eagle of the 'rock maintains 


Crag. 


By force his empire in the sky; 


Might. 


135 The shark, 'the tyrant of the flood, 


Fell. 


Reigns through the deep with 'quenchless rage; 


Sateless. 


Farent and 'young, unweaned from blood, 


Child. 


Are still 'the same from age to age. 


Alike. 


Of all that live, 'and move, and breathe, 


Change place 


140 Man only * rites o'er his birth ; 


Soars above. 


He looks 'above, around, beneath, 


On high. 


At once the 'heir of heaven and earth : 


Ward. 


Force, 'cunning, speed, which Nature gave 


Slyness. 


The various tribes throughout her plan, 


Numerous. 


145 'Life to enjoy, from death to save, — 


Health. 


These are the lowest powers of man. 


Humblest. 


. ) From strength to strength he "travels on; 


Journeys. 


He leaves the 'lingering brute behind ; 


Tardy. 


And when a few 'short years are gone, 


Brief. 


150 He 'soars, a disembodied mind : 


Tow*n. 


Beyond the 'grave, his course sublime, 


Tomb. 


Destined through 'nobler paths to run, 


Higher. 


In hi* career the end of time 


Bright course 


I- \jmt eternity begun. 


Immortality 


What evi | lUppOM WOnW remit from not enforcing the laws 7 

Wbm\ do ynu suppose ii ihe object of law? ($11.) 30. Who pos- 
sesses ascendency Ojei nil floated things? 81. To what i- man 
the heir? 32. What are the attributes of man? 33. For what end 



24 



282 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



155 



160 



165 



170 



What guides him in his 'high pursuit, 

Opens, illumines, 'cheers his way, 
'Discerns the immortal from the brute, 

God's 'image from the mould of clay? 
'T is 'knowledge : — knowledge to the soul 

Is 'power, and liberty, and peace ; 
And while celestial 'ages roll, 

The joys of 'knowledge shall increase. 

Hail to the 'glorious plan, that spread 

The 'light with universal beams, 
And through the human 'desert led 

Truth's living, pure, 'perpetual streams. 
Behold a 'new creation rise, 

New 'spirit breathed into the clod. 
Where'er the 'voice of Wisdom cr. 

"Man, 'know thyself, and fear tby God." 

MoVTfJDMF.RT. 



Great. 

Smoothes. 

Descries. 

Likeness. 

Leaning. 

Potence. 

Seasons. 

Wisdom. 

Noble. 
Dawn. 
Barren. 
Unfailing:. 

Ardor. 

Scan. 



is he created ? (§1'2.) $4. What is the destination of man beyond 
the grave? 35. How is knowledge the guiding star of man 1 
there any limit to the increase <>f knowledge? 37. What are ynur 
reasons for this opinion? 38. What are the teachings of wisdom 1 



LESSON XLVIII. 

CONCLUDING REMARKS. 

(§1.) The most 'renowned republics* 
have 'been deprived af their liberties; they 
have been first afflicted, either by military 



Fnm "is. 

Lost 

Warlike. 



(§ 1.) 1. How have the most renowned republics of antiquity lost 

* "The generals, haying armies and kingdoms at thpir disposal, wore sensible of their own 
strength, and Could no looser obey. The soldiers therefore bt'sau to acknowledge no superior 
but. their general ; to found their hopes on him only, and to view the city as from a en 
tance: they were no longer the soldiers of the republic, but of Sylla, of Marios, of Poropey, 
and of Csesar. The Romans could no longer tell, whether the person who headed an army m 
a province was their general or their enemy. 

"So long as the people of Home were corrupted by their tribunes only, on whom they could 
bestow nothing but their power, the st na'e could easily defend themselves, because they acted 
consistently and with one regular tenor; whereas the coium m people were continually shirting 
from the extremes of fury io the extremes of cowardice; mit when they were enabled la 
their favorites with a formidable exterior authority, the whole wisdom of lit- 
baffled, and the commonwealth wns undone! 

" A wise republic ought not to run any hazard which may expose it to tfood or ill fortune ; the 
only happiness the several individuals of it should aspire auer is, to give perpetuity to their 
state." — Monlesqumi's DecUm and Fall of the Roman Einpire. 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



283 



despots, or by degenerate and corrupt rulers." 
5 who silently vitiated the majority o\ the peo- 
ple:! the most unbridled crimes went un- 
punished: anarchy first prevailed, and as a 
resort from its horrors, the people took re- 
fuge under despotism. Should the civil 

10 magistrates of our own 'country ever become 
'inscjisiblcto their just responsibilities— should 
they ever neglect to sustain, by appeals to 
'enlightened reason, the righteous verdicts of 
juries, and the wise decisions of the courts 

15 of justice, the people may justly regard the 
'boasted institutions of the republic as on the 
verge oi ruin. (§ 2.) We may then have, 
as now, the name of a republic, but all the 
evils of despotism will stride through the 

20 land. Instead of encouraging the patriot 
and the philanthropist, our history, like that 
of the French republic of 1793, will convey 
no cheering hopes to the oppressed of other 
eountries. but will only transmit the wreck 

25 of our temple of liberty down the current 



Wicked. 
Tainted 

InresMainn] 

Disorder. 

Shrltcr. 

Tyranny. 

Nation. 

Unmindful of 

Forget. 

Dnobsoared. 

Judgments. 

Law. 

Vaunted. 

Brink. 

Title. 

Horrors. 

Stimulating. 

Lover of man 

Commonwealth. 

Animating. 

Float. 

Fane. 



their liberties? 2. What usually precedes despotism ? 3. Can (]rs- 
ii ever exist in an intelligent and virtuous community? 4. Whal 
may the people justly apprehend when the laws are violated with 
impunity? (§2.) 5. Can a government ever exercise the power of 
tyrai T he name of a republic 1 0. What was the power that 

existed' in France in 1703 called ! 7. Why? (§ 3.) 8. What does the 

M werp now invited to R.imr by the amhifious. to <]|\mncrrt thf» mi' 
or mfl .• • njrninst 

i dignified wufa the title irf" < 
The n 

time*, thai il 
■• 

. Much 



■ 



{•eared M 1 
of theru."— lout. 



284 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



of time, a mournful and 'melancholy me- 
mento of human 'wisdom. 

(§ 3.) It is possible in a 'republic for mob- 
law and anarchy to prevail during the ad- 

30 ministration of 'virtuous and wise rulers, 
but whenever such is the 'case, it infallibly 
denotes previous 'mal-administration. Good 
rulers countenance and 'support wise and 
'virtuous laws. Good rulers raise nations to 

35 the 'palmiest heights of prosperity, power, 
and happiness. Bad rulers depress them to 
the lowest depths of corruption, depravity, 
and 'misery. (§ 4.) In our country, then, 
how 'important is it that the people should 

40 be thoroughly educated, that they may se- 
lect good rulers, and 'cause wise laws to be 
'enacted and sustained ; how important is it 
then for every one to 'understand the ele- 
ments of political science, and possess a 

45 knowledge of the laws which arc 'designed 
alike to 'govern and protect the rich and the 
poor, the 'ruled and the rulers. " Sine lege, 
est sine ratione, modo, ordine."* 'Every 
one 'ought to know something of the duties 

50 and 'responsibilities of civil magistrates, to 
know whether their 'influence be exerted in 
favor of 'learning and virtue, or whether 
they are the 'abettors of vice and crime. 



Gloomy. 
Sagacity. 
Free country 
Continuing. 
Correct. 

Fact. 

Bad govern- 
ment. 

Sustain. 

Pious. 

Loftiest. 

Sink. 

Vilcness. 

LWnt.aL 
Correctly. 
Occasion. 
Ma.l.v 

Comprehend. 

i menu 
al. 

Intended. 

Contn.l 

People. 

Lach. 

Should. 

Powers. 

Weight. 

Intelligence. 

Encourage rs 



existence of mob law denote? 9. What is produced by good rulers? 
10. What by wicked rulers? 11. What is requisite to secure good 
rulers? (§4.) 12. Why should every one know something of politi- 
cal science? 13. Why should all understand the duties of civil ma- 
* "To be without law, is to be without reason, order, and safety." 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



285 



(§5.) The chronicles of the day disclose 

55 the existence of 'crime, and violations of the 

laws to an alarming extent in our beloved 

country: frauds, breaches of public trust, 

thefts, incendiarism, 'mobs, robberies, mur- 
ders, and other revolting deeds have arrived 

BO to a pitch, at which all patriots may be justly 
alarmed. We are perhaps all too certain 
that our country is rapidly advancing to 
power and 'renown— too insensible of the 
accumulating growth of ignorance and 

05 immorality— too indifferent to the gradual 
but silent progress they are making to- 
wards sapping the 'foundation of our laws, 
and overwhelming the institutions of the re- 
public ; — let us awake and be vigilant ! (§ 6.) 

70 At the present day a contest is 'commencing, 
mightier than ever before was waged — the 
strife of reason against error — the contest 
of the friends of republican liberty against 
the benighted and interested friends of here- 

75 ditary kings and 'nobles. Our forefathers 
fought with perishable steel for the liberty 
of a single country; we fight with 'impe- 
rishable reason to sustain what they won, 
and for the rational liberty of the whole 

SO world. Let correct education pervade our 
1— let the people, legislators, and rulers, 



Newspapers. 
Wickedness 

(\>nfulrnc«». 

Tumults. 

Horrible. 

iinsht. 

Frightened. 

Speedily. 

Glory. 

Increasing:. 

Vice. 

Insidious. 

Basis. 

Overfh row- 
in?. 

Watchful. 

Beginning. 

Vaster ' 

Contest. 

Advocates. 

Selfish. 

Lords. 

Contended. 

lruh-Mruc- 
tible. 

Uphold. 
Kntire. 
Permeate, 
[.aw-makers. 



' ) 1 1. What may justly alarm all good citizens 1 if>. 

• • nil probably Boo oertain ! 10. What ere gradually 

try ? ($ •"».). it. Whmi ii rorn- 

| v F< i arbal rlicl our forefather! fight ? 

bat do we Wbatwill correct education pro 



286 



CONCLUDING RKMAkKS. 



bestow upon it their utmost aid, and tyranny 
in every part of the world will 'give place to 
wise laws and 'enduring liberty, and enable 

85 all to attain the Christian's highest 'reward. 
(§ 7.) The 'echo of the voice of liberty 
has reached every monarchy in the world. 
The 'embers of the ruins of former repub- 
lics, 'consumed by the arts and arms of des- 

90 potism, are still 'glowing on European soil. 
All the 'potentates of the earth, their nobles, 
their 'menials, and their tools, see in the pro- 
mulgation of sound education and the 'rights 
of man, their utter ruin, and their irretrievable 

95 'ignominy. Europe may boast of her splen- 
did cities, her stately palaces, her magnifi- 
cent temples. The Pyramids, all the gigantic 
monuments of the East, the herculean works 
of art, remain alike to show their inutility, 

too and the 'effects of despotism — how the few 
may gradually possess supreme power, and 
make the many their 'subservient tools. The 
monuments of the 'East are the works of 
despots and tyrants. (§ 8.) But in America 

105 is reared a 'mightier monument than has 
ever before claimed the 'admiration of man. 
It is the monument of the 'intellect, the work 
of patriots and philanthropists, the charter 



Support. 
Yield. 
Permanent. 
Recompense. 

RBverbera- 

tum. 

Kmgd >m. 

Cinders. 

Desolated. 

Burning. 

Sovereigns. 

Underlings. 

Privilege* 

TotaL 

Shame. 

Tow< r 

udous. 
Alridean. 

I'xU.SMlL'SV 

Results. 

Enjoy. 

Slavish. 

Oriental world. 

Oppressors. 

Wonder. 

Mind. 
Cons' it 



duce? (§ 7.) 21. What has reached every monarchy in the world? 
22. What will inevitably follow the promulgation of sound education 
and the rights of man? 23. Of what may Europe boast? 24. Of 
what may the East boast? 25. What is meant by the East? (§ 8.) 
26. What has been reared in America? 27. What is constantly held 
out to all industrious citizens in America? 28. What secures this 
privilege? 29. Among what classes were most of the frainers of 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



287 



of rational liberty. It holds out a constant in- 

no centive to merit, tor it guarantees equal pri- 
vileges to all: its framers rose Groin the in- 
dustrious 'classes of the citizens of the 
country. The two most prominent cha- 
racters in its origin were both, in their early 

n> career, numbered among the mass of the 
laboring people. (§0.) The first, possessing 
limited 'advantages in early life, inferior to 
those enjoyed by the youth of the present 
day at our common schools, was, when 

m twenty years old, without classic knowledge, 
'laboring at days' works in the wilderness, 
M a common surveyor of land. He had no 
badge, DO claim to distinction, other than an 
honest heart, and a sincere desire to promote 

m the welfare of his fellow-men. The other, 
at the age of twenty-four, was 'toiling at the 
printer's press, in Philadelphia, and 'some- 
times working at the 'wheelbarrow in the 
ets. 

130 (§ 10.) Who then would have 'thought, 
that the names of these young 'men would 
have been known out of the 'limits of their 
own neighborhood, and even there but for a 
brief period ? Yet, by unwearied industry, 
c by well-meant exertions, they outlived the 



Stimulant. 

Secures. 

Formers. 

Ranks. 

Kminent. 

Foundation. 

Ufa 

Working. 

Means. 

Young-. 

Public. 

Of age. 

Toiling. 

Measurer. 

Honor. 

Open. 

Franklin. 

Laboring. 

Occasionally. 

Go-cart. 

Public ways. 

Imagined. 

Laborers. 

Bounds. 

Vicinity. 

Short. 

Efforts. 



What were the early advantages i f 

i ? 31. How did he improve them ? 32. What claim had 

lie u» What claim has he t<> our regard ! 'U What 

Franklin ' I jTou name any other distinguished 

men « touted largely in framing the Constitution 1 36. Are 

jroor advent r> (^ l<») :;7. How do y<>n 

suppose people looke< I \\\><>n young Washington end Franklin 1 38. 



1288 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



opposition incident to all 'meritorious efforts. 
Their names will glow with perennial bright- 
ness, when the names of the 'kingly office- 
holders, those clothed with the 'robes of 

]4o power in their day, will moulder in oblivion. 
But let it not be 'supposed that they gained 
their 'fame, or reared those enduring mental 
monuments that will bless the latest 'posterity, 
without 'opposition. (§ 11.) Washington was 

145 'bitterly denounced, as being unfit to com- 
mand the American army, a 'faction was 
organized to ruin his fame and blast his Cha- 
racter. Franklin was hurled from office, 
and more than once 'seemed to be on the 

150 'brink of ruin. Yet for their country they 
forgot their personal ease and 'comfort — 
they sought not the praises of men, but the 
path of 'duty, and the sanction of an approv- 
ing conscience. Let every one 'study well 

155 the patriotism, the philanthropy, the piety 
of past 'ages, not only of our own, but of 
other countries, that 'actuated by those pure 
examples, each may be 'sustained in pursu- 
ing 'unwaveringly, through every change of 

loo fortune, the path of rectitude, and zealously 
labor for the good of the country, the wel- 
fare of mankind, and the 'noblest of all means 
to advance the cause of true 'religion. 



Deserving. 

Ever-bloom- 
ing. 

RoyaL 

Panoply. 
For'otful- 

Presumed. 
Renown. 
Generations 
Lance. 
Turroly. 
Party. 

Reputation. 
Ejected. * 
Appeared. 
Verge. 
Enjoyment. 
Adulations. 
Rectitude. 
Examine. 
Benevolence 
Epochs. 
Moved. 
Borne up. 

viat- 
mgly. 

Uprightness. 
Benefit. 
Most eflinent 



What did they do when surrounded by difficulties? 30. Was their 
cause just ? 40. Should everyone strive to be engaged in a good call 
ingl 41. What should yon do when encompassed by opposition? 
(§ 11.) 42. What can you say of some of the difficulties Washington 
encountered? 43. What obstacles did Franklin encounter? 44. What 
did they do when surrounded by troubles ? 45. Do all persons encoun- 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



289 



(§ 1*2.) If this work shall tend in the slight- 
Mi est degree to awaken the dormant talent of 
the land : if it shall in any manner call to 
the 'safety o\ the Union some rineinnatns 
m the plough, some Sherman, Franklin, 
or Washington from manual labor, to the 
1:0 affairs o\ state and the eanse of 'education, 
the object of the author will be realized. 
And if the 'plan of this work shall, in the 
most remote way tend to awaken the minds 
of the community to the 'superior subject of 
ns the sound and 'efficient education of the 
lalesofthe land; if it shall, in the small- 
. call attention to the fact, that the 
invisible iniluence of woman is paramount to 
all others ; that she truly " wields the Archi- 
ll median lever, whose 'fulcrum is childhood, 
whose length is all time, whose weight is the 
world, and whose sweep is 'eternity,- ' the ob- 
ject will be more than realized. (§ 13.) Let 
w<>man be soundly educated; let no art, 
i&5 however skilful, no science, however intri- 
cate, no knowledge, however profound, be 
withheld from her grasp ; let woman be pro- 
perly educated, and enlisted in the cause of 
rmon school education. Let the natural 
liners of the young come to the rescue, 
and all will be 'safe. The portentous cloud 
of ignorance and of delusion, that now over- 
ir country, will 'disappear like 



Book. 

Arouse. 

Summon. 

Stvui.ty. 

Husbandry. 

Labor of the 

hands. 
Instruction. 
Design. 
Arrangement 
Distant. 
Paramount. 
Adequate. 
Country. 
Extent. 
Unseon. 
Moves. 
Prop. 
Extent. 

Endless ex- 
istence. 

Attained. 

Thoroughly 

Difficult. 

Attainment. 

Kept. 

Engaged. 

General. 

Directors. 

Secure. 

Error. 

Vanish. 



tcr t; 16 Wi at should all do1 ( c , 12 47. If • is of 

- What }:•>•.. -.'.oman exert I 

ace between fulc in the 180th 
~25 



290 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



mist before the rising sun. 'Education may 
195 then be 'placed within reach ofa\\ — man will 
learn his 'duty to himself, his fellow-crea- 
tures, and his Creator. The powerful will 
not 'pounce upon the defenceless, like ti- 
gers, nor marshal armies and ravage the 
200 earth, like famished wolves. Men will no 
longer fawn like spaniels in the courts of 
kings, nor crawl in the dust like serpents, 
but, led by the hands of gentleness and of 
kindness in childhood, to the perennial founts 
205 of literature, they will attain 'manhood with 
the purest 'relish for knowledge, and raised 
and honored by the 'purest moral education, 
will become the 'fit recipients, and the effi- 
cient 'protectors of civil and religious liberty. 



Knowledge. 

Extended to. 

Obligation. 

Maker. 

Spring. 

Desolate. 

Starving. 

Palaces. 

Creep. 

Influence. 

Erer gushing 

Maturity. 

Taste. 

Holiest. 

Suitable. 

Guardians. 



line? (§13.) 50. Why should woman be educated? 51. Repeat 
the substance of section nine. 



LESSON XLIX. 





FINAL. 






AN EXTENSION OF THE AUTHOR'S SYSTEM OF MARGINAL 






EXKRCISES. 




Curious. 


(§ 1.) Unique as the pages of 


Singular. 


Seemed. 


this book must have 'appeared to 


Looked. 


Glanced at. 


the reader when he* first 'saw them, 


Perceived. 


Undoubtedly 


the one he now beholds is 'surely 


Certainly. 


Bizarre. 


5 much more 'so. At this stage of 


Outre. 


Need/ul. 


the work it can hardly be neces- 


Requisite. 



(§ 1.) 1. How must the pages of this book have appeared to the 

reader when first seen? 2.1s the present page still more so? 3. 

* Supply the corresponding feminine pronoun, when needed, in all such 









CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



291 



Ddate. 

Cerujo. 

Procure. 

Stir up. 

Siudr. 

Ulefl. 

Exhibit 

Gran>J. 

Employing. 

Expression 

Relation. 

Adrmncioc. 

<x:.rcat: -n 



I Inapt Mat 

TV MM M 
Frame. 



Kind. 
iMBd ; 



No* :-,»•« 



sary for the author to expatiate 
upon the many advantages of the 
marginal exercises, and their in- 

10 evitable tendency to secure marked 
attention from, and excite intense 
thought id the mind o( the pupil. 
It only remains for him here to 
display and explain an extension of 

15 his own system. With the privi- 
lege already accorded to the read- 
er, of giving either the marked 
'word in the body of the page, its 
relative in the margin, or a word 

20 of his own, nearly approaching in 
sense to both or either, it might be 
'supposed that the variety of ex- 
pression thereby attained would be 
'sufficient for all educational pur- 

25 poses, especially since the learner 
would naturally be led to form for 
himself corresponding examples of 
every description, when the idea 
had once entered his mind. 

30 (§2.) But the writer is not satis- 
fied with having 'discovered and 
opened a new road through the 
sharp rocks and tangled under- 
brush, which 'constitute so much 

35 of what is to a tyro the hither 



Enlarge. 

Multitudi- 
nous. 

Sure. 
Ob* am. 
Incite. 

RrnVcliou. 

Show. 
Plan. 
Given. 
Dans. 
Term. 

Connection. 

Approximat- 
ing. 

Meaning. 

Thought. 

Reached. 

Ample. 

Particularly. 

Make. 

Phrasal 

Sort. 

Taken root 
in. 

OoBll !ivd. 

Pound. 

tut. 

Amr'iUr. 

•'omprise. 

Bppinner. 



What is DIITM the work 7 4. What only re- 

main* for the author to ilol 5. What privilege bai been accorded to 
the r* li toon pi be Mifletairi I 7. Would 

the learner be likely 10 form for bimeelf example* OU the mod.'l of 

those in this book? (§ 2Lj 8. With what is the- writer not patiefied ? 



292 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



Division. 

Convinced. 

Road. 

Tiresome. 

Halt. 

Rectilinear. 

Practicable. 

Once. 

Desirous. 

Amended. 

Succeed. 

Relation. 

Cognizant. 

Benefit. 

Clearness. 

Principal. 

Blamed. 

Ascertained. 

Adorned. 

Usual. 

Searching. 

Authors. 

Affairs. 

Avowal. 

Specification. 

Versified. 



'portion of the unexplored region of 
learning; for, being fully aware 
that, take it as we will, the way is 
long and 'toilsome enough, he can- 

40 not 'rest without making it, so far 
as in him lies, as 'straight, smooth, 
level, and perfect as 'possible. — 
Having 'already acted as pioneer, 
he is now 'anxious to leave nothing 

45 to be bettered, in the way of plan 
or system, by those who may 'fol- 
low him. With 'respect to execu- 
tion, he is fully 'sensible of his ma- 
nifold deficiencies. However. 

50 fulness and perspicuity having been 
his 'main objects, he can scarcely 
be 'censured for want of elegance 
in style, when it is 'known that he 
did not aim at the ornate. He has 

55 availed himself of the 'common 
privilege of 'consulting the various 
law and other authorities, on the 
'subjects of which he has treated, 
and deems this a sullicicnt acknow- 

G0 lodgement, without ' particulariza- 
tion.* For the ' metrical scraps 



Part. 

Assured. 

Path. 

Weary. 

Stop. 

Direct. 

Can te. 

Before. 

Solicitous. 

Improved 
uj>on. 

Coot after. 

Regard. 

Aware. 

Utility. 
Plainness. 

Cnmlrmned. 
Understood. 
Ornamental. 

Examining. 

Standard 
books. 

Matters. 
Admission. 
Enumeration 
Rhythmical. 



9. Are the fields of learning difficult for a tyro to explore? 10. 
What is the design of the author? 11. Does he wish to leave any 
thing in the way of his peculiar plan fbr others to improve upon ? 

* The Author has spoken freely of threatening evils in our republican institution*, yet he 
hopes none will consider that he entertains the le;ist feeling of disregard towards those of his 
fellow citizens who are members of the standing army, or hold military or civil offices under 
the general or state governments. Those lush officers are o:ten chosen" from the ranks of the 
ablest men in the Union; and the Author believes that no one among them would be so incon- 
siderate its to take offence at remarks which are necessary for a full discussion of the political 
institutions of our country ; he has spoken not of the office-holders, but of the system. The 
evil is not the work of the standing army and of the civil magistrates, but is upheld by and in- 
cludes the whole community The Author would further observe, that he h:is endeavored to 
sav nothing that would in any manner whatever conflict with the sound opinions of any politi- 
cal party or Christian sect in the Union. 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



293 



Spread. 

Quondam. 

Scholar. 

Thought. 

List. 

Folia 

The row. 

Perhaps. 

Work. 

Pre-repre- 
aented. 

Pass on. 

Secondary. 

•■MfaftMl 

Pristine. 

Methods. 

Select 

Elucidations. 

Pointed. 

Sere rally. 

Equivalent 

Place. 

Following. 

Precedinf. 

Example. 

Point*. 



torn 



65 



Npfatod 



scattered through this work, he is 
indebted to his friend and 'former 
pupil, Charles J. Lukens. 

(§3.) The notion of a second 
line of marginal words, on the left 
of the page, to correspond with 
and balance that on the right 
would probably occur, to many 

70 persons on seeing this 'book : — such 
thought is here anticipated. The 
author will now 'proceed to explain 
and illustrate the use of the 'sup- 
plementary line in connection with 

75 the 'original one. It is obvious that 
we have two distinct 'ways from 
which to choose, as the marked 
word may either have two 'defini- 
tions or synonyms, or two 'marked 

80 words in one line may have 'each 
a definition or synonym — that of 
the word first in order on the left 
of the page, and that of the second 
word on the right. In the former 

85 case but one mark is needed, as 
usual ; in the latter, two 'marks are 
required, which must be 'unlike 
each other. Both 'methods will 
now be described at length, pre- 



Dispersed. 

Late. 

Student. 

Idea. 

Column. 

Leaf 
The file. 
Likely. 
j Volume. 
Foreshown. 
Go on. 
Additional. 
Conjunction. 
Primary. 
Modes. 
Pick. 

Explanations 
Designated. 
Singly. 
Like term. 
Rank. 

Succeeding. 
First. 
Instance. 
Characters. 
Dissimilar to. 
Plans. 
Represented. 



12. Of what is h*» fully sensible ? 13. What have been bis main ob- 
jects? 1 I. Can ho be censored f<»r want of elegance in style? 15. Of 
what has he availed hittiselfl 16. What ii ni<] of the metrical scraps 
to be found in this l>o<>k ? (§3-) 17 - What notion would probably 
occur to many persons? 18. Is it anticipated ? 10. What is- to be ex- 
plained and illustrated? 90. What il ofefjousl 21. Particularize 
them ? 22. Can both these methods be used in one page? (§ -1.) 23. 



! 294 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



Connectedly. 

N o a dtf d 

Want. 

Unit. 

Do. 

Therefore. 

In case. 

Used. 

Proposed. 

Allude. 

Confine. 

Borne in 

mind. 

Special. 

Design. 

Off. 

After all. 

The two. 

Permitted. 

Staiions. 

Committed. 

Strait. 

Extension. 

Fix. 

Can. 

Troublesome 

Lone. 

Reach. 

Description. 

Large. 



90 mising that they may be used toge- 
ther in the same page if desirable. 
(§ 4.) If we wish to define the 
same word twice, the simple one 
[ ' ], as before used, will suffice, and 

95 this character has been accordingly 
selected ; but if two words in each 
line are to be taken, the matter is 
not quite so clear. It might be said 
that 1 should refer to the left hand 

ioo 'margin, and 2, to the right ; but it 
must be remembered that 2 has 
already been used for a 'specific 
'purpose in connection with the 
'right margin, and that it would 

105 'still be needed there. (§ 5.) On 
the Whole, in both cases the 1 and 
2 have been 'suffered to keep their 
old 'positions, and to the period [•] 
is 'deputed the task of guarding the 

no left margin. In a page so narrow 
as this, the first plan is, in general, 
much the easier to 'arrange, for it 
'will be seen at a glance, that it is 
rather a 'difficult thing to find two 

ii5 words in any one line of the pre- 
sent 'length, which may each be 
supplied w T ith a -definition or 'syno- 
nym, on account of the -great pre- 



Wifched. 
Desire. 
Pnme. 
Answer. 

Wheu. 

Defined. 

Affirmed. 

Direct. 

Border. 

Second. 

Yet. 

All. 

A i lowed. 

Post*. 

DstagtM 

Project. 

Order. 

May. 

Hard. 

Single. 

Extent. 

Eqni ralent 

Outweighing 



What mark will answer if the same word is to be twice defined ? 
24. Has it been selected? 25. What might be said if two words in 
one line are to be defined ? 26. Would this be correct? (§5.) 27. 
What has been done on the whole ? 28. Which of the two plans is 
the easier to arrange on a narrow page? 29. On what account? 30. 
What must be done in a book written with such double margins? 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



295 



Words. 
Wholly. 
Aj st om. 
Broad. 
Questioned. 

One. 

Changed. 

Pi unary. 

Drain. 

Appropriate. 

Can. 

Contain. 

Permitted. 

Text 

Simple. 

Explained. 

I m Ye- 
menis. 

Head. 

Would. 

Leaf. 

Point*. 

Learner. 

Cfcaawcatoa 

rent* 

Hard. 

um 

Cfttaaawaeen 



ISO 



ponderance of -small undefioable 

Hi -particles; therefore, a book written 
•entirely with double margins on 
the second -plan, must have com- 
paratively -wide pages. It may be 
•doubted, indeed, 'whether such se- 

125 cond -extension would be 'more 
than the -single margin 'under a 
•different garb; every long line re- 
presenting two of the -original 'ones. 
To -exhaust the 'subject, it is as 
•well to say, that as many marginal 
lines -may be 'used on each side as 
the page will -hold, and that 'they 
may be -allowed to 'encroach upon 
the -story itself, till that is narrowed 

135 to a -mere thread, with 'every word 
in it -defined and 're-defined, and 
having -provision for 'extra notes 
at "top and ' bottom. 

(§6.) It may be an advantage to 

mo have a page prepared without re- 
ference marks, to exercise the judg- 
ment of the scholar in designating 
the correspondence of the marginal 
words with those in the text; and 

145 this is not such a difficult task but 
that it can even be accomplished 
by beginners, who will take the 
same pleasure in it as in solving a 



L*iiin'<rpret- 

ut.le 

, ' uHy. 
Two. 

\ vly. 
Leates. 
If. 

Better. 
In. 

Dress. 
Lines. 
Matter. 
Observe. 
Placed. 
The margins. 
Intrude. 
Decreased. 

Each. 

Explained 

over. 

Further. 

Foot. 

Interest. 

Provided 

Employ. 

Showing. 

Bordering. 

Narrative. 

Thing. 

Doa*. 

Have. 

Explaining. 



31. What may be doubted 1 32. How may -ill poa 

ied for? What might be an advents Poi 

what reason 1 '■•' W ■ difficult tai Could it be ac- ' 

complishe<l by beginners ild they take pleasure in it? (§ 7.) 



296 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



Charade. 

Pointers. 

Preceding. 

Intended. 

Like* 

Higher. 

Suitahle 

When. 

Accurately. 

Change. 

Way. 

Alteration. 

Want. 

Apparently. 

Thine??. 

Concerning. 

A singular. 

Complete. 

Put. 

Five or six. 



! ! ! ! 
() () 
Remarking. 
Punctuate. 
Liked. 
Division. 
Foregoing. 



riddle. This section is left without 

150 the references as a specimen. (§ 7.) 
The *above remark will 'also apply- 
to an -entire omission of 'punctua- 
tion for a 'similar purpose but only 
•advanced scholars should be 're- 

155 quired to fill in the -proper 'points 
and -after they shall have 'done it 
•correctly they should be 'instructed 
to -vary the points in every 'possible 
•manner they will thereby learn the 

ino great -change of meaning 'occa- 
sioned by the -omission or 'mis- 
placement of such -seemingly 'in- 
significant -characters When 'dis- 
putes -about pointing ran high years 

ifi5 ago -an eccentric individual pub- 
lished a -whole book without 'stops 
and -placed at the end by way of 
appendix -several pages of 'commas 
•semicolons colons "periods marks 

ito of -exclamation and interrogation 
•parentheses and so forth quaintly 
•observing that the reader was at 
liberty to -pepper the 'hash as he 
•pleased The punctuation is vvant- 

175 ing in this -section and in both this 
and the -preceding the reader 'will 



Printed. 

Sample. 

Further. 

Stopping, 

Design. 

Asked. 

Stops. 

Finished. 

Desired. 

Practicable. 

Thence. 

Wrong posi- 
tion. 

Trifling. 

Tontrntions. 

Were violent 

Personage. 

Dots. 

Close. 



T T T ? T 

n-*t t 5 

Peruser. 
Matter. 

Omitted. 

Tin present 
fprtion. 



Must. 



38. To what will the remark in section six apply? 39. What sort of 
scholars should be required to fill the vacancies? 40. What should 
they be instructed to do afterwards? 41. What will this teach them ? 
42. What anecdote can you relate of a certain eccentric person? 43. 
What is wanting in this section? 44. What will be the condition of 
the reader of this and the preceding section, unless he shall take the 
proper measures beforehand? (§ 8.) 45. What is unlikely? 46. 



COM CI A' DING REMARKS 



297 



A loss. 

Furnish. 

Probable. 

Exhibited. 
Attaching. 
Accuracy. 
tfqr. 
Pnor. 
Give*. 
"'. »>*.;. 
Thread*. 
Can. 

MtmL 
Make. 
Complete. 
Should. 
Said. 
Use. 

■ttiafc 

T:.e Hi 
Pertain. 
Matter. 
EaaenUally. 



be at -sea until he shall 'stop and 
•supply the points 

(§ 8.) It is not -likely that any 
us one should -fully comprehend the 

•varied beauties of the system here 
•presented, and the happy effect it 
must have in -giving copiousness 
and 'precision to the style of such 

190 as -shall be 'drilled by it, without 
•previous acquaintance and use. — 
It -affords us three separate, 'yet 
very -nearly connected narratives 
in one : three -strands, if the ex- 

im pression -may be allowed, which, 
by -continual interweaving go to 
form, and do -form, one strong and 
homogeneous cord — a -perfect tria 
juncta in uno. It -may likewise be 

•sou -remarked, that it gives 'opportunity 
for the 'employment of phrases, 
totally -distinct in meaning from 
•those they supply, if taken sepa- 
rately, but which -belong 'naturally 

205 to the -subject in hand, and do not 
•materially alter the meaning of the 
•context: the reader may have 'ob- 
served -many such instances in the 
•body of the work. (^ !>.) At the 
line -time the writer will say, that 



Proper eha- 
i 

livery. 
Understand. 

Plan. 

KebUlt. 

Amplitude. 

Manner. 

Taught. 

Knowledge. 

But. 

Account*. 
Mode of 

Permitted. 
Tend. 

Sound. 

Three joined 
m one. 

Also. 

A ch. nice. 

Sentences. 

Signification. 

Apart. 

Properly. 

I bMgfe, 

Book. 
Author. 



•.does this system afford ua? 17. What i> the meaning of the 

18. She \ of tautology in 

• • in jroor opinion I 

be remark H !•■ I ' 

r have a U at 



298 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 



Deems. 

Equal 

Reason. 

Throws. 

Writing. 

Volume. 

Truth. 

Prolix. 

Character. 

For 

Come. 

Reality. 

Conceded. 

Gainsay. 

Augment. 

Verily. 

i'leasod. 

Termination. 

PI arid. 
Unyielding. 

Darkness fell 
Heap up. 

Blossoms. 

Bitter. 
Stow. 
Crannies. 

Sedu'ous. 
Tracked. 



he 'considers the one marginal line 
•adequate to most 'purposes, espe- 
cially on -account of the 'great 
labor it -entails upon all 'connected 

215 with the -composing and 'compo- 
siting of a -book of this kind. In 
•fact, the public can have no con- 
ception of the -tedious and 'ha- 
rassing -nature of the 'service re- 

220 quired; -and even those used to 
publishing would -fall far 'short of 
the -truth in making an estimate. 
This being -granted, no 'one will 
•deny that a double 'margin must 

225 'increase the difficulties more than 
half: -indeed, the writer is 'truly 
•delighted to find himself thus near 
the -end of his 'self-imposed "task — 
and 

So -gentle 'readers all, of sexes both and ov'ry ftge, 
From this time forth -unerasing 'war with error 
may you wage : 
May ignorance your 'presence flee, 
And may you 'gather, 'like the bee, 
Sweets from the thought-flow'rs 'found in 
books, — 
The -poison 'leave behind, — 
And honey -store in 'ready nooks 
And -corners 'of the mind. 

On 'careful 'retrospection you will find, 

That we have -traced the 'progress of mankind 



Border. 

Ends. 

Vast 

Concerned. 

Printing. 

Description. 

Idea. 

Fatiguing. 

Duty. 

Persona. 

Off. 

Estimation. 

Person. 

Edge 

Kmbarraa*. 

IiirnLv 

Really. 

Mgk 

Si If Treated. 
'Labors. 

Hrarrrs. 
Stnfe. 

Xearnem 

As 

Grown. 

Let. 

Open. 

In. 

Retnu 
Tnaks. 



is deemed adequate to most purposes? 53. Is much unusual labor 
entailed upon all connected with getting out a book of this descrip- 
tion ? 54. Of what can the public have no proper conception? 55. 
Does a double margin increase the difficulties? 56. Why is the writer 
truly delighted? 57. What is desired for all his readers? 58. What 



1 



CONCLl'DING REMARKS. 



299 



Pobty. 

Current. 

Rough. 

Hemp. 

Darker. 

Last. 

Right. 
That Past 

lime. 
Now here. 

Coming. 

Lesser. 

Should. 

Larger. 

By it. 

Cifxen's. 

Ballot-box 

11. tn 

Mind. 
Gone. 

Weigh with 

care. 
Render. 

Sworn. 

I :" | -. » n n 

AlUcked. 

Indeed. 

0* 

Vile culpnt. 

Fast. 

Work out. 

Green. 



Perjured en- 



In -government, e'en from its 'very birth 
Up to its -present state upon the Earth : 
Its first -rude 'elements we've seen resolved 
Into a -mass of codes 'crude and involved. 
The -complex partsof which have their solution 
At -length within our own 'free Constitution. 
Of -course not 'perfect, yet so near perfection, 
The Bygone well may 'pardon this reflection, 
To which the -Present "offers no objection ; 
And If the -Future should 'propose rejection 
Of -minor 'portions of our glorious laws, 
Care must be taken that, in 'mending flaws, 
•Greater mistakes are 'haply not committed, 
So that they 'd -thereby be for 'good unfitted. 

A voter's 'obligations have been told, 

And all our suffrage-holders 'fully warned 

To -see that freedom is not 'lightly sold, 
For, once lost, 'fruitlessly will it be mourn'd. 

•Advice is 'given to our jurymen 

To .ponder well all 'facts, so that they may 
Bring in a righteous 'verdict ever, when 
•Called to determine truth, and 'error stay. 

The right executive to 'pardon crimes 

Has been -opposed, and all its 'evils shown ; 
■In fact, 'amelioration of the times 

Can be accomplished «in one 'way alone. 
Let the offender feel that punishment 

Is sure to follow -in the 'steps of guilt; 
Then shall our laws -effect their 'full intent, 
And flourish -fair, where now they 'droop 
and wilt. 

Our -magistrates are 'counselled to beware 
Of testimony false ; in short, to sift 

All cases to the 'bottom, taking care 

To guard with conscience 'whole the 
people's gift. 



Karly. 

Lot. 

Principles. 

Harsh. 

Rearh. 

Great. 

Finished. 

Sleep on. 

Proffers. 

Desire. 

Clauses. 

Helping. 

Chauce-like. 

Use. 

Bonrxlen d ci- 
ties. 

Rightlj 
Freely. 
Uselessly. 

Offered. 
Truths. 
Judgment. 
Falsehood. 

Free from. 
Mischiefs. 

A hetter pos- 
ture. 
Plan. 

Learn. 

Track. 

True. 

Pine. 

Warned here 
Fine. 
Utmost. 
Clear. 



will be found on retrospection? 59. Into what have we seen the first 
- of government resolved ? 60. Where do the com- 
plexities of old codes find their solution? 61. What may be pardoned 



300 


1 
CONCLUDING REMARKS. 


Women. 


The claim of 'females' to 'good education 


Sound 


The more 


Has been 'insisted on, 'because our youth 


For that. 


uupnss**ul. 






Obtain. 


•Receive of them first 'lessons; and the nation 


Teachjngs. 


Soar. 


Must ri>e or 'fall as they are taught the 
truth 


Sink. 


Falsehood. 


Or -error — for their 'power reaches far, 


Influence 

squads. 


As. 


And like the mothers still the 'children are. 


Daughter*. 


Close. 


To -end — let ev'ry 'reader now suppose, 


Person. 


Writer. 


That here the author takes with 'tremb- 
ling grasp 


Quiv'nng. 


Palm. 


His, or her -hand, 'anxious before he goes 


Yearning. 


Give and take 


To -interchange with each a 'friendly 
clasp ; 


Hearty. 


'Mongst. 


For -midst the living Time remorseless mows. 


Rcpurdlew. 


Since. 


And, as they ne'er may 'meet again, with 

gasp 


Join. 


Of sorrow. 


'Convulsive hear him falter feebly forth 


Faintly. 


Livers. 


To -dwellers 'in the East, W">t, South, and North. 


Of. 


Sound. 


That 'word which still will 'linger in the 
throat, 


Halt within. 


Enounced. 


'PronOUOCed in any form, abroad, at home, — 


Way. 


Round. 


Adieu, or frank 'Good-bye, which most 
we note 


God speed. 


Heart. 


For -truth : — but still, within 'another tome 


A second. 


Companion. 


They may encounter, and 'together roam 


In concert 


Paths. 


The -fields of knowledge yet, if all should 
float 


W "isdom. 


Buoyant. 


•Lightly upon life's sea, nor 'sink beneath the 
swell 


Fall. 


Raging. 


Of trouble's -stormy waves — So now 'at length, 
Farewkll. 


A kind. 


by the Pas 


t? G2. When must care be taken? G3. What have voters 


been warn 


ed to see? 01. What should jurymen ponder ? 65. How 


only can 


the condition of society be made more safe ? CO. What 


should be 


guarded by magistrates? G7. What does the author say in 


conclusion 


? G8. What is alliteration? GO. Point out the instances of 


alliteration 


in section nine. 70. What words on page 300 are defini- 


tions? 71 


. What words are synonyms ? 72. What words are nei- 


ther? 73 


What is the object of gaining knowledge? 74. How 


should eac 


;h one strive to live ? 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



301 



TABLE I. Exhibiting the term of Office, the Salary and the Qualifica- 
tions for Governor in each of the different States in the Union : also, the 
requisite Qualijirathns of a Citiztn to Vote for any ]>oli(ical purpose 
tcha'erer within the Jurisdiction of the several States. 



N.H. 
vt. 

KM* 

K. I. 

N V. 



»Pa. 
Del. 

- 

•Fa. 

♦Ala. 
♦Muss. 

• La. 

•Ark. 

• Ml. 
Iowa. 






: 

* 5 = x 






Qualifications of the Goirrnors. 



Qualifications of Voters. 



21 vears Stage, 1 y.-ar ;i nm&WL 

■ r, 6 ma in the 

i' tin' place 

21 ys. of age, l y raa , of good behavt*. 

21 vs. ot age, 1 m Hate, 6 m.oi place. 

21 ys of ag< . 2ya. ■ raa . ■ tax-payer. 

21 vs. Ofage, 6 mo a res , $7 t'reeh or 
a tax-payer, subj to military duty. 



resident, 30 years of age. 

I < ir> resident m the 

ur. 
resident in the state. 
»se of a voter 

- e, 6 months resident, $7 
| yearly income. 

years a resident, aj21 fa. of age, . i m' place 

freeholder. tax-payer, subject to milit'v duty. 

Negroes, 3 ye. res . §250 freehold 
21 ys. of age, 1 m state. 5 m. in place. 

21 ys. of ape. 1 y r. tax -payer, luds. p 

22 years of age. 1 year a resident,! 
tax payer. 1 m. raa. m the place. 

21 ys of age, tax-paver, ly st ,b*m. pi. 
21 years of age. a freeholder, house- 
holder, and tax-paver. 
s a resident, 21 vs. of aire. 1 v a res., a tax-paver. 
been 21 ys. i . freeh .* tax-p'r. 



ure. 20 ys. in U. S., 7 in state. 
rs a resident. 
1,333 *' mi the I' 

6a tall be in Del. 

rs a resident. 



12 in the 
prop y or 500 ac land 

1,5003 | 10 years res. in the 1 

' which 5 shad be in Florida 
ientin the state. 
n state. 
ill. S., 15 m the state 
- lent. 



1,000,30 years of age, 2 vs. res. of the state 



6 months a resident, a tax-payer. 

21 ys. of a°:e. 2 ys res. in the state, 6 
mo. in the county, subj. to mil d'y. 
21 ys. ofage, 1 year res., 3 m. in place. 
21 ys. of ape, 1 year res , 4 m. in place. 
21 ys of age, tax-payer. 2 ys. st., 1 y. pi. 
21 ys. of a^e, 1 y. m state. 6 m. in place. 
rn in the U. S., i 21 years of age, 6 months a resident, 
m the state, 
trs a resident. 21 years of age, 6 months a resident, 
b vears residence. 21 ys. of age, 2 ys. in state. 1 y. in place. 
I in the st 21 ys. of age, 1 y. res, liable to pay tax. 
n I . S ,5 in the state 21 years of atre. 1 year a resident. 
years of age. the state 21 years of age, 6 months residence. 

21 ys. of age,] y. in state, 3 in. in place. 
21 ys of age [kuota. msaneor infamous 
persons excepted.) a resident of 
the state 6 mo., of t he co. 20 days. 

21 years of age, 6 months a resident. 






vs. of age, 5 in the U. S.. 2 inthest. 



6 Not eligible for more than 8 years in 12. 
■ igible for more than 6 feats in 8. 
■ Not eligible for the 

»Not eligible more than l year-, in 8. 



snbb» for the next 3 years. 

* Not sierbh in* in 9. 

♦-lieible for : « 

n in 6. 

• r the immediate govern nvnt of > art of 

■'. iryland 

I term is the envemor of | Jifi c a ti oas are 

• rnor of this S 

v.-rnor of tins 
■ left of 

;.. njliaritv M 
- 
jearv- .ass be advai OS may 

• KVrt~4 fcy IW hg Wm» la all tb* crfb-r S«aira. la» nl«ro- I STfeaMMI thrr» arr ►» 
ru <*a> > - .m\ttt of totn U arcarc bi» elrrttoa. lb* tegtaLatmr* tbra rWct aooM uM 



26 



302 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



TABLE II. A Synopsis of the Constitutions of the several States, ar- 
ranged in Geographical Order, exhibiting the number of State Senators 
and Representatives, their respective Terms of Office, and requisite Quali- 
fications. 



, '< 









's >* 




r 


.. 


States 




u 




©' 


| 




Q 






^ 


h 


Me., 


31 


1 


N.H.. 


12 


1 


Vt., 


30 


1 


Mass., 


10 


1 


R. [., 


•31 


1 


Conn., 


21 


1 


N. Y., 


32 


2 


N. J., 


IB 


3 


Pa.. 


33 


3 


Del., 


9 


I 


Md.. 


21 


6 


Va., 

N.tfV, 


32 


i 


60 


2 


S.C., 


46 


t 


Ga., 


17 


, 


Fa., 


17 


3 


Ala., 


32 


i 


Mi*., 


33 


l 


La., 


17 


1 


Texas, 


1)1 


i 


Ark., 


3a 


i 


Tenn. 


EC 


2 


Ky,, 
Ohi>, 


3f 


1 


31 


2 


Ind., 


a 


3 


111., 


u 


i 


Mo., 


33 


i 


Iowa, 


36 


i 


Wis., 


13 


2 


Mirh., 


33 


2 


0. T. 






M. T. 






.\. T. 







•286 
231' 
356 
72 



1<>0 
21 

82 

131 
120 

121 



UK) 
LOO 

60 

90 
100 

99 
LOO 

72 

100 
36 
100 

26 

100 



2 30 



Qualifications of Senators. 



~ Qualifications of RrprcsenuUives. 



5 years citizen of U. S., 1 year in the 

stale, and .1 months ID the town. 
7ys. res., freehold in t lie state of 200/ 

2 ys. resident of the state, 1 y. town. 

5 vs. res of st., dwelling in dist. rep 
i years resident of the stale 
Resident of the state, freehold of 40 

shillings, or 40/ personal estate. 

6 years resident of the - 

i ys. citizen of state, 1 y. of county 
i vs. citizen of state, l y. of district 

3 ys. cit. of state, 1 y. of Oou 

- freeh., OT any estate of 1000/ 
A ys resident of the stale or county 
Res. freeholder of dist repn 



21 5 years ntizen of U S , 1 year in 
the state, 3 months in the town 
21 2ys res., H«l/ half freeh. m dist. 
21 2 ys res. io ' town. 

21 1 y. res. of the town repn - 
21 2 years resident of the K 

21 Resident nf the state, freeh. of 10 

ingS, or lOi personal I 
21 2 years resident of the al 
1 2 ys. nt. of the state, 1 y 
1 A vs. cit. of state, 1 y. of i 
us citizen of the M 
year of the county 
21 1 year in the sta'e and county 
freeh. of pla< 



300 acres in fee in dirt rep 21 ; > res.,] ahold t 

i dist. of 



iion readout, loooZ. 500 acres und 10 negi 

residents, freehold <■: 
9 ys. cit (' S ( 3ys state. 1 y county. 21 7 ys cit. V ,] y eo'ty 



of the district 
l vs cit of U. S.,res l y in district 
|0ya cit. IS., res msi '\ y ..dist 1 y 
Voter; res. :tvs instate, 1 v district 
of 81 I v., Of ditt at election. 

2 30 Voter; res. of state 3 vs., county ly 
I iie state, l y <>f district 



l 30 

1 '25 

2 25 

2 :«• 



Citizen of the 17. 3., resident of the 

coontv or district 2 1 1 
Cit, of U.S., 2 ys res. st , 1 y. in dist 
1 it U . S , 1 v IfJB. st A dist , tax-p'r 
< it. 1" S 
1 y. res. of state, 30 days of district. 

Qualified elector, res. of the district. 



21 2 yes souoty. 

Lriafa l y. 
21 VoU r district 

inty. 

inty 1 y. 

•es. Of stale. . 
25 1 it of state and U 8,1 y 

- oiimy. and a tax-p I 

21 Cit. 1 md co .tax-p'r. 

21 dt. 1 ind <•*> , tax-p'r. 
21 Cit. 1 
21 1 y. i< .1 dist. 

21 Qualified < U bounty. 



1. TIow many Senators has this State ! 2 How many Representatives 7 3. What is the term 
of office of a Senator of this State ' 4 What is tlir term of office of a Representative? 5. 
How old must a Senator he ? 0. How long a resident of the State? 7. Of n B How 

much property must he own ? 9. How old must a Representative he ? 10. A resident of the 
State now lone? 11. Of his town, (or township.) county, or district, how lone 7 12. What 
amount of property must he own ? 13. What is the proportion of Senato - 
in this State ? 1 1. What is the excess of Representatives over Senators in I 15. Are 

these numbers always the same ? 16. What is the reason of this ? 17 Which S 
Greatest number of Senators? 18. Which State has the least number of Senators < 19. Which 
State has ihe greatest number of Representatives ' 20 Which State has the least nun 
Representatives? 21. In which State, or States, is the Senators' term of years the Inn 
22. In which State, or States, is the Senators' term of years the shortest ? 23. In whicl 
is the Representatives' term of office the longest ! 24. In which State is their t. 
25 In your opinion, which State has the most advantageous representation with regard to pro 
portional number? 26. Which State has the most advantageous term of service 1 
purposes ? 

* This is increased to 33 by the governor of the State, who is presiding officer, and bv the 
lieutenant-governor, who presides in the governor's absence, 
t Representatives are called ' Commons' in this State. 

The largest number of State Senators and Representatives allowed by the respective Consti- 
tutions is here given. The State Legislatures are liable to variation on account of peculiar 
municipal regulations, and contingent circumstances. 






STATISTICAL TABLES. 303 

TABLE III. Exhibiting the Manner in which the Judges ere Appointed 

or Elected in the respective States — their Term of Office, S-r. 

rnor and Council, ami hold office daring good 

r. 1 hf jih;.. - ted by the Governor and Council, aiul hold office dur- 

•:' 70. 

kiure, 
pointed by the Governotnnd Council, and hold office during 

md. The judges are appointed annually by the General Assembly, 
Conttecticvt. The j tinted by the G ably ; these orthe Supreme Court 

• -r Courts ii Id g u>»,h1 behaviour, but no! over the age of ~o 

r snd judges are appointed by the Governor, with the coneenl of the 

:■ I touts hold office during 
I d behaviour u - ah] Judges oi County Courta, or Courts of Common Pleas, 

. ;'(■:' the tenn 
*y. Appointed by tlie Governor, by and with the advice and eonseut of the Senate 
r and judges of the Supreme Cowl hold office for ? years The five judgea 
- are cln *< a by join! ballot of the Legislature, one ev< ry year, 
inted by the Governor, with consent of the Senate ; judgea of the Supreme 
.*-! t".<r 15 years; presiding judges of Courts ofGommon Pleas and other courts of record 
for I 'ininon Pleas lot 6 • i 

DtUncr appointed by t he Governor, and hold office during good behaviour; 

Um j ■ ivernor on an address o( two-thirds of ail the members o( 

each ' - • mbly. 

gee are sppoiuled by the Governor and Senate, and hold office during good 

by joint vote of both houses of the General Assembly, and 
- . —1 helmviour. 
a 1 lie judei -erne and Superior Courts are elected by joint ballot 

mo hold offia i behaviour. 

South Carolina. 1 1 • i j are appointed by joint ballot of the Senate and 

d behaviour 
Georyut. Ju nted bj the Legislature for 6 years, Justicesof 

peace, are e ected by the people for 4 years. 
Floru:. ated bj the Legislature a! first tor 5 years; alter that term, during 

t<ehaviour. 
Alabama 1 ijr chancellors and judges of the Supreme and Circ i it Courts are elected by joint 

■fiasnasj <\ "» udcesaien ected by th 9 people ; to f the High Court of Errors and 

. is ■ also the chancellor; thosi of Circuit Courts for 4 years, and those 
<ars. 
Lowjain 1 p Supren* minted by the Governor, by and with the 

advxi of the S se ol the lower courts for 6 years 

rnor with the advice and consent oi two-thirds 

Ls are chosen by the General Assembly— 
- of the peace are elected 1>> the people for 

Tentu> ouses ol the Genera] Assembly— 

U ' 
liferent courts and jus ici s of the.pl «nled by the (...vi r 

..i tl ntfioe dunnq ir*»nd behaviour. 
d t.\ join; ballot of the General Assembly, 



•pointed by tti 

All hold oft 



Courts, Use j residue J 
L'tntji* Bjbly, and hold 



ionr. 

< <"oiirt nre :■ rnor and S« i, : 

v. r ir fl 



Jirrht-. end Senate for 7 fears 

in v hat manner I 3 
m 1 .tie do Hi- 

' I'.li ol 



304 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



TABLE IV. Exhibiting the origin of the first settlers of each Slate, the 
time when, and the place where, the first settlement was made — the year in 
which the several States were admitted into the Union — the syvarc mdes — 
population to the square mile — population of each State, according to the 
census of 1840, and estimated population of tine Territories, £<•., in 184S. 



States 



3>i 



Me., 

N.H., 

Vt., 

Mass., 

R. L, 

Conn., 

N.Y., 

N. J., 

Pa., 

Del., 

Md., 

D. C, 

Va., 

N.C., 

S. C, 

Ga., 

Fa., 

Ala.. 

Miss., 

La., 

rn., 

Ark., 
Tenn. 

Ky., 

Ohio, 

Ind., 

111., 

Mo., 

Iowa, 

Wis., 

Mich., 

tO. T. 

M.T. 

N. T. 
Cal. 



16.10 
1623 
1724 
1620 
1636 
1633 
Kill 
1624 
1682 
1627 
163 

1607 

1670 
L733 

156.' 



r * , Origin 
Place of first ofJirsl 

settlement. sclltrrs 



York, 

Dover, 

Ft. Dummer, 

Plymouth, 

Providence, 

Windsor, 

Albany, 

Bemea, 

Philadelphia. 

C. HeoIopeB, 

St. Mary's, 

Jamestown, 
Albemarle. 

Pi.rt Koval, 
Savannali. 
st Augustine 
ir Mobile, 
1716 Natchez, 
1699 Iberville, 



16R 
1756 
1775 
1788 
1690 
L683 
1763 
1833 

1670 



Arkans. Post. 
Fort Loudon. 

Boonaboro', 

Mai utla, 

Vincennee, 

Kaskaskia. 
St. Genevieve 
Bujlinffton 

Detroit, 



Bug. 
£uff. 
Enff' 

EllR. 

Lug. 
Bag. 

Dutch. 
Danes 
Lug. 



Enff. 

Enff. 
Enff. 
Enff. 



Fr. 
Fr. 
Fr. 

Fr. 
Enff. 

r s 

Fr. 
Fr. 
Fr. 

r s. 
Fr. 



1«20 
1791 



Jj S'/unre 
miles. 



1845 
1819 

1811 
1845 

l'.fW 
l'.'J 

1836 



35.000 15 
9. 191 30 

8,i hw i ;r 

7.81 K) 9b 

4,76 J 65 

47.1 KM I 62 
HJJu 46 

2.100 37 

9,356 50 

5U(»«i 15 



330.000 

36.40 

I 
200,000 l-fi 

100,000 i 

■ 



Whites. 



600,438 
284/136 
291,218 

10 ."..5-7 
301356 

351^88 

1,676,115 

300,1)1)11 
77.174 
6IH.TJ- 

30,748 

211,560 



Blacks 



Total 
Pop. 



1.35." 
537 
: B 

8.66!) 

8. 105 

50,027 

465 
17,342 



1115,000 





1 


5 
17 

671 
61 









•^t.'.Ul 

195311 
32*000 

331 

58,210 

11 

1 



43.119 
30,000 



271.687 

121 .336 
64,764 

12 vr. 

14,808 

60^86 



30,000 2.500 



Total, 1.616,t.i I 1,915,565 

In the naval M 6.im 



Grand Total. 



1, When and where was the firNt settlement made in tins S';it*- 1 2 Whence came the first 
settlers of this State ? 3. How many square miles has this State I 1. What was the population 
to the square mile iu this State in 18401 5. How many white iuhabitanU m tin> 

State in 18401 6. How many black inhabitants were tlirre m 1840 ? 7 What wis tbi 

Population of this State m 1840 ? B. Whal is the probable number of militia m Una Stab • 
low many citizens of the United States were engaged in the naval service, according 
census of "1810? 10. Which State has the greatest number uf militia? 11 Which Si 
smallest number? 12. What is tin: probable number of militia in the United Slates? 13. Which 
was the earliest settled Slate? It. Uv whom and when was it settled? 15. Winch w 
first English settlement? 16. French ? ' 17. What State did the Dutch settle 18 Dam - 
Swedes and Finns? 20. How many States were settled by the English? 21. The French ? 
22. Which State has the greatest number of square miles? 21. Greatest population 
Greatest, population to the square mile? 25. Which is the smallest in extent ? 26. In popula- 
tion? 27. Fewest, inhabitants to the square mile? 28. Tlie greatest Dumber of vrhi'ei 
Free blacks? 30. Slaves? 31. Winch Mates have more slaves than wliites? 32. Wta 
the population of the United States in 1840 ? 3'3. How many States the size of Kentucky would 
Texas make ? 

* The original States that declared their independence, July 4th. 177S. fin 1848. 

+ Minesota Territory is north of Iowa, anJ west of the Mississippi River. 

§ Nebnska Territory is west of Iowa and the northern part of Mi.-snuri, and extends to the Rocky Mountains on the 
went, on the south to the Indian Territory, and was formerly a part of Missouri Territory. 
51 See Militia, in the Glossary, latter part of this book. || Indians. 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



305 



tABLE V. Exhibiting: in Geographical Order the States, their 
Seats of Government, the Tunes Of the Election of State ()[];cers. 
and the Meeting of the several Legislatures, with the amount of the 
at State Debts. 



p$hire 
Vermont. 

Rhode Island. 

! 

■ Una, 

S 

A lata ma. 

na, 

Areaaaaa, 



S 

nunt. 



I. 
* T. 



>rt. 

Hartfd* N Ha* 
Albany, 

1 rm on, 

Richmond, 






: 



■ 
11< '. 



Total 



2d Moa in September, 
3d Tuesday iu 

- m September, 
i in November, 

| 1st Wedn. in Apr i. J 

1st Monday in April. 
1st Mon in November. 
Tu mi. 1st Moii. in Nov 
3d Tnesdaj in October, 
3d Tues. in November, 
1st Wedu. in I 
4th Thursday in April, 
Commonly in August, 
3d Monday in October, 
1st Monday in I 

1 October, 
day i;i August, 
BndTu m Nov 
1st Mon 

l>t Monday in 
1st Than in A 

3d Tot anay m October; 
Is' Monday in 
1st Monday in August, 
1st Monday in August, 

1st Monday in August, 

1st Tues. in November. 



2d Wednesday in May. 
ui June. 

in January. 

eiay in May 
Last Monday in I 
1st Wednesday iu May. 
lay in January. 
* : 1 1 Tuesday m January. 

Is: Tuesday in January. 

in Jan. fifvmrii'i/. 
I ast Mon in I >*r , bmm. 

1st Monday in December. 

3d Mon in Not. tnmnmUy. 

ith Mon. in November. 

1st Mon. in Nov.. bitnn. 
1st Mon. m November. 
1st Mon. in Pro., birnn. 
1st Mon. in Jan., Man*. 
3d Mon. in Jan.. birnn. 
January 

1st Mon in Nov.. birnn. 
1st Mon in Oct., tienn. 
1st Monday in December. 
1st Monday m December. 
Is' Monday in Decerabi r. 
1st Mon. in Dec., bitnn. 
1st Mon m Nov.. bitnn. 

Isl Mon. in Dec, binxn. 
1st Monday in January. 



fl.142,700 
None. 

162,719 

None. 

None 
None. 

7,271,707 

9349,007 
3,617,227 
3,373.416 

15,784,940 

11.042.718 
68-1,997 



2J328.201 



Total, 



2m.fl 1.534 



rernmeul of Maine ? 2. At what time is tlif election held in Maine 7 

s the amount of iti d« 1-t ? 5. Whal is the m at of 

a hat time is its election held ? ?. When does its legis- 

h ire a public debt 1 9 Whal isthi nmentofVer- 

;.« Id ? 11. When doea its legislature meet ' 12 Whal 

is the a 13 What is the seat of erovernmenl of Massachusetts 1 14. When 

• What is the amount of" its 

19. At 
• * f 21 What 
23. When 1 1 
if eovernment of New York ' 25. W hi n n held ? 

I is tin scat 
. y ' 29. W hi 

• of gOVI llii 

legislature meet ' 35 Whal is tiir 
37. v\ hen if 
'.'. hut 1^ 1 hi semi of government of Mary- 
re i:.< el I 12 w Ital 1^ the 
. ni of \ r. inia ' n w heu is its election 
it is the amount of i1 A I it is 

19 Wheu d 
arulina ' ■ 1 ^ hen is its 



map m 



What 1 



ebt of all of the State* T 



. l.t ' 51 

71 Which 



26 * 



306 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



TABLE VI. Exhibiting the Busiyiess of the active Inhabitants in the 
several States — the number of Representatives in Congress — the number of 
Presidential Electors — the number of Scholars at Academies, Grammar. 
Primary and Common Schools, and the number of white Persons 01 • 
years of age who could not read and write, according to the Census of 1 84U 



States, SfC. 



Agricul- 
ture. 



Maine, 

New Hamp. 

Vermont, 

Maw., 

R. Island, 

Conn., 

New York, 

N. Jersey, 

Penn'a., 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Hist, of Col. 

Virginia. 
N. Carolina, 

S. Carolina, 

Georgia, 
Florida, 
Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Ohio, 

Kentucky, 

Tennessee, 

Michigan, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Missouri, 

Ark. minus, 

Wisconsin, 
Iowa, 
Texas, 
Oregon Ter. 
Miuesota T 
Nebraska T. 
U. California 
Indian Ter. 



101,630 
77,919 
73, WO 
87,837 
L6V6T 
96,965 

456.954 

56.701 

16.013 

89JB51 

384 

318,77 

217,096 

12,117 

177,l3'i 
139, 

197,738 
227,739 
56,521 

92*408 

7.(U7 
10/169 



21.879 
17,826 

13,174 

85.176 
21.271 
27,932 

173,193 
27.01M 

I0S£83 

1,090 

21,325 
54.147 

7,9Ht 
1377 
7,195 
4,151 

66,265 
23,217 
17,815 

6.8!*) 
20,590 
13,185 

11, loo 
1,173 

l.Ht 



£ H§'8 I 



C 5 £ S "? 

2,921 ! 1,889 

1,563 

3.804 

467 

1 .ti ( .»7 



1,303 
8^)63 

i.3i- 



6361 



1,637 

1,647 
203 

3,866 






181 
2,212 



201 

i.mi 

1,566 

1.018 
5,66 1 



3,448 2,48' 



728 
3,076 

215 



9tH 

255: 

301 
369 



5 !** 



539 
198 
le 
372 
238 
431 



511 10.161 



1,815 
401 

33 



80 

352 

768 

liil 



2 12 3^23 



ii 

21 

S3 

3 
U 
13 



627 
310 

78 



Total. 3,717,7561791,545 117.. 



36 

13 

499 

35 

151 

1.898 

5 
313 



1.995 15 
51 



96J 

li 

701 
331 

40 
213 

41 
21 






:-- £ c . 

111! 



4.113 
16746 

34,715 
1369 

ll.OKt 
5.0 J M 

2.553 

300 



_ 
82.117 

21,641 
2.13 1 

1,937 



14.452 

20.615 
30,717 



1. How many inhabitants were there in this - 1 in agriculture; according I 

census of IS 10 ' 2. In mercantile business ? 3. In manufacturing and the mechanic arts! A In 
theology, law and medicine 1 5 In navigating the ocean 1 6 lu nangaiing nretal 7 In min- 
ing! 8. How many senators doea this State send to Congress 1 9 How mauy represJtotat 
10. How many Presidential Electors is this State allowed ? 11 How many bcltolai 
at academics" and grammar-schools in this State, according to the census ol 1840.! 12. Horn 
many at primary schools ? 13. Which State employed the greatest number in agriculture ? 14 
In mercantile business ? 15. In manufacturing- and the mechanic arts '. 16. In iheolos 
and medicine! 17. In navigating the ocean! 18 In navigating rivers? 19 In mining 
Which State sends the largest number of representatives to Congress ? 21 Whir 
titled to the largest nuniber of Presidential Electors ? 22. In what business ;- 
number of people in the U. S. employed < 23. W inch State employs the greatest number in 
teaching! 24. Winch State has the greatest number of scholars 1 25. What was the total num- 
ber of persons engaged in agriculture in the United States ! 26. How many were engaged in 
the manufacturing and mechanic arts in the United Sates? 27. How mnuv we i 
mercantile business in the United States I 28. How many wen- engaged iu theology, I i 
medicine, in the United States ? 29. What was the total number engaged in n- 
ocean ? 30. What, was the total number engaged iu navigating rivers [ A]. Whal 
Dumber engaged m mining? 32. What was the total number of scholars at a< 
grammar-schools I 33. What was the total number at primary and common schools ? A, 
many persons were there iu this State who could not read and write I 

Note. The U. S. Senators and Representatives are allowed e zht dollars per day d iring the 
session of Congress, and Ibtty cents for every mile they travel iu going to and from \\ ashington. 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



307 



TABLE VII. Exhibiting the number of Homes and Mules. Xeat Cattle, 
Sheep, and Swine, and the value of Poultry .- also, the quantity of Wool. 
Hay, and Potatoes, raised in the Cnited Bfafci, according to the Census 
of IS 



WOOL, H n. ami roi 



STATES. 



i 5 



Connect. cu;. 

Maryl .: 

Virginia, 

' 

I 

Qootgift, 

Alabama. 

llcasssappt, 



34,650 



I 



J I 



1.91 1JU 







619.990, 








E «, 












■ 






























Total. 


ua&jm 





378,2261 
90,146 

706 



143,231 

S 

92,680 

51.383 

104.899 

4,673 



$123,171 

6t "6,969 
551.193 

16,529 



941.906 

175,196 

1,786317 

7,285 
6,~~ 

707 



196 107 

3,127,047 

1,311.643 

22.483 

24,618 
13,718 

171 
24.651 

88,306 

586 

130,805 

LI9- 

30.938 

17 953 

1.331 



911^973 
200,712 

1,904,370 
IjOASgOBfi 

5305,021 

2.fr25^J20 

i 

293,608 

419,603 

234.063 

12.035 



19.311.37i 26^01,293 9.311,410,35,802.111 ln.2l8.ltB? 108,296,060 



1. Waal was the number of horses ami mules in thifl ling to the census of 

Mad iho greatest number ' 
ie number of neat cattle in this state 1 6 
e had the greatest uiubIm 
. '.be smallest n 

te hi<l t:ie greatest number 7 13 Which 
tan suudlosC number ' n Wmv was the number of swine m this a afc ' U What was ih< 

Which 

• ' 1» W lint 

U <1 value the 

How many pounds I produced in 

tau »t • i uijin- 

2a How many runs of liav 
Dumber of tons produced in the United 
Mate* I idoced 

ta* umallest numb*- r I How many 1 "ore produoed in tin- i 

i uber "f hus as ' 31 Whic 

■ 
• ■ imallea 

IW many hual 
earii ludirni . twenty millions] .>• How mail) 

■sHone does a • < * < ■., ..n ' ;• ' i ••■■ : ( . ,:,.-, i.ir - ' n v. ti;»: i s "... difference between h 

i i ..♦•., i»t 
I by the t* rui neat callle I ■•'•' '»>' Hie 



308 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



TABLE VIII. Exhibiting the quantity of Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye, 
Buckwheat, Indian Corn, Tobacco and Bice, raised in the United States, 
according to the Census of 1840. 



STATES. 



Maine, 

N. Hampshire, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode Island, 

Connecticut, 

Vermont, 

New V..rk, 

\»:\V j 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Virginia, 

North Carolina, 

South Carolina 

Georgia, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Tennes: 
Kentucky, 
Ohio, 
Indiana, 

Illinois, 
Missouri, 
Arkansas, 
Michigan, 

Florida, 

Wisconsin, 

Iowa, 

Dist. of Coltun 



CERSAL GRAINS. 






HlH.piH 
422.12 1 

isi&a 

B7.009 

12^86,419 

r.,2i:ni7 
315,135 

10,109,716 

i.di'Vi' 

2,157,1 6 

212.11b 
12,11 






355,161 

3,591 

1,654 
212 110 

30 

2M 



§•3 J 

Is* 



l.OT.i.MV) 

1.2H, 111 

1,319.680 

171,517 

2^22,581 

20,64 ,819 
3,531.211 

1 6100JO 

I 



137,911 

53.1,011 

:il.:'-Ji 

737,421 

l 



Total, 219,163 319 80,6 



TOBACCO AND RICK. 









30 

585 

325,018 

■ 









' 






• 



180 
50 



1. How many bushels of wheat were raised in tins Mate, aceor nsus of 1H:0' 

2 Whal was tin* total number of bushels raised in the I nib 

the largest quantity ? 1. W lueh the smallest quan'ity ' . r > II. >w many bushels of barh 
raised in this State ( 6 What was tin- lotal nuiuher of l.mh- Is raised "in the UniU 
Which state raised the largest quantity ? 8 Which the smallest quantity? 9. Mow main 
els of oata were raised in this state 1 10 What was the total quantity 

11. Which state produced the largest quantity ! 12. Which tiir smallest ' 13 How many bush 
els of rye were raised m this state? It. What was the total quantity raised m the United 
Slates?" 15. Which stale raised the largest quantity] 16. Which the smallest q 
How many bushels <>l" buckwheat were raised in this state ' is. What \\ jnanti y 

produi el in the United Suites ' j9. What state produced the lair, s' quant 

the smallest? 21. I low many hnsliels of Indian corn were produced in this State ? 22 Uow 
many in the United States 1 23. Which state produced the greatest number of bushels! 2t 
Which State the smallest number of Im-diels ? 25. How ninny [touuds of tol 
in this state ! 26. What was the total number of pounds produced in the Uniti 
Which state prod iced the greatest number of pounds ? 2rt Which statg prodnc 
est number of pounds ? 29. Is any rice produced in tln> state ? 30. What was thi 
of pounds produced in the United ISta'es ? 31. Which state produced the greatest nun; 
pounds? 32 Which state the next greatest number ? 33. Which sia'e produced 
number of pounds ? 31. Which sta'e the next smallest number? 35. To what section of the 
country is the cultivation of rice particularly confined ? 36 How many of the states produced 
more than one million of pounds? 37. What four states produced more than ten mill 
bushels of wheat each? 38. What five States produced more than one million of huthehi 
each ? 39. What two States produced more than two mil ions of bushels of buck 
40. How many states produced more than thirty millions of bushels of ndian corn each ? U 
How many produced between twenty and thirty millions of ' jj. How many be- 

tween ten and twenty mill oas of bushels each ? 4'A How many prodnc -d more ihan 
than ten null ons ? 14. What live states produced more than ten mil. ions uf pounds of tobacco 
each? 45. What three states produced be' wean one and ten millions of pounds e i< 



STATISTICAL TAI1I.ES. 



309 



FA RLE IX. I • Cocmtu raised 

— he ijuanti.", - g — the number of Cord* of Wood 

— the vaiut of the product* of Dcnne* oud Orchards — the number of 

do. is of [Tine made — with tht Home-mad* and Woollen 

Goods in the United States, according < ', nsu* of 1st >. 







•.. M B \u. | -. 






■ 
















STATES. 


*4 

III 


«fi era 

hi 

P 1 1! 


J 

I! 


|44a 




11 
ii 


3 1 k S 


^1 
ar'S.S 

-^ s 2 a 






211 


257,464 


205,011 


SI. 496.902 


SI 49.384 


2,236 


8804,397 


$412366 


N. Hamp., 




<ao 


14623* 




1338343 




M 


538303 






- - - - 


1,741 


579,227 








193 


231342 






. . _ . 




90 


48.660 




32398 




51J80 


8*2,172 


Conn.. 




51.761 


159.062 








226,162 


2,494313 




. _ _ . 










94 


674348 


1331353 




. . . . 








l t 70133fi 


6,799 






N. Jersev, 


. . _ . 


60 


3l0.6t»2 


1328.032 


46 4.01 16, 


9,416 


201326 


140,710 






2365.755 








14326 


1303393 


2.319,061 






1.159 --- - 




113328 




322 


62,116 


104,700 


Maryland, 




36266 






105.740 




176360 










403390 






13311 


2.441.672 


147,792 






17.16:* 






386,006 




1,413342 


3.900 


> Owalhea 




■ 


171.451 








930,703 


1.1KNI 


cie-.nr.u. 










156.122 


8.647 


1,467,630 


33OO 


Airman. a. 










55.2 4(i 


171 


1.656.119 




y *<■*-..•. 






11&423 


359^85 


1 1,456 


12 


682,945 




1 f :>. ir. i. 




317 119.947.72ii 




153.069 


11.7b9 


2384 


65.190 


- - _ 


1 ei.m sv"-. 




1 217 258,073 


104.01 1 


472,141 


367,105 


653 


2.886,661 


11290 


Kentucky, 


691,456 


737 


264,222 


931-363 


4*4,935 


2,209 


2,622,462 


151.246 




. . . . 


4,317 6363,386 




L848369 


475^71 


11524 


1.853337 


685,757 


.ml. ana.- 


180 


1,150J 399.813 


183,712 


742369 


110,055 


10365 


1389,802 


58367 


IDtmam, 




134349 


428.175 


126,756 


474 


993367 


9.540 


Hawaii, 






81,981 


100*432 


90.878 


22 


1,149344 


13,750 


hxkmmm, 


6#S£42 


95 1 542 


78.9 « 


59.205 


10,680 




489,750 


129 


R2ST- 

^ isamsra, 


12. 1 10,533 


266 1329.784 

125 275.317 

- - 135,283 


54,498 
9.953 
22.9in 


301,052 
23,094 
35377 


16.(05 

1,035 

37 


: : : 


1H.955 
20305 
12367 


9,734 
800 


Iowa, • 
Dwt Col., 


: : 


- - 41,450 
651 - - - - 


7^04 
1387 


23,609 
5366 


50 
3307 


25 


25.966 
MOB 




Total. 




61352 155.1 10,8095,088,801 '33,787.006 


7,2o6,904 


l 124,734 


29,102338(1 


20396366 



1. Is therr any cotton raised in this State ? 2 Which State produced the larsrr^t cpianti'v of 
'■'• mrh the next lanrest quantity ? 4 V\ hat w : .s the total number of pounds 
rained in thf ( - the growing <>f cotton prin- 

cipally Confined T 6 How many poondl of silk OOOO O HS: won raised in 'his Slae ' 7 Which 
•-er of poandal 8. Whal was tin; total number of pounds 
raised : I >W BUf pounds of .siu.ir were m;ide in this State ' in. In 

which • mher of pounds made? ]1. What was the total nuinher of 

prmi»d» made if WO"d were sold m this State' 

-' nund>er of cords sold ' u How many cords were gold in 

li the value of the products of the dairy in thil State ' 16 

M of tne pr • W bat was the total 

8 What was the value of the [>ro- 

producta of the orchard of 

20, what was th«» total value of the product* <»f the orchard in the United 

n this State ? 22 Which State produced 

is the total Dumber of gallon produced in 'he 

< value of home-made, or family goods, in this State? 25. 

»■ were homo madci, or family foods, produced to the greateal amount m value j 

■ u uuderstand »>y the term 
• t the orchard 
hreadth, and height 

• 

W hat 
the L niU-d State.-, in 1&40 J 38. lu what 
Slate was the value . «*1* the greatest T 



310 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



TABLE X. Exhibitiyig the value of Granite, Marble, and other Stone* 

quarried, with the Capital invested — the number of brick and v 
Houses built, with the value of constructing or budding them — togt 
with the value of Lumber, Brick. Lime, Hardware, ixc, and Machinery, 
produced in the United States, according to the Census of 1840. 





GRAN ITU MARHI.U 






LIMBER. BRICKS |H\R.»W\K 




ami OTHKH 






una 


STATES. 


4 


C ~ 
^ 5 


4t - ~ 


*|fe| 


c 1 








F 


e £ 


C C « 


^- |I*J 


gl* 


Jill 

$621 JS» 


u 5 5 S 


JTT^ 


16.008 


$160,360 


34 


1.674 $' 


- 


§69,752 


N Hampshire, 




90 


134 








Massachusetts, 




6»8.1.«» 












Rhode Island, 


17,H(K» 




6 










Connecticut, 


313 169 




95 






1,111.725 










72 










New York, 




• 


1,2-13 




:i..-»i 




New Jersey, 














Pennsylvania, 














Delaware, 


I-.. 00 


/..(Ml 


c 


101 




• 


Maryland, 














Virginia, 




19,290 


102 


2.»<»l 






North Carolina, 


WfiO 


BOO 














South Carolina, 


3,000 


soo 


111 






193*408 






Georgia, 










IlljOtt 








Alabama, 




IOJ00Q 














Mississippi, 


_ _ - 


. . . 


it; 








. . . 




Louisiana, 
Tennessi 






218 


1,098 




m;i.K.Vi 


po.noo 




3U.VM) 








Kentucky, 




ti.JU 






■ 




Ohio, 














Indiana, 


36,021 












1 'llllOIS, 








1.1 B . 






Missouri, 


28,110 IbflX 


11 < 








Arkansas, 




- _ . 


■Jl 


1.141,174 


- - 




Michigan, 


2,700 


3,000 


39 








i.r*> 




Florida, 















. . . 




Wisconsin, 






7 


609 






. . . 






301 1 




11 


33 










Dist of Colutu. 






en.300 






Total. 


3,695,884 


2£40,lfiO 


8.421) 


l.'M7.101 




0,451.967 


10.9&I5H1 



1 What was the value of the products of granite or other quarries in tins State, accord ins 
to the census of 18401 2. WhichState produced the largest amount ? 3 Whal was 
value in the United States? l. What amount of capital was invested in work 
other quarries in this State 1 5. in which State was tin- greatest amount I What 

was the total amount invested in the tinted States ? 7. How many bn< 
Were buill in this State? 8. How many wooden houses? 9 In whal SI 
number nl brick and stoue hous< s hu ill ? 1". In what state was the Ian; si number at 
houses built ? 11 What was the total number of brick and stone houses built in tin 
States! 12. What was the total number of wooden houses built in the Uniti 
What was the value of constructing or building houses in this S'ate 7 14. in w 
the largest amount expended ? 15. Wha' was the total amount expended in the I 
16. What was the value of the lumber produced in tins State ? 17. Winch 
in value ! IS. What was the total value of lumber produced in Hie UuiU 
was the value of bricks and lime manufactured in this State? 20. In what !> 
value of bricks and lime manufactured the greatest < 12i. What was the total value ol 
and lime manufactured in the United States? 22. What was the value of bar.! 
&c, manufactured in this State ? 23. In whal State was hardware, Xc, manufactured to the 
greatest amount in value ? 21 What was the total value of hardware. .Vc. manufactured m 
the Udi ted States? 25 What was the value of machinery manufactured in thi> Si 
In which State was machinery manufactured to the greatest amount in v i 
the tola! value of inaehiuety manufactured m the Lulled Stales ? , hH ] by 

the term machinery? 5i9. What do you understand by the term hardwa .• is the 

meaning of the term cutlery? 31 Is there an v difference between hardware and < . 
32. What do you understand by the term lumber? 33. Can you tell whether 
granite or marble quarries in tins State, and, if any. where they are situated 1 



tell to what uses granite and marble are mostly pul ? 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



31J 



TABLE XI. Exhibiting the number of Fkm '. Saw and Oil 

Mills — the number of Barrel* 0/ Flour manufactured — the Value of (he 
Product* of the Mills, with the atnemhi if Capital inverted — the Vaiue of 
Ships and other Vessel* buill — andthe Valw oj Furniture manufactured. 
and Capital employed in the sen ing to the Census oj L840. 



STATES 



< 5 



IfaUllOi 








ipshire, 










rj 






Klnnle Island, 
unit. 






141 


" 






■ 








338 
















" 




















IW 






1 
































• 










- 








































- 


•• 


9tf 




610 










■ 






292 
























Iowa, 














4 



Total. 



S 



1. 81 
123 

UJ 

1.249 
78 

491 

65 
121 

75 

1 



I s ~ 



1.7:1. 

l.o-l. 
3.446 

1.020 

8.H6S, 

2.417. 

3301 

L89 

95 

183; 



1.1 I'M « 

15*410 
727.440 

5 181,66 
1.310,195 

1,931.021 

2J077.018 

,117,618 

2.4G».20) 
98, ',1 






FURNITURE, 






341.210 
G0.U0C1 



22 
522 85/ 
39,200 



500 

10,500 

n. 101 

7,159 
20.2 V 



-,;T(i 7,016.091 



121.131 

1,971.771 

i 1 569i 
16, U I 

28.1 

} 1.01 
34,450 

273,350 
761,146 

211.IS1 
84 110 



20.293 
22,491 

6,015 

1,600 

125,872 



3U*M 

141.320 
5" 980 
133,600 

18.430 
28,610 
576050 
30^50 
1 19,295 
534,317 
91,022 
6J.22.1 



7.S10 
28*050 
WJ to 
5,7 ui 
1,350 
85,000 



,555,405(( 



I. What was the number of Una ring mills in this State, according to the census <>( 18401 
2 Which State had I imberl 3. What was the total number in the United Si 

s of flour were manufactured in tins State I 5. \N hicb State ruanufiuttHred 

barrels ? 6. What was the total number of barrels manufactured in 

^•ates' 7. How many enst mills were in this State? 8. Which State h;i«l the 

great*-'' the total number in the United States 1 10 What was the 

' 11. Which State had the greatest aumb rl 12. Whal was 

1. How many nil mills w< re in I Which 

iat w.ls tin.- total number in tin United Statesi ]>. 

e manufactun ite T 17. In w 

tiir m What was th< manufactures 

' of rap tal • in the <li 1'iTfiit nulls in tins 

or ')tii<;r 

built in 

J in this State ' 26 

• - ■ iial W 1* 

i i am »uul r»l 

amount 

*• '»;' furniture in I 

nil 1 33. 1 low 

■ 

lillioo of 
; flour each ? 



312 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



TABLE XII. Exhibiting the value of Carnages and Wagons manufac- 
tured in the United Slates — the value of various Manufactures not spe- 
cifically named — the amount of Capital invested m their manufacture — 
the value of the precious and other Metals — the value of Drugs, fyc, 
and the total Capital invested in the Manufacturing Business, acc^i 
to the Census of 18 1". 



STATES. 



Maine, 

New Hampshire, 
MnoPThTiinrn. 

Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, 
Vermont, 
New York, 
New Jereejr, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Mai viand, 

Virginia, 

North Carolina, 

South Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Tennessee, 

Kentucky, 

Ohio, 

Indiana, 

lllli'OIS, 

Missouri, 
Arkansas, 
Michigan, 
Florida, 

Wisconsin, 

le w a . 

District of Colum. 



CARRl UJKS AND 
WA<. 






*-i7i.:n(i 

2<2,2i0 
nh; 99 

182,09: 
2.:t*ii.ic 
1,397 DM 

i!',n; 

r.jT.Hi.--, 
801,601 

1>v.'j:ii 

249,066 
23*350 

163,135 
144.362 

20,07:'. 

11.000 

14100 



I s 



VARIOl S MAMKAI. 

tvuta, 



IIS 



c > 



11.042927 

331.660 ■ 
36,661 

5Ui n . 

101,570 

1,1K-Virj.i 
644.966 

560,681 ii.JiO.lin 
26.1511 



19,074 
34^46 
15,780 

78 11-. 

13,150 
5JBO0 

1,480 



o. r »:i.ji7 
144,347 

61.612 
31,446 

It 19.000 



1 150.749 

^oH.'JKi 

820,450 

4»i.lr2 
139,411 

208,919 

26.162 



PRKDOIS AMI 
OTHKR MKTAL3. 



3 I If 



92,045 

19v.lt*' 

:i.:** i 
n Off) 

2.1MI 



500 



- = = : 



Sill 



356,5! 2 
1383* 



ii.~7t.io; 



10.IMI. 



3.500 



42.(100 I 

3,112.240 






Total, 



10,897,887 5^1,632 31,785,3:. ., .726,579 



1. What was the value of carriages and wagons manufactured in this Sta - to the 

census of 18:0 >. 2. Which State manufactured carriages and wagons to t imount 

in value 1 3. What was the total value of t lie manufactured carriages and wagons in the 
United States? I What amount of Capita] was invested in the manufacture of 
wagons in this State? 5. In which State was the greatest amount invested ' 6 v. 
total amount invested in the United States ? 7 What was the value of the val 
tures, not particularly specified, in tins State' 8. In which State was their value gr< 
9. What was their total value in the United States ' 10 What annum' of capital was i 
in their manufacture in this State ? 11 In which State was the largest capital invested in their 
manufacture? 12 What was the total amount invested in their manufacture in the United 
States? 13. What was the value of the precious metals manufactured in this Slate ? U. In 
which State were the precious metals manufactured to the greatest amount in value? 19 
What was the total value of their manufacture in the United States ? 16 What was tb< 
of the various metals not specifically named in tins State ? 17 In which v 
greatest] 18 What was their total value in the Uuited Slates ? 19 What was 
the medicinal drugs. Ac., manufactured in this State? 20 In which State was their 
greatest? 21. What was their total value in the United States ? 22 What was the total 
amount of capital invested in manufactures in the tinted States ? 23 What a 
amount invested in manufactures in this State ? 21 Which State had 'he largest amount in- 
vested in manufactures? 25 Which State had the smallest amount of capital invested in man- 
ufactures? 20. In how many of the States were there more than ten millions of do!! 
vested in manufactures? 27. What do you understand by the term precious metaU 
What is meant l.y the term various metals ? 29. Can you state which uui ul I is pro 

duced in this State to the greatest extent ? 



STATISTICAL TABLES. 



313 



rABLE XIII. Exhibiting //.-- mmerciul and Commission 

Houses — - : Dry C 'sand other Store* — Lumber Yurds. 

A- . — with tin f Capital invested in each — also the number of 

ipers (i>ui I Is, according to the C 
of 18 10, 







PH nun.;. 




§ » - S 1 

; 

5 § i c 




* 






^ . 1 »-9 




51 - = 

! S 111 I 1 


5 § 


^ 
- 


% 


< <-T 




» 1 i 


$.n;it.' 


m 


M .11 


- 










51.1 JN 








- 








1<U 105 




ti 57 




ii 




: i ( 


16 IS 




K> 13 




■ 










- 


... 


u 








" ark. 


• 


- 


in 


2,691.17(1 










■ . 13.24"} 


- 


110.570 




m 40 


~ \ ki.ui. 








2,24104(1 


l Igno 








. . - . . 


. . . 


22 







B 




" 




4. lit- 


Iti 


' 




49 




31 








iiasm 




GO 


56 




















:rolina. 


41 








11 


UK i,l X HI 


• 


16 


•Jl 




4 








26 












.' 


101 




h 




tj»i 








. 








11 








31 










121 








37 






1,495,100 




R 


ft.7W 




■11 


56 


Keattti 








95 






31 


4G 




53 24,1 






78 


3V3.2t» 






113 


Indiana, 








37 






69 








E 




39 








52 








' 


45 






4<1 




Artea* 


10 








9 




(.KMI 


9 


9 




. . _ 






612 






• 


28 


33 












16 




• 


10 


10 




1 






- 


14 


| 21, IN 


14,100 





6 




- - . 






; 


3 




_ . . . 


4 


4 


*.»lum. 


7 








11 


' 




B 17 






119.205.3*7 




1,793 


' 9.8(8 307 







1. How man-. engaend in fon sordine 

:; imher ' 3 \\ hai 
What wns thf number of commission h 

• «l ii uriil.tr in Hie United 
in commercial 

. lUil Hive- fi\ 
Uuw iii.miv 

2. What %%:is (he total nan 
ti r«- : :i 1 1 dry gooda ■<■■ 

ii retail 
in retail dry 
- • 

;i number in 

Bted in lumber yards. ,Vc . in tins 

: In 1 miiiIkt j Wli.it 

■ What 

How 

■ 

I iuve»L< il Ki 

' nil II 
| 



314 STATISTICAL TABLES. 


TABLE OF COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN THE 


UNITED STATES. 


ARRANGED IN THE GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER OF STATES 


This Table is believed to be more complete ami accura f e than any heretofore published. It 


is designed to revise it as often as occasion requires, and ;is far a* practicable to keep it correct. 


The southern and western institutions generallv include students m the rudiments. 




Name. 


Place. 


| 


1 t i 3 


5w 


Comnv ncem.' nt '. 








^ 


!^_ 


* 


£ . 




1 


Bowdoia.1 Bi xnansjck, .Me. 


1794 




182 




i>t w ed. in Seotaeabei . 


2 


\'v ;.ic vdle,2 


Waterville, 




7.IKK 


2d Wednesday m km 


3 


Dartmouth, 1 


Hanover, N.H. 






i.a>t Thursday in July. 


; 


1 ■,:•.' isitv of Vt., 


Burlington, Vt. 




7 337 126 


10.000] 1st Wedneadaj in Au. 


r 


Middlebury.i 


Maldlehury, 


180 




;ii August. 


• 


'Norwicii Quivers.,* 


Norwich, ** 


1834 




i liureday m July. 


", 


Harvard I'm • 


Cambridge, Mass. 


3.942 107 


n Wednesday in August. 


B 


w dlmms.i 


Wdliamsiown, " 


1.371 176 


J Wednesday m Auj 


1 


AllllMTSt.l 


■ 


£21 11 


15JJO0 2d Thursday in August. 


li 


Holy < i 


v\ mi-,-. bU r. 


130 


September 16th. 


1) 


Br IWI1 l'nivcrsity,2 


Providence. R. I. 176»| / 1 613 l. 7 


56,000 1st Wed in September 


i 


Yale." 


New Haven. < »nn. V, 


U.500 3U Tharsday in Ittfrnat 


13 


Tritiity v i Fiartftird, 




It 


Fin ! nivera.1 Middletown, 


I20U0 i 


1" 


Columbia," New York, n Y 1764(13 1.170 111 


i low ; 


1- 


1'tnoii. Schenectady, " 


13JXO »th Wednesday in July. 


n 


Hamilton, Clintim, " \-\: 10 


10.000 eh Wednesday in July. 


18 


Miidi.sou University,* Hamilton, 


1 in 111 


■ 


r 


Geneva, 




■•i 


I niversity ol N. Y , New York. 




Wed. preceding »'h of July. 


2] 


SI Johns.* 


Ford ham, 


10 1341 


10.000 2d or 3d week in Julv. 


• 


r'olleee of N J. ,8 


Princeton, N.J. 




11.600 last Wednesday in June. 


a 




N. Brunswick. - 


9/J00 Hi Wednesday in Julv. 


■ ; 


t'niversi jrof Penn'a, Philadelphia, Penn . 


le 15th, 16th or l?Xh of July. 


2>" 


'i.r.ir.l 1 ■ 


Philadelphia, " l 




2 


i > nkinson,? 


Carlisle", 


! Thursday in July. 


■ ■ 


mi. h 


Canonsburg, 




■ lav in June. 


2 


Washington, 


w nshingtou, " 




inSepti mber. 


■J! 


Uleghahy,? 


. 






a 


I'iMiiisv!v:im:i,3 


Gettyabu 




3] 


i tte,« 


Ills', .11. " 


3d Wei], in Sept. n 


32 


Marshall," 


Merrersburg, " 


Last \\ • 
1819 5 11 til 1 nst i ; 


33 


West, ["niv of Penn. 


Pittsburg, 


31 


Delaware." 


Newark, Del 


I ith Wni. u. September. 


3*> 


St. Ma; | 


Wilmington, 


; 




36 


SI John's,! 


Md. 


t February. 


:r, 


St, Mary' 

Mount St VCaryV 


Baltimore, 


i Tuesday in Jo r. 


38 


llllltll'tsllll.l.'. " 


1830 12 


:i<»i Last week in li 


39 


St. .IrunrsV.''' 


Near 1 lagenl "n." 


1842 10 


don in An.?. 


to 


NewttM t 'niv.TMfy. 


Baltimore, - 


I 218 


M Thursday in December. 


41 


Feorgetown,* 


Georgetown, D.C 171 


• Julv. 


12 


i olumbiun.a 


Washington), 


loi 25 


1.200 2d U ednesdav in July. 


13 


William ftnd Mary,* 


Williamsburg, Va. 


1 98 


:,\*<> July oh 


li 


i lampden-Stdney, 


Prince I'd. oo., •' 




8.000 nil Wed in 


!•• 


Washington. 9 


Lezingt 'i . 


126 136 


2.700 Last Thursday in June. 


16 


timers, of Virginia. 


Charlottesville, * 




16,000, July Ith. 


4? 


Rundulph-Maoon»i 


BoydUm, 


• 77 


- 


2d Wednesday in Jane. 


IS 


Kinory and Henry,? 


Glade serine:. " 




123 


2.800 1 o in Ji.ne. 


19 


Rector," 


Harrison CO., " 




SO 




6>' 


il thany College, 


Bethanv, " 




l - 


I'll of Julv. 


51 


University of .N. C. f 


Chanel Hill, V C 171 




IhuiMlay in June. 


62 


Davidson, 


Mooklenb'gco., 44 




31 


it 


1,150 lasl Thursday in June. 


63 


Wake Forest,* 


Wake Forest, " 




11 


24 


i.thi kl Thuraday in June. 


61 


Charleston, 


Charleston, S. c. 




61 


10 


3.000 Tues after 4th Mon in Mar. 


66 


South Carolina, 


Columbia, 






151 


5JJO0 1st Mondav in Hccemher 


SJ 


Franklin. 


Athens. Ga 




528 


116 


13.000 1st Wedueedsyin Am 


67 


Oglethorpe, 


Midway. 






8 


',on m Nov. 


5H 


Kuonv 


Oxford. 




li 


71 






59. 


Mercer Fniversitv.s 


Penfield, 










((H'ln-ist Col.<fcEp.Ihs.« 


Monlpclier 


1838 i 


35 






B 'L • 


Florida 










62. 1'nivers. of Alabama; 


Tuscaloosn, Ala. 


1828 9 11 : 


101 


6.000 Wed. after 2d Mon. in Aut. 


63| La Grauge,' 


I .a Grange, " I83l( 3 SI 


10b l 2.2H0* Early in June. 








STATISTICAL TABLES. 



315 



TABLE OF COLLEGES, & .. IN THE 0. S. Ctmtimuei. 






fill!, 6 

Oakland, 

b'ranklui, 



73 

• nville, 

ubertend dm., 



•j : 



■ 






i Reserve, 



■ 
uversity, 






Ohio. 






uereity. 
ratty, 

liJp's* 



Spring 1 1 

I 

la. 
Grand Cofc 

- 
Arkansas, 
Greenvill. 

i . 
Nashville . 

• ;vi'de," 
KiKtlviile. 
llhlHIMI. 
Columbia. 

Danville, 

- 

tens, 

Ganibier, 
Granville. 
Marietta, ** 

Oberlm. 

;. " 

Cincinnati, 

■ . 
JBloomii.-' 
S.'U h Hanover," 

isUe, " 

[Jacksonville, 

•Lebanon. 
Si 

Cape Id 
Columbia, 



III 









I84t 

; e 

1*06 1 8 



1833 5 
1829 

837 7 



3 






I Lsl I'lmrMiav in April. 
sday in June. 
member. 

f November. 



11 ! Wed m September. 
i) 1st Wednesday in October. 

1 1st Wednesday in Angnst 

i uuisdav in Juiy. 

u n<l Wednesday in July. 
U First Amrusr. 
*> Thiirs. after 3d Wed 
1'hars after 1st Wed iaAog. 
i noraday in J one. 

u tuber. 

1st w ednesdaj in k\ 
nraday in Au 

nber. 
7 M Thursday in Aujrnst 
1st Wednesday in August. 
2d Wednesday in August. 
» Last Wednesday in July. 

I ast Monday in June. 



1st Thursday in July. 
Last w ctl m September, 
nesday iu July. 

1th Wednesday in JUiy. 



in June. 
. Thursday in 
;,l \\ eduesday in 
3d Wed. in S 

ucsdaj iu A 
si Thursday in 









luraday in a 

i 






....lint*. 



die. 

>p i!i. in. 

e Old S 



» r.utli. « 



1 Want ar* the k 

■ 
■ 

IB a ft;. 



BIOGRAPHICAL TABLE OF SOME OF THE DISTIN- 
GUISHED DECEASED AMERICANS 



STATESMEN AND JURISTS £™' 



John Carver- - - 
John Smith - - - 
Georgre Calvert- - 
John Winthrop- - 
Edward Winslow - 
William Bradford - 
Theophilus Eaton - 
John Endicott - - 
Leonard ('alvert - 

William Coddington 
William Phipps- - 

William I'rnn - - 

William Burnet - - 

1 Ehsha Williams - 
1 J;nnc;s Delanev - - 

i John Chambert- - 

i Rorer Wolooti - - 

William Shirley 

1 William Johnson - 

i Richard Peteia - - 

John l^miifv - - - 

Peyton Randolph - 

i Robort Livingston - 

1 Joseph Murray % - 

1 William Smith - - 

1 John Penn - - - 

i Samuel Welles- - 

1 John Chandler - - 

i ^ ohviT Partridge - 

i Richard Wibird- - 

i Mesheck Wears - 

i Henry Sherburne - 

i William Pitkin - - 

i Martin Howard - - 

i Isaac Norrifl - - - 

1 Benjamin Tasker - 

1 Abraham Harms - 

s Button Gwinnet - 

2 3 John Morton - - 

2 3 pinup Livingston - 

3 Joseph i (ewes - - 

2 3 George Ross - - - 

1 Theodore Atkinson 
3 Thomas Lynoh,jr. - 
3 John Hart - - - 
3 Richard Stockton - 
a George Taylor - - 

8 James Otis ... 

2 a Cesser Rodney - - 

* Joseph R>,,i * . . 

i 3 Stephen Hopkins - 
s William Whipple - 
3 Arthur Mkldleton - 
3 Thomas Stone - - 

s 4 j„hn Peso - - - 
i ThiKs. Hutchinson - 
3 Thos. Nelson, jr. - 
i 3 4 Benjamin Franklin - 
« David Brearley - - 
2 Metcalf Rowler - 
SHenrvWard- - - 
2 David Rowland - - 
2 John Crusert - - 
2 William Bayard - 



1621 
1632 
1632 

16:9 
1656 
1657 

ias7 

1755 
1760 
1765 
1767 

1771 
1774 



msCBLLAKEOCS. 



17 

IT 

1779 

1779 

1 

1 735 

1787 

1789 

1790 
1790 



John Robinson - - - 

Francis HiggBuam - - 

John Harvard - - - 
William Brewster 

Thomas Hooker - - 

Thomas Shepard - - 

John Tottcn - - - 

Nathaniel Ward - - 

S nndish - - - 

John Norton - - - 

Richard Mather - - 

John Davenport - - 

Charles Chauncy - - 

Edward Johnson - - 

John Mason - - - - 

i Winslow - - 

I'rian Onkes - - - 

Roger Williams - - 
Nathaniel Morton 

Samuel G irton - - 

Daniel Gookia - - - 

John Eliol - - - - 

William i lubbard - - 

Samuel Willard - - 

Beverly - - 

!'.. m t ii 1 1 1 1 ( 'hureh - - 

Mather - - 

Cotton Mather- - - 

Jonathan Rirkmssn - 

. n ' olman 

DavKJ B ainerd - - 

John Cullender - - 

Thomas Godfrey - - 

William Stita - - - 

James Logan - - - 

- Prince - - 

William PeppereU - 

Samuel Davies - - - 

Gilbert Tenneal - - 
Jonathan Maj hew 

Zabdiel Boylston - - 

Thomas « 'lap - - - 

Samuel Johnson - - 

John Mitchell - - - 

John ClavtiNi - - - 

Jos eph v\ arrssj - - 
Richard Mootg 

John Thomas - - - 
Cadwallnder Cofalen - 

Hugh Mercer - - - 

David Wooster- - - 

John Bartram - - - 

i;io:i/ar WheeloeJi - 

Count Pulaski - - - 

Thomas Hutchinson - 
Jonathan Carver - - 
Charles Lee - - - 

ham Alexander - 

Anthony Henezet - - 
Nathaniel Creene 

( ihartes ( "hauncy - - 

Mather Byles - - - 

Ethan Allen - - - 



1625 
1630 

161} 
I6t7 
1649 

1670 

Iff! I 
1673 
1680 

[683 



L7IM 

i?or 

1716 
1718 
1 

\- n 

1749 
1751 

1781 

1779 
1779 

I78t. 
1784 

1788 

its:* 



MIS' EIXA.NEOUS. 



A. D. 



John Ledyard - - - - 
isiaei Pot nam - - - - 
Joseph Bellamy 
Frederick Wm. SatSJbssi 

John Withers;" 

Ezra Stiles 

John Sullivan - - - - 
Francis Marion - - - 
Anthony Wayne - - - 
David Rjttennoi 

Jeremiah Belknap - - 

John Clarke - - - - 

Patrick Henry - - - - 

Artemai Ward - - - - 

George K. Miaot - - - 

John Ewing - - - - 

Samuel Hopkins 

Philip Schuyler - - - 

William Moultrie- - - 

Henry Knox - - - - 

Horatio Galea - - - - 

Edward Preble - - - 

William Eaton- - - - 

•ii - - - 

. . . . 

, Brown - - 

Benjamin Lineala - - 

tennis - - - - 

utou - - - - 

Joel Barlow - - - - 

Theonhil 
Zebufon M. Pi» 

James l.-iwrence - - - 

William Heath - - - 

Samuel Dexter - - - 

.''"/i - - - - 

- ... 

- . . . 
raj I - - - - 

!'•■ -111:1111111 S Barton - - 
Henry B. MohU 

, ,i - - - 

Theodore I k -h >n - - - 

Timothv Dwight - - - 

Irthur St. flair - - - 

[star - - - - 

Samuel S Suulh - - - 
leton - - - 

Joseph Lathrop - - - 

Benjamin Trumlmll - - 
Oliver H. Berry - - - 

Stephen Deeatur - - - 

Benjamin West - - - 
Samuel \\ ore* st^r - - 
John Stark ----- 

Thomas TruXtOfl - - - 

Samuel Heckewelder - 

Divie Bethune - - - - 

Samuel Campbell - - - 

Ehsha Whitney - - - 

James Wilkinson - - - 
Thomas Macdouough - 
Lindley Murray - - - 






1807 

1KI7 

1812 
1812 
1812 
1812 

181 i 
1813 

ISM 

1815 
1815 
1815 
1615 
1815 
1815 
1815 

1817 
1819 









*i * Th A e ™ m ©s °f all the signers of the Articles of Confederation will be found attached to 
those Articles. Appendix, pase 44. 

t Writer of the Bill of Rights. J The dash ( — ) denotes that the year is not ascertained. 

The Bill of Rights, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United 
states, were signed only by part of the members appointed to frame those enduring monuments. 

J Members of the Congress that met at Albany, 1754. 

2 Signers of the Declaration of Rights. •» Signers of the Articles of Confer 

s feigners of the Declaration of Independence. 5 Signers of the Constitution. 



BIOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 



317 



JTRISTS 



S 

Iriok Finer - 

.it'll - - 

* Thomas Ringgold - 

- 

2 Thomas Li 

- 

3 Friu 

» f ,vm:in Hull - - - 
3 Benjamin Harrison 
3 George Bryan - - 

•• IH - - 

2 * John tl ui'- 
' « Ricbanl Henry Lee 
ih Bnrtleit - - 

• r Braxton - - 
root Ijpe 

1 - - 
- >n - - 
I man - 



1790 

1791 

1791 
1794 



nxgtm 

m P:ira - - 

. . . 

. . . 

im Blount- - 

* John 

i " flin- - 
■ 






1 4 ' 
J \ 
3 [ 



tn 



-1. ir. 






1799 
1799 

1800 
1803 

inns 

■ 

- 

1311 






Jeriediah Moi - 

rh<miaa Puickuey 

G Stewart - ■ 

Timothy Pickering 
William 

M Mason - - 

lenn Hohart - 

Stephen Elliott - - 

John D. Godmaa - - 

Samuel L. Mitchell - 

John 11 Rice - - - 

I - - 

Thomas Sumter - - 

John II. Ashman - - 

Robert C Sands - - 

Warren Toll) urn - - 

S Tucker - - 

- - - - 

William Bainbridge - 

:.l 

- - - 

rter - - 

lell- - 

b Whitfield - - 

Thomas Say - - - 

David Howack- - - 

Thomas S Grimke - 

B;.ker - - - 

William Wirt - - - 

W m . H. Crawford - 

Nathan P;me - - - 

Lutlier Martin - - - 

John Emory - - - 

William Nevins - - 

William White - - 

David Crockett - - 

John Lowell - - - 
Edward Lirii ! 

Philip Syng Phyaick - 

Nathaniel Bowditch - 

William M. Stone - - 

Samuel L. Knapp- - 

John Kodsjers - - - 

Thomas Cooper - - 

Hezekiah Nilea - - 

William Sullivan - - 

Jesse Buel - - - - 

Aaron Bancroft - - 

.burn - - - 

Wilbor Piske - - - 

Ntden - - - 

V Hayne - - 

in«Iy - - - 
PInlip P Bam 

. Flnii - - 

i' irnsh - - - 

- - 

ler M icomb - 



» wa 



knW - - 
v Changing 



' 



1831 

• 
1832 
1833 
1834 

1831 
1SU 
1831 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 
838 

• 

18*9 
1840 

1841 
1841 



. Pocahontas- - 

Arabella Johnson- - - 

chinaon - - - 

M rv Dyer - - - - - 

Anne Bradstrei t - - - 

l buck- - - - 

. . . . . 

ill - - - 

Hannah Duston - - - 

■HIT - - - - 

I wards - - - 

J. ini-i Mr r -a - - - - 

Wright - - - 
Ann Eliza 

Susanna Anthony - - - 

Mary WoLstoncraA - - 
M irgnretta V, Faugeree 
Martha Washing 
Elizabeth Ferg i - 

PUebe H Abbot - - - 

Mary White 

Martin 1. RaJD 

Harriet Newell - - - 

Sarin Smitll - - - - 

Judith S. Grant - - - 

Mercy Warreu - - - - 

Isabella Graham^ - - - 

Mary J. GroerenOT - - 

Mary Dwighl - - - - 

Pfaebe Phillips - - - - 

Abigail Adams - - - - 

Judith Murray - - - - 

Sarah Hoffman - - - 

Catharine Brown - - - 

Susan Huntington - - 

P. Anna P. Cantield - - 

Elizabeth Gray - - - 

Lucia Knox- - - - - 

Susan Rowaon - - - - 

L Maria Puvidsou - - 

Eleanor Davis - - - - 

Ann H. Judaon- - - - 

Sarah Hull 

Anna Bates - - - - - 

Dorothy Scott - - - - 

E Ana B Morel - - - 

Maraa Hall 

Maria M Allen - - - 

Sarah Hall 

Lhiughan] - - 

Martha Derby - - - - 

Maria Van Neaa - - - 

Hannah Adams - - - 

Sarah L P. Smith - - 

Elizabeth B Dwight- - 

Judith s i • 

Holly- - - - 



1517 

164 I 



1810 
L8U 
1812 

fiiu 

1816 

1818 
1819 
1830 

1823 
1823 
1823 
1824 

1825 

L826 

1829 



318 



BIOGRAPHICAL TABLK. 



STATESMEN AKO JlRfSTS' 



5 Charies Pinckney - 

5 Cha's C. Pinckney - 

3 John Adams - - - 

8 Tncnnas J<j?i rson - 

5 Rnfus Km? - - - 

6 William Few - - 
Joan Jiy - - - - 
Janus Monroe - - 

s Charles CarroU - - 

John Marshnll - - 

James Madison - - 

Wm H. Harrison - 

Jottph Story - - - 

Andrrw Jacteon - - 

Silas Wright- - - 
James h'< nt - - - 
John Qtsincf) lifuwi 



1821 
1825 
1826 

1827 
1828 
1829 
1831 
1832 
1831 

IM1 
1*11 
1845 

1847 
1848 



M ISC EL I » 



A. I) 



[saac Huil - - - 
David Porter - - 
Asabel Netileton - 

is Biddle - 
Levi Hedge- - - 
John Sanderson - 
Wilhrini L Stone - 
Peter S Dupooceau 
H. A.Mnhlen 
Abel P Upshur - 

W. Gilmer - 
Erastus Root - - 
John B Nicholson 

• McClellan 
Thomas i lewson - 
John Jacob Aator - 
Richanl i'< lers- - 



1813 

1844 

1-11 

1MJ 

1844 

I8l6 
1847 



tlSTZHGUISHED K.M W MM 



1. Who were suno of t! • 
3. In the I9th1 l. Who v.. -id commanders that flourished in the 

17th ceidury ? 5. in the 18th J 6. In Ihe • of the divines thai flou- 

rished in the 17th century f 8. In I 
that flourished in i h«- 17th century, Ac. ' ii \ 
a jurist? 12. Between a general and n comrnan 
man I [Many teachers will he un 

want of suitable district school libraries Itbiooi stee.scl I commis- 

sioner, mid wealthy i 

which its importance den i died nieu whosi 

not in the Table 15. Kor whai w I, third, lotirtl .in the 

catalogue «.i statesmen and jun»tg1 it. Wnai mn 
6i(.„ in the mi* 

of ladies, distinguished 1 Ifi nt of human ki 

ii*. What should be oar object iu ii 20, What i mm constantly 

reincmU r I 

The above Table cootsins all the names «>f the members of the Congress of 17! I 

of the Declaration of Declarat of Independence, and the s 

of the ( oust it n! ion of the United States Bui it should !>♦• l*>rne. in mind, that it contain 

a few of the names of distinguished deceased Amerinui ladi men— that tin 

a mull itude w h<> were eminently prominent as divines, statesmen, pi 

physicians, patrons and friends of learning, pcrs 

with numberless philanthropists nnd Chi tinue t.» 

sustain the institutions of the Republic, though their names may . 

living. It is to be hoped that more attention will hen ale biographj 

the gentleness, the meekness, the piety of American ladies, ma) be blended • 

ism and wisdom, so that the young of both sexes may surrey the bv< 

before them ; and. animated by reason, fortified by piety, they may. like Elisha of old, 

the mantle f»f their virtues free fnun the f>>lln s incident to humanity, and be inspired wi 

newed zeal in the cause of letters ami of true WMSBStt. 



APPENDIX. 



•'us work : 

most difficult arc inva- 

T:ns hley has in-t :i 

lonientous 

young, o; those 

. upon the duties 

• 
■ 

■ 

- 

umphfying 

■ 

! I IS w« >ri\ , 

•u word Buc, and 

I 

ik-binder, 

-. hookish. buok- 

- 

-learned, 

*, book-madu 

-uill, l*x>kstand, 



have an 



It is. moreover. 
.-■ kmWt I ioud M 
that they Ik n 
own skill and research ui 
that all rfforU on the pai 
.*■ commendatuyt 

-< ->.;_• - ■ 

.<# sectio! 



: i possess 
mice than 
< of tins v. 
f the Mail 

. the Key. 
J immediab 

■ 

i, who hav. 
rabie that 

beitic mended merely 
to eJ'i« . 






i of varied att i 

which usual.'}/ contains from 8 to 

will be t 

merely arbitrary divisions, an 

■ 
tion of gut 

ordmg to 
this arrangement, ThOCheTS may, IP I'i fit utmost 
■ 

■ turn may bt > 

. 
ijicrn mm 

narpuKd exert 
for com) o 

pits to intustr: 
tl—to deveiope thoroughly th 

awl moral poir-rs — 'o tram ; 

lentous duties and rcsyons'i ; 
await tliein in the future. 

LESSON I. 

1. To margins 

2. Id ninny, as follows —1st. Book— The irorh 
is well Labor— He is 

3d. Man , salvation. 

-The principle works Well, 

friction. 6th. Foment — Malt liqtl 
—By motion thp plasl 
out of 

s change 
of parpeee. 10 h Embroider— Young hv- 

3. A dist "li-se or writing. 

in the margin "i i 

n never 

■ 

Hut ' :, 

: ;ulc m in" i- . 

■ d made 
man i of the earth, after Ins 



(1) 



2 



APPENDIX. 



9. Bv the voice ; unwritten. 

10. B'finiiimi — description of a wo d by its 
properties; as. pat unai p er taining to a 
fa* her Synotq/m— -explaiia'.ion by a word 
( .f tUe same meaning. Pat ei n ai fa therly. 

11. No; it is generally irksome and useless, 
and engenders the most pernicious habits. 

12. Improvement in literature, science, senti- 
ments, morals, manners, &c. 

13. Disjunctive conjunction. 

11. Or is a noun when made the subject of dis- 
course; as, "or" connects words or sen- 
tences. 

15. It is sometimes spelled with a final e, and 
sometimes without it. 

16. Richardson's, Johnson's, Walker's. Ken- 
rick's, Hem's. Bowl's, and W ^rooster's, una- 
bridged Dictionaries have been consulted, 
but when these differed the author has ge- 
nerally fo, lowed Webstert unabridged Dic- 
tionary, of 1818. 

17. The sentence would then aver that any 
oneui my cousins read the work; it now 
avers ft of them all. 

LE3SON II. 

1. It is of the utmost importance. 

2. on failure of my exertions ooneult my 
teacher, or some one capable of informing 

mc 

3. w inn properly directed, it is of the utmost 
benefit. 

4. Improvement of the understanding and the 
heart upon ;. u of the work 
read. 

5. Pupil in tin | 
6 School. 

7. Scholar, scholastic, scholarship, and many 
compound words, as, 

room, school-books, dec. 

8. Resolving into originaJ eh menta, as simple 
sentences, phrases, adjunct • 

inir their se| 

9. Words. 

10. Because an means the MBA as the article 

a, and is used instead <>f e. i< »r i ! 

an agreeable sound or euphony, when the 

next word begins with a rowel or rowel 

sound The article a mOtfl be U*ed before 

all words beginning with u Umg, a conso- 
nant, and a consonant sound; av, a unit, a 

hoy, a oneness ; and the article an must he 

used btoie all words beginning with ■ 
vow, i except soofa as begin with the sound 

( t" u long or I OOUeouaUl sound \ an must 

also i>e used before words beginning with 

a silent a as, an hour, an heir; a • 

words where the I w not silent, if thsmc- 

ccut is not on the first syllaiile. a>, an he- 
roic action, an historical accoun' . 

LESSON III. 

1. Antic means, pertaining to Italy, u I n ap- 
plied particularly to ■ kind of inclining 

type, tirst used by Italian prater*. Hen -e 
Italics means letters first Used m Italy, and 
which stand inclining; they are used to 
distinguish words for emphasis, importance, 
antithesis, <V.c. The words emphasis, &.C., are 
printed in italics. 

* 8th line, when you substitute tuition for 
ediccal'on, an should be omitted. 

2. Extended or general sense. 

3. Scholars. 

4. Features; namely, articulation, pause, in- 
flection, accent, emphasis, <tc. 

5. Feature. 

6. That particular feature. 



7, The metropolis of France. 
6. There is 

9. There is. 

10. By i s connection with the subject in dis- 
ciissi )ii. 

11. Ground being more expensive, the requisite 
amount of room is sought in a e< 
surface — to make room for large families 
without covering much ground, a few 
square feet of which is sosoetraw 

as many acres m the country — t 
niodate men in the varied pursuits of trade, 
&c, without requiring them to travel over 
ll surface— occasionally to make more 
display of wealth — obtain purer air— and 
often to accommodate families m the 2d. 
od, 4th stories, 6u ., when the first 
occupied as a stand for some kind of bu- 

12. That which best qualities us for the dis- 
charge of our various duties; and inas- 
much as the proper trainiug m reading has 
B better and a more powerful influence 
over the moral and intellectual facilities 
than anyotherstudy.it must con- 

be paramount to any other branch Off edu- 

* with n or r. 
1 j. Aii orattrt who is presumed to combine rhet- 
• r principles of < locution. 
te in perceiving by the 

i >n of the mind ; moral m 

. n virtue and vie*-. An inttl- 
ti'tual man may tl- le a very 

tmvidral cuursr. 

10. Menal faculties. 

.•am 

18. It a etimes has m or wn prefixed, in which 

■ verb. 

- —1st. Command— His 
i (tensive with ln^ empire. 2d. 

n — lu> hul 
faculty — By t b his mind. 

lH>werso( 
l.'ui 

tn is mieht depend in:: on ; i 

Fotssr may also include 
- 
I prisoner 
■ 

('• .!. bill ll!^ 

the walls until the sheriff recer 

tty to lib* rale hint. 

m iv. 

1 Pupil 

2. Whole, an adjective, relating to the entire 
subject of the reading less 

3. Ihi-ilnpina. expanding, opening. 
ening. establishing, making firm. 
in,/, raisin.' up. making lofty. The 
developed the intel i. "trength- 
rns it. and I ; • /lis if. 

4. Inherent powers of the mind, tin 
t on, the judgment, and the striae 

npauy of arbiters between liti- 
gant p i 

6. Generally twelve or twentf-fimr. 

7. Two; grtmd jury and pi fit jury. 

8. To decide the subject of litigation submit- 
ted to tbeui, according to the evidence pre- 
sented and the law at the land. 

ft Voters may <jcnrr<i)ly serve OQ Junes, but 

there are some ( xceptkms, as, a superan- 
uated person, an atheist, <fcc. 

10. No; the right* of person and property 

would be imminently hazarded. 

11. Testimony. 



APPENDIX. 



tin in. ■ 

- ' 

• meaning nj 
inary won). 
or \» 

liny, 
time 

atfjr, iiiev in.; j is - 

nonymous nv it h . 

itoral at- 

the death ofthe 

rurhtr ...v latter end may be 

•us." 

ith is the natural consequence 
of life. The former is an inevitable inci- 
dent of the latter. 
IS. The body is the corporeal mat 
he mind, tin 
the a« s parts . the im- 

• - 
19. The : - b directing our spirits 

1. Tl - . i genera] plan. 

2. By suppress a or abridge as 

- 
- 

SL An op ind formed 

anrun. •«> a just 

ami impartial determination. 

we the balance of the 
word; unabridged, not abridged, dec. 
It is proper to remai k here, that all words 
are railed either primitive or derivative in re- 
Minple or com- 
pound in reference to their form. Strictly 
;>le word in its 
y all the 
l 
and the 1 s. in like manner. 

trace theit 

in<r from 
n which 
:: of equal 
i, in itself, 
tie most indus- 
• our po- 



of.., ;« 



■ ldyi: 
MO** I 



ir lan- 
ement 

ry one.- 
IT lan- 
.! pur- 

'•1 the 

.:* iguo- 
i lfi cation 

. ■ 
roots /acio (to make) and pono (to place) are 






d a majority 

■ 

t lan- 

l • 

- 

ler, 

. v i!ii.u,it. Acme. 

II' 

"1.* rlllV. 

\N Ord-hook.t I'l. ••:.•:. i! > . 1 . ■ 

origin and I 
Latin. 

Brotlier, Fraternal. I 5 
Father, Paternal. Hi tor. 

Watery, Aq i 
. 

• combined with any other, . d I in 
.. as it, 
foot, mural, ttho <!. A compound word is 

• i a simple word, \% 

; I 1 >m- 

pound word is composed of two simple 
they are usually connected by a hyphen, as 
book-oath. As a general rule, permanent <• im- 
pounds should be written without Lhe hyplieu 
— those thai arc nol pi nn.ii.rnt should I I 
with the hyphen. The number of simple words 
in o:;r lauguas nail compared 

with the compounds — Lite particle "?», whic! 
• or n» gative meau- 
insr v is prefixed to aboui four thousand* word , 

When a letter or Syllable is placed htf. re :i 
word, it is called a . placid aftei 

Htt-fil 

Id examining derivative words, tlie fol 
order should he observed : 1st, the n> ■• 
which the word is denvt il ; 'Jd. the prefix ; 3d, 
\ ; and 1th. the euphonic i. - 

N . - . : - ixon origin, sisr- 

- i. /;/. to OC • I' answer lo 

i the Appen- 
dix.) A, ao. and ate, when nf Latin origin, sig- 
nify from or OSS as— a>. '/wit, to wuwjrom . nth 
irirt. from a/Mam. to hold 
from. Ail i* ot Latin origin, and a I mils of ten 
variations for the si tnd and 

in pronnnciatioD * as, and all its varia- 
tions, signifies to— is - ick to; {ad) 
ietd /" ; (ad) 

(ao*) alleviate, 

■ iinsr : (ait) opfM rtain, I 

I 

ed by lhe al 

amples that '/ befon i i umit- 

. /, g, U "■ F 

- Ui r oj 

rhyso 

. miy be obtained and 



• Sw notr. tetter t«rt of tbia urtidr, pa*- 5, I 



APPENDIX. 



bisect, to cut or divide into two parts ; 
tirmi-wolf, half wolf: semi-annual, half a 
year; tan/sphere, half a sphere. Co, con, 
col. cchj, com, cor, usually signify with or to- 
gether ; con sometimes signifies a/ja,nst, (as 
pro, for. and con, against,) as rotemporary, 
living together or at Uie same time, conned, 
to join together; co/ltjct, to hnng together ; 
connate, allied with ; comply, to accord 
with ; correspond, to agree with. Slc. Con- 
tra ami counter signifies against, as contra- 
dict, to speak against ; countermand, to 

cornmaiid against what was commanded 
beiore. Ur signifies doom or ./row, as de- 
scribe, to write down; etetain, to hold from. 
E, ic, ex, if, el, er, Blglufy out or out of, 
as educe, to lead out; eccentric, out of the 
centre ; ezclaini, to cry out ; efflux, a flow- 
ing out ; tAcit, to draw out ; era->e, to rub 
out. E'/m signifies equal, as egm-d stant, 
at an equal distance. Ei 
yond, as extraordinary, beyoud ordinary. 
Em ami m, of Saxon, French ami Greek 
origin, signify in, into, or to make, n 
el'-, to put "in a circle; encamp, to form 
into a camp ; embold in, lo mnlu hold. G> 
signifies eariik, a- seode, eai I 
si^i.iiic^ looter, as Aydro-siaiic*, ti" 
which treats of the weight of flnuls. In is 
of Lulio origin, and admits of four rariu- 
tiuns for the sake of euphony, viz : it,u, 
un, >r. In, before verbs, nsnadl] 
augmentative meaning, to 
into, on, or Mpen, as insert, to put M ; i/lu- 
mine, to put light info (m) . snpel, to drive 
on (in): smite, to eel on ore; vTndiute.to 
turon light onorianan; in, before all other 
p. nts of Bpnech, ami tin; forms it sssomee, 

Usually lias a pnvair. re mean- 

ing, as indecent, nut decern i.><j . sjnomnt, 
nut knowing (in) ; ifliberai, not Liberal (<n,, 

?//r»aitial, not paitial (in), irregular, not 
I Infer .si;,'i.i!i.-.N amntuj 01 

as miermix, to mix among; safi 
make lines between Jur..>- - 
jurisdiction, legal power Son an 
nify not, as noncommittal, m 
unabridged, not abridged. Ob. with its 

variations or, of, >._ irny or 

against, as oostacle, something m the icay ; 

OOOUr, to run 'I. n I, to make 

against, ftr signifies tkrox 

to pOSS t'mii.j'i J'o.'i signifies a'trr, M 

yw-mendi hi, ajtcr mid-day. Pre signifies 

BS /'. i diet, Jort tell. I'rt) s:_- 
or forward, as pronoun, for a noun ; pro- 
mote, to pui forward. R* signifies back or 

again, as revoke, to call ' 

take again. I'.'uu signifies God. as Tnnt- 

Uvrj, s odj of the Law of Qad, Trans si-- 

nities across, SS trons.il lantic, across the At- 

Inn ic r/m signines e/i>\ as ssiiimil, oss 
nxat. 

Synopei* of giJixrs.—An, wn, iea^ ic, ar, 
nry. or<,. a/, i&, uw, ish, <>us, «<•, imply be- 
longing or relating to, as Amerioon, iWefins 
to America; Christian, relating to Canst; 
academical, relating to an academy; he- 
ron-, relating to a hero; boW, ressfiup /o 
the sun; Iit( r.//-y, relating to letters; pre- 
fatory, relating to a preface ; metita/, r«7a/- 
ina to the mind ; iuveuifc, Ostonarnptoyou h; 
iiifau''>/\ belonging to an infant; Soottl**, 
/' ')/!..'•/.; to Scotland; biliotf, /Hloiiuing to 
ii.ic : •'.! gri«c, betanging to elegy. 4cy,anor, 
finer, ^7.1/. ate, r/o//i, ence, <;ii\v. enl 
70/j, rem, stent, many, nest, ry. 5'//;/. mas, are, 
v. c/i , denote Moo ur state of bt nig. as ob- 
stinacy, being obstinate ; vigilance, slate oj 



being vigilant ; constancy, state of being con- 
stant ; depeuda;!/, ti 
ad>?qucrr>. /j«ny equal to ; freedom. 
bein g freej absence, o e snj away ; has 
5'o/e o/ 6^7«y innocent ; justirr, tttint: just; 
i>nn<7 Cold; precisron, stale o' fmny 
paganism. $ku» of sttnsnpagnn; 
embarrassmtn/, state of being embai 
sanctimony, stale of being sacred; hnppi- 
ness, stale of being happy ; slavery, lensy a 
slave; nvalshtp, state o> a rival; • 
the stutt of Imng quit 
being exposed ; mas!< 
ter; orphanage, eton i orphan. 

Ant, ar, ard. fl ST, ist, lie, tve, 

or, ster, denote one who, m inerch nu. one 

irho trades ; i i 

on r w'io lias an impaired intellect ; mi>- 

sionary, 

fues; enu r iur^r, om toko lias ctiai 

engine ; sluden/, on> 

on' who tenches; arUsr, one who practises 

an art ; led from 

opcr.it/iv, on . debtor, 

sj is m debt ; young 

yOUng. Anj. dam, on, denote .' - 

vohere, as Ubrery, ttv 
kingdom, Of \ 

rations . 

i, to ma!* sliort ; n-ctiVy, to makt 

>r[\ix, to 

iblie. it 

Should rue in mind, that the 

meaning oi the pre! ces,* Iikc 

i heir aiidiatioii with 
■ 
onally t > the origin of the primitive 
harn, a vessel, is de- 
rived if h word barque, or the 

Itali in . 

am the Danu 

red, ttiat 
the corred wnj to leam the true mssnisg 

Of W old' — to 

mncation— the chaug habls to 

m foun- 
tain from which alone all the dictionaries 
of the liuigu i honty. 

No oa< cm make any proficiency in the 
use ol language without ihe cowest obser- 
vation. I intuermon I utt and 

liscrnninatiou in the use and appli- 
cation , mguage 
all'ords the best possible di.sciplme to the 
lueutul powers; it is alike one of the 
- to mental industry, 
ami of the | . 
enjoyment — ai 

ii, ilia' iiidustnou.". or i 
often formed or allowed 

contribute more to the suocess or 
f.nlure of youth in alter life than any other 
cause It has been u 
the wonls in common 
live words from othei 
formed from primitiv 
by meesvi oi prefix - 



• ih is i.,f pr«rii pro may mean / - 
out, a* pracouaal. /•*" n otmsol ; /«■» ^.ci, t -ii 

(Stil MM ,- *od ih- fufllx p 
miy mr^n si if uj toi*?, or /u./ wf, n» c »ii'M*r of. a. 
W—Uff, stutr ^f being rrusief ; tljstr. /«'V a/tlual; oU>, 
const.-ting oj oil. 






APPENDIX. 






plan intended to he pursued int!i - 

i>i" the simplest pus? 

■aaajj ■ :.iord examph bsoa 

Jren can compose, verbally, 

p!ira.<es ami UBfipk - -re they 

■ b truly surprising ' 

■ 
in the - . and in :i m< si 

- 

ade in judging of i 

VJHSM ill I". . w 11 lie 

perly . : en al and mora] pow- 

N • | ipi or p< rsun a bo 

dish lun- 

- .udd re- 

r nf its simplest 

mmon prefixes and affixes. 

and m with its 

!UP8 joined with several thou- 
. re are mUlioos a ho, 
te hour of Mi 

■four language. 

their way through life in philological 

dar* 

■Note. A few distinguished authurs have 

derived school from rd school, 

German schule, 

both o: 

bora de- 

whtch is 

the 5:1: lof winch 

-• 

Bserf the word 

school, that t lie at en'mii of 1 
be dtM - subject. 

The pr b e German word 

sc/iw I i word scr.olt may both 

■ - 

- book. 
use of the 
primary word. 
7. bec»u- -sson IV. 

i. Appendix. 

containing 
..*. Parai/raph- 
tinurr the same sub- 

ject. m E s sa y an at'empt to f*tv 

e — a full, 
and elu- 

9 PivawaaajT the art «f employing 
accfin 

statistical know- 
is several parts. 
L.'cvy— the knowledge of the time. 
-.. and order 1 
a condensed history of the life of 

- authentic 

■ 'an knowledge, 1 r 

the aris, 

u. iAf- 

acquired 
n larucuajfe. book*, letters 

in every 

r in their 

•\ VI. 
I. Pause— o j»n*pcn«ion or cessation of the 

ir. or rhr- 






■**»-*•»•* CM*r oa Mm. Ac. 



ne to the « V 
Time — modulation 0/ the vokm in 1 
ins the 

in icnlar force of the ro ce oa n. 
portanl 

da what may naturally fuilo* ; :i^. 

■ •ri — U-. w aid mol 11 \\ . h 

ence oal] in the moi 

wt eni t he result of niotion with it . 

to sonw ' kin. 

From thi 1 Lis ward tadio, peroarvms 

Applicable only to the it 
the mm 1 

!c 1 of comma 1 

from Iht . I ;/r the emotions of 

the pupil. 

To put :» V., Qui itioii 1. pace 

I \dix. 
Infuse, inlay, inspirit, induce, involvi 
Emphasis— mere, fbro 1 of the 

:i_ r or bending 
nformine to the mi 
Internal sense i>( lighl and Wrong. 

Precepts given by the clergy. Rga 

used. 

A rhetorical figure, of speech. 

It substitutes <Jfrct for osaae, svjn for thuvj 

. plOC( for :!•- <;V/ : 
for the author ; as, we read Virgu, that is, 
his writing 

That is most proper to be learned which 
should be most constantly practised and 
■rtlt upon our future 
destiny; and inasmuch as the cultivation 
of the conscience — braining of the morals, 
and the most sacred regard for the Bible 
and the Christian Rchyion, have this bear- 
ing, tht v are paramount to all othar'stttdies 
and attainments, and no one that is deficient 
m these iw st win b/e an y air t meitis am reason- 

ad other enduring fame or perma- 
nent happiness. 
Divine revelation. 

Certainly, the consciousness c>{ having per- 
formed our duly to God and to our feitow- 
nien must solace the close of our career, 
and smooth the pillow of death. We have 
all sooner or later to die. Christianity is 
our only refuse. 

I would cease, and the c 
contention and strife being removed, social 
ith Christian feeling;, would 
ensue. 

No; misery is the consequent punishment 
Of crime, and though ii m:iy for a lime he 
■mothered, it cannot be eventually evaded. 
An invisible yet all m 
slant ly upon us; all that \\ . 
or even flunk, is known to <"ir I 
who bo 
thoughl . • ion. 

- . ren to the minuu 

nted beiUL-v. ami in l tfa our 

• sj ii < v. r hacvmbenl upon us 

. , orcumetanoesj H 1-- important to 

Question our Maker and 

. ii approve of what we are doing— 

■ i we are preparing for the dying 

nke un- 
til ml condi- 

r it ; the 



b't'l are inlteuiive to moral injunctions, 
and re-. Ie8 ol u e r c.usr \ >eur 
j •;. Ail ii Uoilipl • ii-jUufions 

at hole writ ; se i • fl >hmouui *i w.ia our 
heavi in trough i lie i 

J.-siis Im.s', w:io died to save JBSt such 

sum is in to* -/// lire 
24. U e are ;u to :i f the lime <>i 

our de in perfect health, we 

may lie raited mtu eli ruity withoU a mu- 

meut's w.uiiiiit. 
25 5Tes; no p trti ■ . 

tin- attacks of death ; Uie hilts of I 

show Dial the yoiiu< 

deaih than those ai mature life. 
26. In a stat- <>t' pre | <ira! inn f«»r ileuth or for 

tlu COiitlllU lllou of life, so Ii it at any mo- 
mem we may be prei ared tub*' Miniumed 
in .1 tin- preseuoe of our linui Jud^e imd 
Maker. 

LESSON VH. 

1. Seven. 

2, Matter; that on which any mental opera- 
tion m performed 

reral : a-, .v ' under oon- 

■ 
— subject to objec I'Hv Nonvmatiot— the 
gubjret of i . 
4. Those who are engaged in I r 

111 I'S i 
-,. .\ , II.I.X. 

tsound, not sound aoniiion. d • 

7 [nestimah --. art to lie appraci ii 

B. Eveij pupJ — all pen sis-— th no who road 

10. A tree common io 1 iva and the nei 

d a ily poison— the m ml \ 

l w.is forraerl) r ported and be- 
lieved, thai its poiauo contaminated the 
surrounding i 

thai a near apj rUUCb tO lii< If' 

ins'anl death, 

11. The book* to moral and religious 
Bentimeu . the pi rusal of which m \ itably 
renders all a ho rea I theai 

and ui. 

12. K.iu sutors; iucluding porenl 

in- i 
U. The whole body of the ;•■ 

15. Each being interested and having I 
ui tin* proper administration ol 

i,th< ir mi te 1 .;!>» ts in is oo 
Hi. ir force m the oonimoa won] The 

e of no other governmeBl h i 
privileges and po 

16. 'iM.- LTaited States, in which thoei 

of the sovereign power is lodge 1 in repre- 
sentatives elec eu by the pi 

17. 'In.' general compact, by which all have 
taeriy ssrreed to abide by the dectsi m and 
intei s' of the whole as one l» alj 

its protection and ex ict.n^ itsuutii 
upon all its members. 

18. Because it is i Ue written evidence ofihe 
compact between the mi tor linu&e govern- 
ments of Which We eaea lo. in an in egral 
part. 

19. The national sovereignly would be de- 
stroyed — each star would become an in- 
ferior government — local interests would 
produce dissensions — the stronger would 
prey upon the weaker— and perhaps de- 
strny them— their convn ions excite civil 
wars, with conieqaeuces direful anion? 
nations so hitt-rniimred by consanguinity 



and fraternity, and indeed it is to be feared 

the whole bonds of civ.l union woul 1 be 

lo its original 

20. Moral and polities! virtue are essential, 
but thi i -ii w.th- 

out :he universal dissemination ■ 

support of 
the Christian religion by each and every 

BOIL 

a in a 
jotian goverumeat. 
e l unstitutitin of the V .. 
wjucb is the s ipreme law af tiie laud, the 

SBM c'uuia of the nal.on. 

LESSON VIII. 

1. The re ating 

2. 'lei. 

J. A division or a break in the aw I 

;. I- nas not ; it sometin* - 

Is ,. :, 

• of knowledge pervading 
. including i>"th 

6. 'i • ted the 

..n of to til. 

i 1 by the i 

from to lioin t.'ie l.u: 

8. By the term Oriental kUratmn is embraced 
t, includ- 
ing th< of the pnnii 

10. To compare the - 

i-h to in.- healthful and necessary indul- 
ge. ice of nat 

11. Km hard.) the qnlr of 

• il in. < >\a\ r .— i is — Me- 

tonv.n 

old uC< 

10 I.-i in, r 
uiiirm us in I 
Jiiir habits ol 

lisqualify ms ior trie socccssful pur- 
suil . i 

he lime will soon 

tioao wul soon 
Ui 1 juror will be 
/ 'inmraph— from 

• he immortal mmd,"2Uh line 

15. That a relish for classic kuowledfja will 

. the brow ol 
member of our conl 
ilem ol L<brriy based upon th.- 
<l rt and VPrUe, and then 
the true privileges and I 

16. Five hundred a . - I id. 

17. Smaller, from the fact that some would be 
overlo iked, and others would not wish to 
have it known that the;. 

ran'. 

18. At least nine hundred tha 

10. The preservation of our liberty and the 

lity of our republican iustitutiooo 

depend upon the in'. virtue ol 

the muted influence of each member of 

the community. 

20. Lxert our ind. vidua! influence to promote 



APPENDIX. 



■nivai* 

of mora) aatl I bruf iun virtu«. 

il endea- 

so in : 



\ IX. 
It embi 
• 

I in coav 

I of it 

And. which h 

.1.1. 

'y are with in 
Kb, enibraoi 

to, Lesson II . 

^'.itos. There can he 
m» doubt upon this subject, w herever bar- 

I'nl union pn \ 
Christianity, moral virtue and intel 

for ra- 

, enterprise and philanthropy. 

virtue, liberality and 

• av« n approv- 

appiness, and 
our fir 

■ 
um of all tlie inestin 



-MM lit. 

• Chris- 
r i for the base line. Prei 

to it modem. 
les, Persians, 
Babylonians, I 

- irigin to inherent eans 
structv n 
may be rmnrd by the destruction of ins 

■ f mannzin- the affairs of a 
tal rules 
and pr ich individual mem- 

ate their 
>>f the 
natural 
I 

human liberty. 

pot* rare 

of the 
■ 

tit of a prououn, Th< 

rb, pro 

or de'.e- 

- 
ty :tiid 



28 " 



before deviating from 
I he author has 
■ ard it affirmed thai there is 
betwi en a and me. 1 he fol- 
lowing; are some of the differences between 
a and 
in its meaniiur— 1 bo 

e, implies that I m 

bought only a bibk at the sale, implies thai 
thl notkmy but the bible. ^\ Again, 
• be more restricted in its meaning 
implicitly, and stake our sal- 
vation on thi . I,, il ma book, 
denotes that we believe implicitly, Ate., 

book, conveys the k)< a I i 
rxclurive m its . and r»- 

pkaticaihj narrow., down ,,iir implicit belief 

to only on, Look. 3d. .i is often the first 
sellable infants utter, wheresisom is seldom 

or never uttered iirs: by n. 

is the first letter of the Alphabet, and 
is consequently a noun. flth. .lis not used 

hetore words beginning with a vowel or a 

vowel sound. 6tb A ia IfcM I I < lore a par- 
ticipial or u participial QOUa, and means 

the same as at or on. as, go a bunting, come 
a begging ?th. 4 is often prefixed to 

nouns, and means the sane a-- ,,/, as, abed, 
l ep. Bth. .1 m. iv mean 

•i. as, aboard, on board, afire, 

on tire. 9th. .1 may mean the same as of, 

IT, at ;< distance, aside, ttt a side. 

10th. A may mean the same as to, as, 

ahead, to the bead, astern, to the stem. 

llth. A may mean the same as from, as, 
overt, to turn from. 12th. -1 ma\ mean 
the same as without^ as atheist, one without 
God, anonymous, inthoid a name. 13th. .4 

liny be used before onenes>. as. a oneness. 

Mth. ^ is the first of the seven Dominical 
s, (a Dominica] letter ia the letter 
winch, m the almanacs, denotes the Sab- 
bath, or dirs Domini, the Lord's day; the 
first seven letters of the Alphabet are used 
for this purpose. ; 15th 4 is also used for 
Anno, as. .i i» , Anno Domini, m the year 
of our Lord. A M., Anno .Mundi, m the 
year of the world. 16th. .1 is used for 
("it, , a>, A. VL+Anle Meridiem, before o u 

17th. A is nse,l for Arts. as. M. A , Master 

oi Arts. 18th, 4 is used iu algebra to repre- 
m nl known qnantiti may be a 

nonn, as [talk a. 20 h .1 has also ■ tech- 
nical meaning in Muse — 21* 

jjth. Lo- 
is ii- vet 

IS a lOtX !' Qti fol I Q ■ . 

.u conduct, 
ind many, da 

many differ* l I 

Kg of the 
WIN 

- 

Il 1 lie j 

u 
I in com- 

i 
2»1 It i«. a proa >ua, n 



8 



APPENDIX. 



7>i/*— the story of Sinbad the sailor. False- 
hood — reprimanded fur telling a story. 
Tier — another story was added to the 
house, etc. 

29. History. 

30. Rela'.n? to dates or time. 

31. Chronological d/Ji^u/ties. 

32. Contained in the first five books of the 
Old Testament. 

33. It occurred A. M. 1656. It had been threat- 
ened by the Almighty, as :t punishment fur 
the incorrigible corroption of tin: Daman 
race. It was prodtw stent rain 
of f,,r days ; in Addition to 
the rain, it is supposed by many learned 
men thai otto LSI also have con- 
tributed to the great rise <.t" water, and 

.- the numerous eonjectni 

opinion that the wa'ers Were augmented 

by a volcanic eruption under the bed of 

the ocean. So great was the efflux of wa- 
ter, that one hundred and lit' y d 

occupied in rel arning it to its natural chan- 
nels, and drying the earth. All the human 

ind all land animals • 
by it. i * of each spt 

tinned with Noah and his family, in the 

ark built by him at the command of God 
for their pn set val ion. S< • 
ters 6th, 7th and 3 

31. Not any, inasmuch as printing was not in- 
vented till , 

35. By writing or engraving; some haw 

. i that it was written or painted on 



36. 



parchment in hieroglj 

The facilities were limited, the materials 



wen- mmiv.\ the labor great ; and Mi 

saw fit to record nothing i 
tated by inspiration. 

37. In the ponti 
ins family. 

38. As parental control continued after the fa- 
milies increased, the younger members of 
the families would i 

authority they had been I 

when young; the original jurisdiction of 

many eastern monarchs \< 

bled that of a parent Kings were fi 

called the fathers of Liu 

39. Adam. 

to. Deprived of natural ease aud h i| 

his disobedience of a known law. he was 

expelled from a State of prum I 

tuoe, andhad the grief and mortification 

to see ins posterity imitate ins example of 
insubordination and declension in virtue, 
until Licentiousness, murder, and ether 
crimes, had M tilled the earth* with cor- 
ruption and blood. Indeed, be v# ii 
porary with tfa ae \ line so 

depraved thai the Ahuurli 

annihilate most of tin- race of Which Adam 

was th»> progenitor and the original enr- 
rapter-Hia impressive lesson to us. as he is 
not known to have c unmittcd another error. 
+1. Persona 

42. }'lrnsi7b;. adjective. Xr.jlrctcd. verb. Con- 
clude, verb. Fatktrlij, ndj . -Vi- 

43. Persons differ in this respect.— Nouns and 
verbs are generally considered easiest. 

44. Oldest direct forefather, Adam. 
15. lie probably excelled them all. 

46. In many. In protection, m defence, in re- 
straint, in instruction, m sympithy. Ate. 

47. Among political rulers, Moses; among 
Statesmen, Washington. 

48. Jesus Christ. 

49. Envy. The root is more frequently used 
in a bad sense. Enviable may be used in 



a despicable application. :i- 
meanest attribute, or ;i?ki] niv. 
in'.rton's fame is to be BUV 

rriginal root of sacred may l>e either 
to blei 
51. To acquire signifies to gain by i 

wine . 

may exclude ourvniitioa. A crim i n a l may 
punishment from the law for turpi- 
tude winch he acquired by guilty indul- 
gence. 

an al>solute T* 
their families 

53. Fathers exercised an shfl 

their families, and considered it lawful to 
rive even their children <•:" lifb. 

54. The whole - cUoo, 

55. The destruction of children by their pa- 
rents under various preteu 

St Ml; 

56. Peculiarities — Atoivmr>i!, the rt | 
absolutism, <tc. Ad> 

Bless- 
ings - nuremtnt 

57. Thai of China 

SO. Probably Great Britain or the UniU 

'«» In a\ ,i , : ivileges, tie- ! . 
61. China i* fam ''is foi 

rodurtS, an: 

sdk are the most import < 

ire its numerous counts, the 
■ ■n tower, tie and the 

With its lite- 
rature we are little 

leld in high repute, and is the pnn- 
■ stations in the 

fovei ai : to their own 

it eighty 

read 

in train- 
ing thfl 
f!2. It is in >re i dstion va- 

tq three 
hundred mi 

6a The 

i»l. Jt eml 

d.i.ii, and h i- 

SSd the light of 

ianity. 

nt term, 
ns ; and 

lom. 

; Tiner may be ni rre rigid and le*s 
ten.h r. while the lal 

trail 

irticubtr day in prefen 
e m be univers diy eligible. (Tliiltlr 
to Ihetr ;■ ireti's. in > >m - m sasui 
relatiou of apprent 
ing a recompense for their 
Childhood. A> a ijener'i! . 
their twen'y-first year this 
be considered liquidated . 
their judgment and characters are mea- 
surably matured, and they become fit sub- 
jects of national govern rn 
has. therefore, been generally ad 
uniformity. 

4. That which deprives the subject of life. 

5. Prevention of crime and the amendment 
of the offender. 

6. Rewards have been attempted. 



7. The rorta:nty of the punishment shook] 

j from future aggn ss 

8. Want of Lh* test of experience io fnbri- 

iham, and als from the 

Dm tK 

- and Bug- 



ia 



i IHCUts. 



U and imperfect The 

:. quinary. 

increased in numbi r ind i'a- 

inded not 

number but in perfection. 

11. I" cised with 

ng ignorant persona and slaves. 
13. I i swav wnd ooiwsequeul want 

.. r ami government. 
U. a no - struc ive inundation. 

15. Because human capacity can percei?eno 
limits to the mm i 

16. 1: n o vast for description or 

i t.«'ii. 

17. The* are equally «ndefinable--aU infinite 
or inomupn beusible. 

ia Profuiinil humility, and the necessity of 

ace ,.n Diviue revelation 
19. 'liny afiurd no comparison whatever, and 
are as notions:. 

; resumed. 

21. The erea't lemrth of life o( the an'rdduvi- 

. the present average 
about twentj a son ordaugn- 

■ i lu- twentieth d< grec 

rary. It is eat 
that if all who have died within nine nun 

now alive, tl <■ 
population of the earth would sink into 

compared with what 

• Because that article would then precede a 
[■.int. 

22. I - and novelty. 

23. n • so. 

s some 

..in a deep, full and ad- 

t>f my various 

. n iy con- 

! my country, and a 

ad unwavering sense of my 

i mim»n Creator. 

26. My hum «1 mm«s*ea\ if not 

e the Bar 

■:> inbution. 

■ aveu, to submit our 

28. It should mak*- them cautious and prudent 
■ 

lieu will iocs 

\ of the 

. at ue. 

and fifty-two 



. other 
\ number 



pound may cool am several distinct proper- 
ties, but nut Kparatt unlesa aualvzed. 
37. Various— different Several— divided asun- 
der. An a; pie may be divided into several 
res but not var ens i>< cause all alike. 
ite Dissimilar— unlike. 

Though our friends are dtjtrrrnt persons 

they may not be dissimilar, because they 

a mble each other, 

39. cue hundred and t wo (108) year*.— The 

tane o\ commenting tin- tower might not 

bave been exactly simultaneous with the 

tune ol OCCUpj ing !' - 

ia Genesis I X 

41. The son «.f Cush. ;,,„] great-grandson of 
Noah — Being i.muI ,.f the chase, bis hunt- 
ing expeditions had prohai.lv led to the 
■ H -i mi.' beautiful plain of -siu- 
nar." ami Ins ambition and influence to its 
colonization. 

12. His great age, and especially his don attic 
pursuits, wi re unfavoruble to roving am- 
bition; furthermore, it is reasonable to 
suppose that Noah, with all pious persons 
then living, would not be concerned in 
any dereliction of duty, 

43. Because We STB expressly informed else- 
where ol the national location of other 
tribes or hordes. 

4t. In the valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris, 

now embraced m tin Kingdoms of 1\ rsia 

ami Turkey. 

45. 2>wmno- ( /— distracted by factions Divided 

— separated. A community may be very 

disunited before \\ submits to be divided. 
lu. Other reasons are expressly assigned for 

its erection; and a.s the deluge had co- 
vered the tops of the highest mountains. 
they could not have erected anythiug of 
sufficient height and strength to protect 
them from another inundation; and had 
their folly led them to attempt it, they 
would have laid the foundation of the 
tower upon the summit of Ararat, and not 
in the midst of ihe " Wain" in Shiner. 
4~. No doubt us principal object was to estab- 
lish a lame. Other intentions mav also 
have been entertained— as a rallying point, 
defence, presumption and pride, if not 
idolatry. 

48. Babel.' 

49. Coufusion, unintelligibilitv. 

50. The vanity of wishing to have but one na- 
tion and on. 

51. lie si-:nall\ defeated it. 

52. It increases such power. 

53. !t generally decreaaei it. 

51. Several An entertainer — our host gives 
luxuri dents of psrsdise 

— *'l i . . --• him '" People 

— Chi Tavern- 

keeper*— the host furnished him lodging. 

SB v < - " '! ',•■ ini keeper saj i ol the travel- 
ler, he lias a :id 'he traveller 
inulord, he has a kind taff." 

•it ion. 
tliddeu into either anarchy or dee- 

• iii. 

■. <• thought that it implied merely 

I 

bat one lan- 
nave been 
thousand 

bundrad and fifty- 



10 



APPENDIX. 



seven (1757) years: hut various authors 
have estimated it differently. thm< 
tuagiut version, A. M. 7>. Samaritan text, 
1006. English Bible, 1666. Hebn 
1716 Joseph us, 858. Volear Je wis 
putation, 1900. Hales, 8-19. Uah< 
Calniet, KM). 

62. Geographical d, visions naturally insur- 
mountable; as impassable mountains, 
broad oceans, <tc 

63. They appear to indicate that then should 
bt: numerous nations, and i 
menta. 

61. The natural rfistanre from the seat <>f sr<>- 
vernment occasioning difficulty and delay 

tdative and < xt culive inti 
wiili u. c remote extremities opposi 
elusive objections; moreover. the more 

ve in" region and people governed, 
the more exalted the ruler; ami it appears 
evident thai the Lord designs thai homage 
should ii' »t be paid in any mortal man. in- 
asmuch as those of tin- greatest power on 

earth have had tin lr plans most signally 

Nebuchadnezzar, Alexander, 
Csssar, and Napoleon, a liu attained at one 

tunc Ihr highest pinnacle of earthly fame. 

were most signally aliased, and closed 
their earthly career in the must humiliat- 
ing and abject condition 

65. They have failed from thewanl of virtue 
and intelligence among the people. 

66. It is undoubtedly the purest ; but compar- 
ing 'in influ< he world 
oi her day, with «>t,r own inflaen 

world : day, the l mted States 

is not the must powerful, but is fariufenor. 

67. The enjoyment of morality and n 
under a good government 

\ XI. 
i TO piom. itc the permanent happuc 

prosperity of its subjects. 

2. By concentre ing the opinions founded on 
the local information and intelligence of all 
the members ol the nation, the truth, pro- 
priety and equity of the subject and* r ths 
cussion are elioiu d. and correct dedu ti ins 
and decisions may result 

3. Under Christian governments whei 
people elect their rulers, and hold them 

onsible Tor the abuse of power 

4. Undoubtedly there were persons of physi- 
cal strength and mechanical al 

. r ). Nimrod, their leader, in particular. 

6. He sh.mld possess vigor, intelligence, and 

virtue. 

7. Undeviating piety. 

B. ii is obtainable by all. 
9. Such as were distinguished for valor or 
ot her public sen 

10. Nirarou. 

11. Moses, in sacred hist ory. informs us that 

Nimrod was a mighty hunter, and became 
a mighty one in the earth. 
That written in conformity to the inspira- 
tion of God and contained in the holy 
Scriptures: 

13. Because the a's then precede vowels. 

14. They were generally arbitrary and vin- 
dictive. 

, As is usually the effect of su:-h laws, they 
hardened the people and rendered them 
refractory. 

16. They produced sectional hosiility between 
them. 

17. They rendered them luxurious, effeminate, 
and corrupt. 



Generally; find the illy ape 

They most as.suredly do, I 

. though 
- theui 

lid l»e likely to 
ame'ioi 

i 

: 

tain. 
[I 19 Ui, : »Ut) • • .'i!v. 

iliarly the mark of httlem 
meanw 
Matthew 
even as your Father which is iu hi 

The latter. 

. er. 
A rt Cord of 
Hero.:, 

1 1: -tor, | by Di- 

v ne revelation. 

I le is known with certainty of the 
early history of tins empire, from ; 

until the jo.., 

i;s. when i embraced the poj alons 

in i Babylon, i 
• renowned and powerful • 
world until during tic 
i 

and marc led his army in the bed <>' the 
oder the walls md cap- 

• lie city and its 8 npert.r. 
The luxu y, voluptu 

Anarcl 

ineni with all 

■ 
I ron t 

• dd no 

." 1 S Oil VIII . ?. 

Aud Smiuui 

i un o thj ho d to \\ 

18, And sal. I unto the children Ol 

: .in,i dehvt r 

OUt <■( lue hand of 1 1, 

ol the h and of ail kingdom* 

day reji 

you o,it ol' a i \ our . 

tribulations ; and ye ato hnn, 

1'at i nciial, a govern 
a I .inn, 

teal, ecru nz hythi . 
of fon. under an am 

man. 

Jinij ial excellence or mi', 
valor. 

reditary km^s are u 
from i . 

Comparatively few have loved or made 
Literature the r pursuit. Nurrouijued by 

ami tla tery, ■:. I ,n the 

vutues ant laleuts of their mints 
cabinets, and ;. 
gion. 
Tney wi re very limited. 



APPENDIX. 



11 



46. 
47. 

48. 



• i is. 

S 
- the n irrow bounds 
c feated 
thirty .hi- kings, and AdiMUl 
I . i 
. 

■I monarcha to transmit 
their pi ■ 

- 

their nobility. 

- 



by 

A: i 



er- 



>t' nil mankind from 
the earliest ajrea,and theimmeuM yotfthe 

u hunger and hum 

: (taxi and drink, so 

- re i«t immor- 

i u rni y -i being tor 

».\ ami ambition are its 
j foundation. 

ind the prevention of 
a ir r it desirable; aud the 
aheritanee serves to keep harmony 
and pence ial 

their !> ta alike 

thedtt- 

r indus- 
try .nnl economy, in order I 
that are hound to them by the t. 

All poll are the na' li- 

ra! and inalienable ruins of the people, 
aad all ralera are only temporarily ein- 

f)l«.yed by 
:uto hereditary des- 
.;,d tyranny. 

-pec r . by 

Inder I 

'. eu exhibited 

sometimes ifbus^ it ; 

> dele- 

1 irre- 

- lo the people. 

:i;itnml resu 

to imp < -neuce 

The raien e are the employers 

- 

• • punishment. 

. n^e the oflinal pro- 
; rm no 

- - 



arilig, 



nate. re- 
■ graded, and I 

■ 

i 






y bleed* and 



ponded in tl Napoleon ; and it 

battling him thai England incurred 

: enormnoa nation d 

beyond 

endurance, and shakee the foundation of 

her guTerument 

• en Chris- 
!. and the tfUcation 

oaled. 
" ■ 5 

known attributes; yet in the completion 

niits the unholy 

u lo subserve hia overruling 

__ plan ' - insrrutable pur p ose s . 

mimandinc us. (winch may be oou- 

uatimially as noually,) 

lo do onto othen a-; are would they 

should do unto us ;" he has prohibited the 
indulgence of diacord and strife, and thus 
virtually interdicted them and their effects, 
ome intelligent, to 
• ar. they will 
Buffer thennelvea to i>e led 
promote lh< 
74. Among many other texts, we have the fol- 
lowing- Isaiali. n . }. And he shall judge 
anion- the nations, and shall rebuke many 

people: and they shall heat their swords 
into plough shares, and their spears into 

pruning-hooks ; nation shall not hit up 
sword against nati thai] they 

learn war any more. 

lesson xrr. 

1. The following aider is prohnbly correct : 
1st. The institution of marriage. 2d. The 
punishment of crime. 3d. Then 
of ihe righJ of proj 

- have generally retained their 
ice, bal varied esseutiu.iy in their 

details 
3. Marriage is generally rec ignized, hut in 

.rainy is allowed— va- 

lowed in one country, are in 

another punished as crimes. ; 

and tvum generally aanctioned is. in some 

places, : >ra community ofpro- 



l"n< 



fttdoubtedly. 

La formed hy holy writ, that he in- 
stituted them and commanded their ob- 
and ii., 
- ii of murder 
m.tte<l m the very infancy uf the world. 
by Cam, •• by tlie 

- ipon this kn 

Of the JiissiI,, 

mid ix- led t i spondin^ 

penalt • - 

• ch would probably liecome 

■ 
bly div 

ad and 

In ;m< in mo lorn, \ i- 

At t ..• 
11. As the sal 



10 



28* 



for rest and n li ions worship, onT pursuits 
should be religiously devoted to Iti 
Physical relaxation is absolutely neceseaiy 
to the perfection of our bodily hea 
a necessary prerequisite for those rel gioua 
exercises preparatory to that eternal sub- 
hath to which they tend. 
Several powerful nations have renounced 
the Christian religion, profaning the sab- 
bath, but they have invariably met with a 
signal overthrow. 

14. The pro gress of civilization hasincri 
their number and ameliorated their rigor. 

15. The refinements of civilized life, an 
cially the inflnence of Christianity, have 
measurably extinguished t. 

life, and subjected men's ; 
to reason. 

Though m many minor details they are not 
adapted ro the present state of improve- 
ment, yet then- fundamental princi 
on the immutable basis Of jusl 
must be reverenced and copied hy the ad- 
of man m all Coming 
time. 

17. in the Pentateuch, «»r tlrst live hooks of the 
Old Testament. 

18. They are based OpOO them, vnrymr. of 

. in conform 
tune, place, character and i 1 

1st urea aim t ( . imitate th< 
our judiciary consider laws nugatory a hich 
clash with the Divine law 

20. Because th< y - i ine m- 
ition. 

21. Tins iv one ( .f the exceptions to the rule 
thai hn befa i 

sometimes of Saxon or < rn < k ongtn; in 
both cases it h la an augm 
in-— Hn- Latin >n. which - I 
word for "a. o "disionally r«-i .» i ti » its primi- 
tive augmentative dh sninr, bui 

m is always inseparable, i 

adjective of which nn is I 

used v. ithoul i's pn • M\, but 

in Lutin on, m 

paratery ; il often ha 

\\ hich are inseparaiile in i 

parable in the languages from which they 

an- derived j on, id me 23d line, menua 

weighty, and has an augmentative n 

The man was m imminent damn . 

ther instance where i»> fbrnu a I'-rt of the 
adjective, yel il has not s negative mean- 
ing. In both of the latter examples, an is 
ol Latin origin. bn is only one <»f 'ho 
many instances in which words, In -heir 
modern usage, have a meaning eitl 
different or even directly oootrary t<» their 
ordinal signification. 
Coudition or sate of being; as society, 

condition of many in a community. 
I 23. Im, a prefix. '/V. an affix. 
21. Prrfix, placed before. Affix, added at the 
end. 

2.\ State o' hi >n>/ notorious. 

2(3. Slate of being valid. 

27. The prefixes and affixes are not uniform in 
their meaning. 

28. It has not. 

29. Il is not 

30. it is a constituent paitofthe primary word 
or root. 

Usually before original roots; some words, 
however, contain two or mi 
affixes, as con-sub stanti-o&ry. 
Notoriety^— knowlfdift and • 
no'oriety of the position that 2+2=4. Has 
valor has become a matter of notoriety. 



36. 



■ 
be step 
itf. Fbmutb—i 

tides >is. I.a- 

tl* b pr isent different. forma. The - 
the episcopal church. '1 hi 

forms. Kvnporai forms 

salt. Drmcmg, man' 

tj'im n ,. 

drcwing timber. An 

youth from virtue He succeeded i 

ing profi! by the enterprise. The - 

and mviohbiUty. They worship* I 
tacre-dn 

Engagements 3 — 
lids. Sac.. I ' - 

our entire attention 

in several cttgageTnents. Deeds, several — 

I 

We shall be judged by onx4ttds\ 
le Latin word 

m< .in either I 
or t.. corse. 

'a unabridged Dictionary of 1818, 

mennii 

in rlv used in I 

I 

- 'orr the prill 

of t In- 
to burn 

r>f mouth only. 
: by cer- 
tain ceremoni" 

pxsiui 
the gnmior 

It to lh. 

:i«. the »j rnbnl of the 

which is delivered in p esencc of w 

arknoMi f i«h m i he , 

made nhli?ul 

> to man. but the fn . 
the decalogue has mnde the 

DUgh Mi»- ei'y ••• 

ire not ends 
surrounding a 

Many of the considerable cities of the 
eastern continent have < itber fur ific tlioos 
or rates, rs Paris, Pekm. Ac . btk] s uns a oa 
our own continent, as Nlexic i,Qu< 

- ion. vet. 
■ 
MCtkm. 
It meaus 
on or upon the i 

n is ih- prefix of an sdjec 
- 
in^, but when ./; is the prehx of B verb or 



APPENDIX. 



13 



f 



tally has 
word m- 
i ad from 

vd ami 
glyphics, 

i 



i 

l 

n civil rule and 

lici.il ami executive, 
ami ass depart- 

ile functional 

etrica] rhyming of sounds ; 
FaelnMoftyseutuuentii metrically u ritteu : 

! tlOO, 

c oiJ, yours ;.- 
Poetry— 

-( nrnf>T 

58. Over or down. I 

I raw — 7Yaa*»Atlan1 c, a the \il.m- 

I • mix tlirough- 

■utru.v 

modes of o>mmemo- 
uf it 
61. Moses, in writii • 

i ulic.al officer in temporal 
• ! nmdia- 

- 

- 

r i- an 

7 limit. 
• lite. 

66. An_- 

"icites in all 

'1 hey usually . 
.ion! 

•miis to this as 
well as " ieral. 

f il aud 
tUsatpuletl people con 

Those 

I 

tioiw, I' - 

■ 



71 
72 

73. 

■'> 
77. 



M . 



• 



Muvcmfrit — tms was an importaut slrp. 



- "lit nsfrp. G'i't—\\]< 

- •!>• tJqmiother, die. 
7a In common; no one bavin* claim or the 
s >t obtaining a permanent title to 
irticular part. 

buiihug, fishing and using son- 
taneoua product 

II BUg- 

v, and to which they 
- and boundanea oil their se- 

s ~- 'l I harmony in - 

that • 

;• km.svn rik] observed, .,,',,1 , Vrlv 
• nl of Ins 
tsive patrimony. 
83. The uiatun d produce sr 

v, which 
required other and different ru 

derive their sustenance, either di- 

or iudirectly, from the earth, it .* 
thai ;i majority in all . • 
-.•■ their tirm 
culture; an, i reason and revelation alike 
thow certion 6ir 

■ implishmeni of vital objec 

asion and enjoyment of 
proper g imulaul 

"i hum r exertion and unwea- 

ried labor; li< .,.,11,, t,he 

1 si nuinbera alwaya resulta from the 
le and permanent of all pro- 
ng open for competition and ihe 



>. by ezei 






0:. 



1 I industry, men! their enjoyment. 
. generally resulta from an 
extravaji aristocracy. 2d. Ina- 

rmauent 
lenders aupinenesa, indolence 
ami depravity, ami ; \» duino- 

I'hc undue proportion of 
seed by the proprietaries in- 
ks rule over the popula 

legrada- 
■nd its uaturaJ attend 1 

id-marks, the 
Limits of their estates. 
From removing or obliterating those unuV 

by tracing the rxact course of their 

- can be found 

.:• land- 
unually h*; by 

\ hyphen. 

. W ««ri to unite 
compouud wo 
the last ayllabli of a lim 
room) ' q liable of the 

■ 

them ; ami adjstiuc! artioula axi □ 
requires it. 

■ 
1 11. the 

1 

1 



14 



APPENDIX. 



96. That they were fictitious, and that the 
works attributed to Homer were in fact 
the production of several wandering song- 
sters. 

97. A famous Latin poet. 

98. Tillage, or their industrious and perma- 
nent improvement. 

99. Affection for their children as their own 
" fle.sh and hlood," joined to ambition for 
the fume of its accumulation. 

100. Necessity. 

101. At death, the law of nature would permit 

the property of the deceased to revert to 

the common stock, the eagerness of those 
at hand to grasp it would occasion strife, 
and tin; quiet ol society be disturbed; to 
prevent this disturbance, the law of inhe- 
ritance was interposed 

102. Peace, exemption from external commo- 
tion; trow] mil if ij, calmness of mind So- 

- w:ts (r/nif/iiil in his chair, while 
Xaullppe very much disturbed tin 
the room. 

103. The whole body oflawi relating to the 
rights of proper y. real and personal. 

lot. Need, \\;wii Necessity, wan r , indispensibly 

pressing;. We ere frequently under the w- 

of going without thai of which we 

stand most jq ntni. 

io. r ) Lin a,', to Ughi upon somethiu 

cover, to find what before aiisied Gut- 
temherg morales' the ait of print 
lumbui diet onentd America 

106. Permanent, enduring Fixed, firm. • 
ushed l !>• use 1 i>nt 
not verman 

107. Patrmiouy, right <>r esta'e derived from 

I iL'hl or 
derived from "'.<, person. 

108. Devisee. l<« quests, u ills, tl ■ insti 
by which ie rscii b are b qu< 

]<19. P roperty, as there used. ;.nd otrwrshtp are 

synonymous. 
lio. nights, indisputable titli privi- 

1< rgea to which we are entitled I j 
111. Compose, to put ■ ■ . ;m- 

thoritativn ly t<» sanction. 
112 Code and book of Unas, aa used, Bjnx nymous 

113. A negative, equivalent to not. 

1 14. 'I be same. 

115. Very incomplete. 

116. Cer ainly not 

117. (Juforesei u ea gi i 

118. They h;ive been changed from time to 
time to conform to the exigence i ol Civili- 
zation. 

110. New pursuits, di s c ov er ie s, inventions, im- 
provements ami the prugresi <■; 
tion. and especially the introduction ul the 
pacific ins- it u ions of Christianity. 

120. Jesus Christ. 

121. In the New Testament 

122. Injustice would cease, and with it all its 
penalties and their infliction; arrogance 
and liMUsrhtiness be succeeded by modesty 
and meekness; universal politeusss would 
be practised; true prac icaldevotion, with 
cheerfulness, supply the place of austere 
bigotry and gloomy sanctimoniousness; 
broils, sedition, and retaliation no more be 
indulged in; and "pence on earth ;md 
good will to men." pervading the world, 
the grand millennium would commence. 

LESSON Xill. 

1. The generally-received account of all past 
events. 

2. Unerring, undeviating. Infallible, exempt 



from mistake. A uniform course may be 
tin/mug, though directed to a fallible 
issue. 

3. Extensive communities; as states, na- 
tions, iiC. 

4. A noun. 

5. Of the plural number. 

6. See Lesson V . Question 4, pages 3d and 
4'h of the Appendix. 

7. By changing y into its. 

8. Commonwealtha. 

9. An important proportion, literally half. 
10. Always, when used as a distinct pre.it. 
li. Because that is its uniform cb i 

sll standard authorities. 
12. N'-wu-cireie. half a circle. Se/m-quaver. 
half a quaver. .*y/ni-rluid, proportionally 
fluid. 

l^. before, previously. 

14. Aiu:iys. 

15. Pre-mise. to put before. P re- o o\ 
believe before /Ye-destinale, i 
to fix 

i»v in its most eitended application it per- 
radee the no 

1~. l! er 'hm? in ani:i 

.- more emphatic by dis- 
tributing the in- saing t i 
individual. 

10. It is not on! 

•I the institution 

20, Tin- : latter general] 

in nir- I i it m r than Oemtit. 

■ 

.'•:i ,n social virtue might i 
i' iitii. 
23. All history proves the imperfection of hu- 
man nature and it* prune— to sviL 

law. 

I formed for society, and that 
he must live in society to answer the and 

for which he was « ; 
A man mav therefu i 

i nay be strict 

l>it> and right, syn >nv- 
U 
lack. 

lsliuicnt sad not wrnit it Hist< 
thentic and d gnined nam 
a simple nai 

■ u w ithin those 
pcntnl.' . want of physical or 

inefficiency ans- 
ing n malformation. 

2T. For its comprehensiveness; man 
■ ric term lor the human sj„ 
28. 'I hai man. in embracing social 

relinquished .: portion ui his natural rights, 
20. It is not. 

30. Inasmuch :is man was formed f f ^ society 
by his Creator, the laws of naUl 
made in accordant 
Jehovah, a:. d man never did and 

n any rights independent of his 
t reator. 

i! : condition the horse is m pood 
s in their 

case. ContingcHce — circuital 

runmia'icnl inflect ion nf nouns. 6lc. 

32. Not in every point oi cqn 

33. '1 ley are burn of 

color, form, robust, sickk. Ac . 

34. That they have equal claims to the pro- 
tection of society, and equal pr.vilege of 



APPENDIX. 



15 



ireil for mm i 
The n 

s 
. i>iurr"s labor, or ap- 

• 

. - thai mutually 

- . 
tier. 
9. 1 hey may. I I MltlWOQl 

1. The weak would he liab 

from . , K \ boH from lawless 

as hare attained the 
dowd \\ ho have regarded most the 
Divine law or its cardinal principles. 

3. Undou - of many of our 

• 
tion, but frequently the closest scrutiny. 

it, and 
MSted beanie we 

a in tliein. 
Many ut them from time immemoria l, and 

others from the organization of the na- 

^< of their representatives 

m hole hmlv of the population, 
Ding all aires and both sexes Citi- 
zens — those freemen entitled to sutfraire. 
Governed and rubd, synonymous. Laics — 
rules of government s'atu'es — written 
M ::its. EnarU ' by pub- 

lic decree. Made — fonned in any manner. 
Synonyms — ev 

and rui irvtions 

i. framing, conie.de- 

. means tne lanr^sr possible 

ers allows Vt boonsin 3 

represe: legisla- 

itof the 

- 
>: the senate. 
- ile sen Is two 
- 

ers in the house of 

- entitled to 
sen r 

rani to the whole number of 
:.ius double the number of 

in lred and s x • 



era who 
i - 

mce. 



he does n»t hi 



oa 



ea 



to on the bark of the 
bill, which d being t law. 

i nee it originated 
to. When a bill, after n has been vetoed by 
the President lered by i> • h 

uonty of two- 
i house, it ' 
law, 
86 In nasi 

. will hereafter 

tinu i 

representation in lb in! to the 

largest - 

se all the Cmtt ttoraare 

. . hut by 
slatures of tl 
snd !:;• s of the men 

raid be 

• 

neiubers of the 
the Union. 
The United Stairs senators are always 
: by the State legislatures for the 
term ol s.x ye irs (unless Other* i 

i vacancy occa- 
sioned by death.. vc ) ins representatives 
in oongress are chosen directly by the 

. usually for two yeni i 
S lorn, if ever. 
71. There are many different opinions even on 
the most important subjects, and one of 
the excellent traits of the constitution is 
the freedom in the expression of senti- 
ments. 

pots, like all other human tribunals, 
is liable to err. and consequently to pass 
evil laws; but if the people are intelligent 
they have the power eventually of recti- 
fying the error. 

. .-e laws are often passed by one cou- 

f.iul repealed by another. 
he wisest and the best men. 

75. Generally speaking, they are the worst; 
and i lie history of the Roman republic ex- 
hums m s striking manner the danger of 

itors. 

76. Man the most promi- 
m D — B people of Rome wilh 

the dm s - luxuries for I 

IS Hiea- 
i re ihrown u ind festi- 

- to the people. 
bat. Li 

iwer thai 
em; lor. in return, th 
lie, in their - I <1 tbe.r 

oi iutoricating 

. uiik r to 

philanthropy (muu u 

onor: bnl ei 

rimiuate 
1 1 aggrandize- 

77. Undo 

ML, t.otli at home 

• i smoug 

I "f Lhe 

■ 



16 



APPENDIX. 



no nation can consider its liberties safe if 
a m ijority of the people are ignorant. 

79. That no one has perfect liberty. 

70. With the utmost fidelity and patriotism. 

80. In the people. 

81. Power given bv the people to one of their 
number, to act m their place, and to the 
best of Ins ability for their advantage. 
The word deputize is never used in Eng- 
land, but it is in common use m America. 
The English call this word, with some 
others that are used only in our country, 
Americanisms. 

It returns to its grantors at the expiration 
of a stipulated time. 

They have been the slaves of tyrants- 
preyed upon eSM3h other m s - 
anarch v — and generally lived without the 
full enjoyment of the blessings of Chris- 
tianity. 

a r ). Education in its most comprehensive sense. 

86. Because the Americans sue© ssfulty re- 
sisted the most powerful monarchy of the 
world— that they formed a republics!] «:->- 
vernmenl granting perfect freedom in the 
enjoyment of civil and religions rights — 
end because thither the opp re sse d and 
trodden-down millions of Europe look for 
light and for freedom. 

Thai BCieUCe which : rents of the r« s 
duties of those Who make ,, r ad 

the law, and those who are governed by 
it ; and generally of all the privileges and 
immunities of cilia 
, An art is that which depew 
oi performance, and sci e nce thai which 
ih pends on abstract •■<■ prin- 

ciples The theory of music is ;i science; 

the practice of it an art. 

S aies iii winch the exercise of th< 

reign power is lodged in representatives 

elected by the peo 
90. Greece, in letters; Carthage, in com- 

ini roe ; and Rome, in arms. 
01. because the fact isgesjpntlly conceded thai 

human nature is the same BjOSJ 
always has been 

because the reasons th:it produced the 
ruin of Other republics may. if not pro 

Cerly hi Of overthrow our 

iiion 
To prevent their own subjects from desir- 
ing a republican government, and thereby 

retain their own hereditary power and 

property. 

The large number of people m the Tinted 
States that can neither read nor write— 
the prevalence of Atheism, and 
quently the want of moral or Christian 

principle, would also endanger oar liber- 
ties. 

95. Their immediate personal interest un- 
doubtedly bads them to wish for our dis- 
union and overthrow. 

96. As philanthropists, they are interested in 

the perpetuity 01 our institutions; but 
either not rightly understanding the true 
tendency of our republic, or not wishing 
to offend their sovereigns, they generally 
extol their own governments and dispar- 
age ours. 

We should always be tolerant ; it is the 
nature of man to err; we may ours* Ives 
often be in the wrong, yet think we are 
right : our institutions allow to each entire 
freedom of opinion. 
, The want of moral or Christian principle 
among rulers, and the ignorance of the 
mass of the people. 



99. By enormous taxes to support in masmifi- 
cence hereditary sovereigns ami 

100. Because all power is lodged with the 

ipte. 

101. 102, 103. (See the Biographical Tables in 
the latter part of the volume.) 

104 From the Latin, palmn ; it originally mennt 
superiority, victory, or pn*perity. The 
branches of die palms were foratarty worn 
in token of victory. The palma wesadopte I 
:ls an emblem ofvictmy.it is nud 
the In 

rise and recover il i 
. se it denotes 

the plenitude 

106 Literary and moral or Christian i 
p)V a combination of people distinguished for 
firmness and solidity "f union 

108. Christian education imparted to i 
divfeJ 

109. To promote the happiness and prosperity 
Of all. 

110. They are iii theory, and they should be 
preemineu 

111 That we not onlv praise our illustrious an- 
t tliat we iron 
in notions, and exhibit the Iran? 
of republican ii 
112. I o imitate their wisdom, and aim to trans- 
mit in unsullied parity the incomparable 
iiislit ut ions they ton 
lit i hey should he pun Ij republican in their 
character, and then tendency tin 
I uMtical « ii 

:auity. 

LESSON -\1V. 

1. DUsjm BDfsjcta to 

Ik- by one another I/trtptahfv signifies 
having no regularity The iitparitu Im-- 
tween David and Goliaa 

render the success ml the forn | 

the conditions of men is not attended with 
a corresponding tin n happi- 

2. J'jnnnint is rm : jt in- 
cludes want of know ledgi 

from the highest to 

is not 

alw a\ > one's fault 

in its application, but it i- gt 

U rm of reproach. 'I In poor 
is an object of pity, b t In 

For tiie 
signification i 

' ndtx. 

3. It would tend to render Un 

and all would tin u :e riaii'a 

It is now used as a noun, and deu 

\ Jiiou we 
would sil ally retain. Qml means to have 
that to which we return BO BM 
widows phans quit their houses 

and relinquish their property to I 
oonquerunji 

5. To re.noui.ee all claims of being his own 
judge, and of inflicting punishment u,«>n 
others for real or sup|>oscd mju 

6. Precipitancy, the want of kuowli 
talent. 

7. To force. 

b. Jt is the substitute for a noun, and has a 

plural siguihcai on equivaii 
9. Admmutter is generally 

sense. Thus nar.Uin adm.n- 



APPENDIX. 



1? 



isterrr: I | isl bad 

fallen asaona. 

contr - : il] ( -v ,,r man- 

kind. 

ti.Mi r 
K». Many; Ul Spma % a a . Men 

■ nin the hishesl 

i _ 

od or third rfn. 

- 
boodn 
fa re ac e . 6Ui [a .. 

s 
slrumeii s - I'ue 
. on ther- 

s 

s Liquor forms 

l injC (bushed the 

- 
dry- 

- 
sht>Ui . • -;ivur of all to 

- 

, ; :u are happi- 

- 

terra Law 

I it.- i or 

_ ; it now 

- 

SOU \ 

custon - 

It may. 

• • Law of 

LatioQ, all 

it ice were 

to ma - 

- 



As 



relates to what has long been 



ran than custom, 
al y done. 

f preceding one. 
•i ? 
definite and may be 

I. Ml 1^ 

p! "I.I. , ,' ,|. | ,.| 

the Iniencan army, ami for wisdom ami 
: President 

. 
n the beginning of the 
U r unsuc- 
liia country. 
23. The fee lint* of loart and bead ara m- 

cerued ui n - 

.!«•> rarely have 
HlUC mil. 

em 'in,',i bera 

i implies 

• 
aidi d nas. nal i >ii 

r know- 
II • . I j 1 v 
x . >v\ m.Ur 

rucled Lue master i<> 
I lirn in the mibt plain ami 

thorough m inn r- 

I filings ; 
I MMlS tuilv I 

I 
art- unsubdued their coontry cannot i»e 
calleil conquered, two ujli ita armiet arc 

inny and perfidy of Rome. 
2d. 1 h«' iUmttruMi risea far above the ceUbmted 

The u ■ . philanthropist 

Howard i> rendered ilkutriotu by ins many 

%■ Addicted to vicious stra- 
its means Uisi 

. of faith, 

i.iiun of hostility !!.• had 

pursued tins ni*t<itoiis course for a bmg 

■• ben, one day, ! detected bra 
an l ch:irxed liim with it. Imt I di<l not 
know the (oil < x nit of ln> Irmchtrij tor 
uonthi / ' ■■ ' 

persons an I 

only. The former is 

the latter for public and 

alphal ■ 

m y 

- h il| ■[ ened m the pre- 

>• - rury for 

Vl(»i' '■'< I 

1/ d:if 

ll 'if II. Is 

ii :. 1 1 in : n M 

. IO I IlO II It , — 

• 

i ill <•■> lie 
i 

I , Dumber, 



and d mensh ns ;— itmform, of correspond- 
ing fitness. Voi r bones are roual in sire, 
but not uniform in r«dar. [figuratively, 
e<7?/a£ applies to moral qualities, and uni- 
form to temper, habits, character, 
duct. Oar friei d "* habitsare an 
his sense of justice is not only equal to that 
of his neighbors, bul he i> mora exacting 
of himself than of any one else. 

jo. fo»/vr is the neneral term ;— stomal h is a 
mode of power. The strength of a oat.ons 
armies often give r Lite /"/(/•(;■ to subjugate 
a neianboring weaker si i 

jh. See soc ion 10. 

, pso takes ofthe nature of counsel 
bI'okbMm r. and has n-.thiiu: «>f command ; 
— hut dictatt amounts to even mors than 
command. I will chet rfiillf follow the 
coarse vou prescribe, but.al the same time, 
I cannot suffer my brother to dictate tome. 

18. Method is said <>t what requires contri- 
viinrc;- Arorfe, of that wioch demands 
prartire aiai habitual attention. The 
swordutnster U ..< sat* of 

holding the foil, an method of 

Hi. ii tuis and warding. 

39. fbnn is tlie general term, cmmon* iaa 

ilar kind <i form. 'I he nmmi u»s 

uj Mhhi mmedamsm n ■ very 

curious light to ■ i luainted 

with its i< > 

10. Equally means alike ;— • 

'I he latter - ,! "» •'">' '" ll n 

mural sens.- By <•! serving the 
movesoreva walky oonvinced 

.and the 
• ..I :i|| it> pai 
Otl er. 
■11. Ottjeci sanities that for which Wfl 

i mi \> more general, implying the ouaeonv 
matiou of oar a isl.t ■ and endeavors. w a 
cannot propel lv accon plish any ot iectvi ith- 
out kc< ping the ran 
42. Honor is the approbation conferred on a 
man by other?, comprehending 
materia) tok< val ;— <//</n»/|y is 

tin- worth or value audition 

The acceptance nl i nred >«>- 

aera mther diminished than inoraaaed his 
sAjmiy. 

LESSON XV. 

1. Of the necessary or fundamental law of na- 
tions. 

2. P r in cip l e is applied to thefadioal parts of 

tlimus ;— precept, to rules lau' clown. A 

prece pt supposes the authority of ■ supe- 
rior:— a principle, only an illustrator. I 
would impress it upon >.. 
never toimbiba prmerpfes without 

ing exannnalion. 

3. Both convey ihe idea of superiority in the 
countenancer and ranctioner; hut sanc- 
tion has more of authority. P e rson s are 
countenanced : things, swtrtiouni 
cannot gancton Ins acts on account of their 
shantelefsness. you must not expt 
ccuntenona him. 

4. Change, implies a substitution; — after, a 
partial diffi rencc. To pursue your journey 
in safety, you will have to Chhkk your 
horse, and alter your wagon. You will 
<-»ase to he lespec ed. if you do not alter 
your Conduct and <haii(ji your residence. 

5. Of the positive, or intei national law as 
comprised in treaties. 

6. Monarch refers to undivided power, hut 
does not define its extent; — e a venign , to 
ttie highest degree of power The extent 



of the dominions of fully en- 

titles its mtmarch to the Bfl 
7. C(.vtt?t is a'wayaapi lied lomatu 

sonal m'ens . *tly to specula- 

tive opinions While John conifshd with 
the landlord about the charms in the hill. 
Ins father and I duputtd on the advantages 
of Koch contention. 

Hiii and display with expn 
tmii. and mostly to please ourse. 
• > mostly taken m a good, 
different sense, and bad one 

To say nothing of his aimsani and ctai- 

trtnptuous demeanor, a 
emptiness by candy personal adornments; 
hut a l'i nth lean <r>i)f,>ts his sense hy ;i 
near dn ss and unassuming conversation. 

9. See section 3 

lo. Agriement appliea to rrasasaefioaai of every 
description, particularly lo such : .- 
tween individuals [-—covenant, to compacts 
n communities, commonly to na- 
tional and public C" : lenii*>- 

t( Dliat Ms mi t the ne\t i . 

mrrtrmnii and concluded the rotrsffsf. 

i n implies am horitat 
—support is a stronger word, end 
teal help and co-operation, hut i 
require authority. The Presideul sane- 
ed by the 

* on per- 

things or persona On account 

restricted in his quarterly allowance 
hy his father, Henry's power to squander 

ed that the necessary 
forethought exercised m providing for his 
daily wants taught him frugality. 

13 It leaves each one m ttutu MM ante Irllum, 
hi which it a 
the VI ir 
1 1. See section t. 

16. We a nam that 

which : notice. 

All rational men nckntWttltje l he exist- 
ence of God, and * I 
tns punishment to 

tor from 
• hid. 

10. Abolish means to l< of former 

nee ;— abroyalt dn away 

with any thins; ; abolish is a mon 
proa . ; positive 

interfeiei.ee is necem 
ish is en.) loved h ith regard lo 

luthorized 
transact loon of mankind. Althoi 
Britain abrogated hy w;ir all claims to the 
frit ndship oi her i 

tinned peace has abolished the unnatural 
enmity between the In 

England 

manna the art of g ro w ing or 
coming together ;- 

• r I lie act of |mh;i[ 
things into one. 
and union > : 
hapjliuess <>l mankind. 
IS. To impair is . • i njuring . 

An injury may take place either I i 
or by an it - 

straining our eyes, wa impair lh< 
blow m urea them. 
section fifth. 
on is always used m I had 

• asion in which 
one has recourse to Bona; screen or shat- 
ter. Persons who wish to justify Ihim- 



APPENDIX. 



19 



stelves in a had rinse have ret 

- 

•-• .«f not 
flfend. The 



are < 




p 










. 



23. 



■ 



aa 



■ 

. while 
every depredation is a robl i 

The march of 
tfceaTU irtntda- 

<-n 6. 

'.-I is in 

- of par", in! using. We must 

employ whea «re use, bat we mar employ 

ea to i>er- 

• 
• 1 will nn/V/-> dollars a 

. -u to use your owa 

..d wrong in general , — thfcrrtio* 
in p:iri icular 
raart Judgment d. 

• am. and 

Sraoust 
■ much mora 

-' up by 

• . rede the island *'• <*reat Britain, 
I 

racial lustruc- 

r-.al re- 
Hce, the 

• 

. d to take his 

danoi 

•n 7. 
The odyoimng must I r>art ; — 

• ntirely on one 

■ 
I 
These words are e- 

- ike of a 

- 
- 

tins sanction 

■ 
rears af 

u$n</* ; I 



V m 



■A out ; 

•>. it' not 

■ the. cus- 



32. 



a parti- 
All shn*, ' 



» 0f >i»n to tt—Ooo 2J, Lrwos XiV. 



mar !•< 

a regards 

Kid the commercial won rather, 

ind bark. 
in common - name — 

:';. 

D sailors 

I 

instruc- 

i Hud that they 

were 1 b known 

to b, 

33. Pr\ - u> the future : — f urni.thrd, 

! him with a 
. bed, in order 
that hi , n ../ | fef Ins 

jour; 

34. Of 

■ n of retirement or 

• • of inferiority 

- ■ low porch 

and through a narrow d oo rw a y, we de- 

:n 1 were soon 

far U-maih the surj i irtn, 

36. Lean ■ a more familiar word tiian per- 

-iven me 

iiinn's holdly, I 

- k leave in 

tt ," 

• in signification ; — port, de- 
terminate. Harbor affords little m -re than 
the kk inchoring place, 

hut port oatn nctoaure. 

.'. on the 
storm . ursaed her voyage and 

r. ;m 
33. M an mm h more than circum- 

MtmmhaL A errcamai ml gives 

ah 1< ne omits 

- 
with the <ir.-u*U(nntial narration of John, 
hut the mmute description of Henry af- 
ictton to all. 
or tit tor a friend ; — 
J r molly, like a friend His dJBpttnJfiOB is 
as anucuble as nis in.iiiiier is friendly. 
40. I'ursuc m is prosecute. 

Both mean to eoatinue t 
rule, or in a particular manner. In prose- 
cutin,; 
down in this book. 

- i mark of p 
the presence of Btlu 

ith uiso- 

: id triumph, 1 might 

• 
I 

- 

D 

■ 

I, hut the 

. fulfilment of 

• wo indiVHlua.s will terminate 
in a mutual good Ul l>etween 

I 
i 
rank by pers 






20 



APPENDIX. 



45. See section 10. . 

46. A demand is positive and admits of no 
question, whereas a requirement is liable to 
be both questioned and refused. It is un- 
reasonable to require of a person what is 
not in his power to do; and unjust to de- 
mand of him that which he has no right to 
*rive. 

47. Commensurate is employed in matters of 
distribution ;— adequate, in equalization of 
powers. Unless ;t person's resources are 
ad'qwtte to tbe work he under' 

will not be able to give his assistants a 
commensurate recompense. 

4g, See section 11. 

19 TitM is the generic term, and is taken fc» 

the whole or a part :— Sao* m m- 

portion of time. Ecooomiee your nave, tor 

vouth is the season of improvement. 

50. Ormtdemr is the general, and ma<;wfierncc 
the particular term ; they differ in degree 
when applied to the name ohjecta, magni- 
ficence being the bigheet point of gran- 
deur. Such wealth as falls to the lot ol 
litany may enable them to dis; lav oeandeur. 
but riot hint: short of a princely fortune 

gives either title of capacity to aim at 
LESSON XVl. 



2. Word is generic and term specific ; every 
term is » a 

determine s word* ; arieejoe 
fixtw terwu w e behold the grammarian 
on the nature of ejorat, and the 
philosopher weighin 
liiic U rm$, 

- what the 
man. I- iat « Inch til 

the case As l bad oulj brought with me 
money enough to n 
my journey, l scan s | km •■■ h • ■ 
in this enteryenrff, I bad the 

kindness to lend me IU 
4. See eection '■!. 

' is negative in meanmu' , and accu- 
rate positive. lnl'oi in.atlon \scnrrtct wiien 

it contain! nothing hoi facta, nn I 

Winn it embodies a vast number of details 
b. ( 'owUenance ■ three , t ?. 

ami indefinite. v\ hen a good mai 
himself countenanced bj the Aim 

to act witii rigor and sutler 

with patience more than human. 

7. See section d. 

8. ausmssthm that which engages our atten- 
tion; concern ia wlial inten - - 

prospec s.and condtiaon,advantageouidy or 
otherwiee. It is the bu± n 
to manage the concerns of his client to the 
best possible advantage. 
i>. Factor is used m a Limited, and aijent in a 
general sense. An agent tianaac 

sort of business ; a factor only bnvs and 
sells on account of others. Attorneys are 
frequently employed as oujen!s to receive 
and pay money, transfer estates, «vc ., and 
sometimes to" bring defaulting factors lo 
account. 

10. See section t. 

11. To bear is to take weight upon m« 's self; 
toosrryis to move that weight from the 
spot where it was — consequently we al- 
ways bear in carryiug, but we ^ noi al- 
ways carry when we hear. That which 
we cannot hear easily must be burdensome 
to carry. Bear, being confined to personal 



service, may be used in the sense of carry, 
when the latter implies removal of one 
body by means uf another. The bearer of 
a letter is he who carries it in his hand. 

12. The idea of a transfer is common to both; 
the circumstances under which this is 
performed constituting the difference. Af- 
ter having had judgment rendered in his 
favor, a creditor may authorize the magav 
trate to empower the officer to proceed 
■gainst a debtor. 

13. See sec' ion r>. 

14. Uoth exclude the idea of chance, and pre- 
suppose exertions directed to I 

end; but while obtain may include 
ertiona i>t n irticnlarly 

used for one's own personal eiel 
man obtains a situation through the p-com- 

mendaiion of a friend ; he piocu,< 
applying for u biau 

15. To make known is the idea common to 
both, but while we may declare 

we can proclaim only in a public ' 

man declares his opinions m society on 

what the government has proclaimed 

through the news,' 

■a & 
a is applied to what is seen forcibly, 
mind ;— 

striking upon the m 

ishing or 
in it. 
MOUS applies more j«:irt . 
magnitude, ainl oa [usntity, 

ami number 

calculation, but the enorm 
magnitude not onlj j known, 

but every thing thought of on 
\\ nen we reflect upon the vast number of 
, rovided for the later 
Roman cmpi . wonder 

at tli 

•a 7. 

■esaw, bat 

■ 
motive, and n motive 

when buy with 

bad principles will h 

in w 

may be led to coiun 

I in history are innumerable; 
the most noted are Sylln, Manila, 
sar, of the Roman republic ; Danton. Ma- 
rat. Robespierre, and Bonaparte of the 
;a ; anil Arnolu, of the Ame- 
m republic. 

country shows Lhal those who are lite 
fondest of human butchery and war are 
the greatest tyrants, and, hk« Nero, they 
He and llaller the people till they 
obtain powai. 

WII. 

1. Enromjtnss means to bring withia 
compass formed by a circle; . 
means to eft) 

or indirectly, without 

. ricanountineal is sur- 
rounded by oceans; the earth is 
passed by tlie atmosphere. 

2. Apprize is derived (roan the French prtser, 
and ad means to prize, to ralue, and us 
synonymous with apmram 

to set a value or price upon ; a n- 



APPENDIX. 



21 



i apmris, 
iiinl means lo iufbra 

and t; 
lied. 

* m 1. 

■ ■ 

from t:,e 1 alio tf an . n - . - 

- and brought . 

sas 
n band lo baud ; — deoanys is n har- 
ulauns kind of trade. Traffic 

■ at a Jjs- 
.ii matters that 
admit of a variation. 1 1 - 

in produce, but his trcjhc is exten- 
■ 

lies solely 
' i ade. and is generally verbal ; 
— but a combrmct mm d and le- 

gally < i 

s ' 
. thought 
it pr A contract. 

:i I. 
12. Refuse is unqualified and accompanied 
with a 

le aud indirect form 

_ in what 
from motives of dis 
but if further pressed, we re/use. thus ex- 
ig our disapprobation in a more di- 
rect way. 
11 B</h words imply direction of sound to an 
object ; but naming isoonfim d to 

* sound; calling i> said of any 

soutx : without 

namms. but we canuot name without call- 

■ to attract his 

my other manner, I coUUd ; 

: nnmrd the books. 
m 5. 

15. Agreement is general in ita application. and 
appln - • descrip- 
tion A simple agreement may i>e verbal, 
but a contra*-; \b d legally 
execued. The boy paid lor the 
cordii.- cni — the man, fur the 
lands a mtract. 

16. Three nouns, three i . • rbs, two 

iciple ap- 
prove .. 

re, in the G3d . adverbial 

casing to be the same ; 

urn. 

■ 

iker neighbors. 



r .. nanfe, Clone u ♦■in . ■>'■ :. in i:i« < "inm hi 
transactions of life. . 



s 

i 

us work al the dosing of the vacation. 

a T 

22. The mm mprehension 

of the Drvim 

■ 

it is the doty of each one to aw 

pn vent until 

N win. 

to l. 

2. T< n the Bible. 

3. The dist 
m 1498. 

4. It is Car more enligfal 

i 
usbed — and U end in- 

tercourse now, would, by the people then 
l utterly lmpos- 

m 2. 

6. Tiic oppressions of monarchical m 

i -the innate low of rational uberty— 
enterprise and philanthrupy, wei 
the causes; but tor a full account of this 
absorbing b i 
of the Uo 

?. It was hi the highest degn 
prison ment, the meet excruciating 
ami the most cruel capital punishments 
were liable lobe inflicted in every country 
m Christendom. 

8. The universal dissemination of knowledge 
and the possession of true Christian prin- 

9. See section 3. 

10. Exa m pl e s are set forth by way of iUustra- 
tion or instruction ; rffffftmcrr are adduced 
for evidence or proof Every instance 
may serve as an example, but every ex- 
ample is not an instance. The Romans 
afibrd us many extraordinary insi 
devotion to one's country, bul ' 

ample* in must other respects are not to 
be follow* (1. 

11. Existing designates simply the event of be- 
ing: 9n 

of the mode and deration oj 

subsist 

f»r years is a mark i ; 

12. & « s< ctiou 4. 

note than ea 
Apprehension implies am is 

hnulitl lane i • • 

dent would prevent lion from ai i 
- important p | 

ill human 

diniis. 

■ 

I 

i i i 

■ 



22 



APPENDIX. 






feated. He was baffled by the volubility of 
his opponent, but not defeated, for his ar- 
guments were unanswerable. 

18. See section 6. 

19. When things are spoken of. embrare re- 
gards asrtcresr.ite value, quantity, or extent ; 
—incbuie, individual things forming the 
whole. Besides embracing a commentary 
on the constitution. this book inrludes a 
great number of contrasted and illustrated 
synonyms. 

20. Renal means pertaining to a kinp, — kinofu, 
like a king. He sits in regal state with 
kingly mien 

21. Of the machinations of English emissa- 
ries, designed to foment jealousies among 
the American colonies. 

22. Multitude is applicable to all kinds of ob- 
jects, a' res! or in motion; — ROOTS*, to ani- 
mals m a moving state. The passing and 
repassing multitudes of a great city have 
been, not inaptly, compared to stearins of 

bees 

23. Jealousy* the fear of losing what one baa; 
— fnnj is pain fell on 

possessions of another. Ming the ens* of 
all nations, America should regard kingly 
interference with ext reme )<aimisy. 

24. The indignation and resistance si 
throughout America by the pass.; 
Stamp Art. 

25. We 6*W from innate capacity, but support 

by means of ; I had borne my 

misfortunes with manlhu ■ for a long time, 
but was ai'out being overwhelmed, when, 
by taming to the Bible, I was not only re- 
assured, but effectually s upp o r ted. 

26. Lite expresses more of reseablaace than 
similar. Willi respect to mere questions, 

many books :ire fnUl'ic BO the American 

Manual, but. if we consider the Bmrgmal 

exercises, no work is Mr it. 

27. See section 9 

28. Pennant nt is bv n<> DJM -mvo as 
lastina. which is applied to wIm' 

post d to )h' of the longest duration. The 

permanent occupation of the conquered 
Chinese provinces would have been a last- 
ing disgrace to the Britisfa name. 

29. Convention and nvelino are more nearlv 
synonymous than most words of this class ; 

both signify en informal assembly 

ventions. In-wcvrr, are called to discuss or 
propose some matter of domestic or politi- 
cal interest, while mnttThjs arc held by 

those baring common business to arrange, 
or pleasure to enjoy. During my length- 
ened sojourn I enjoyed myself verv much 
at social mee tings , and had also tlie plea- 
sure of attending several conventions of 
gentlemen, held to take into consideration 
the propriety of repairing and restoring, as 

far as possible, the beautiful Gothic ruins 

of the neighborhoodl 

LESSON XIX. 

1. See section 1. 

2. Several; 1st. May is the fifth month of the 
year, according to our present mode of 
computing time. 2d. The legal vear in 
England, previous to 1752. commenced on 
the 25th of March ; May was then the third 
month in the year. 3d. May is metaphor- 
ically used for the early part ofli'e. as " I lis 
May of youth and bloom of lustihood."— 
Shakspeare. 4th. Afay was anciently used 
in the same sense we now use maid, and 
meant a young woman. 5th. To gather 
flowers— as, the children went to May. 6t h. 



To be able— as. " make the most of life you 

may." 7th. '1 

may happen. 8th. To express m\ 

mag we never experience the evils of war. 

9th. To have bherty—zx, hemiv go home. <Vc. 

i is used in its w i 
tended sense; it usually del 
four divisions of the year, ;.- 
Summer, or autumn. 

4. In many; 1st Sourre— as. the prmrrples of 
action. 2d Foundation — as, on what prn- 

can this be affirmed 

truth — as. the principkl of mora 
Tenets, whether true or false— ;is, the prm- 
aples of Christianity, the prmcip 
hometatusm. 5th. \ 

is a principle in human nature to repel in- 
stil - - 

5. Prom infrmoe. which is derived from the 
Latin in and J'ramjo. 

fi. See section 2. 

7. There is more caution or thought in con 
entering, more personal interest in rt-jaril- 
iiv) Hoys have often regarded dm 
business as the sa na ikim; a 
fortune, without having duly considered the 
numerous liabilities of fa 

8. See seciioii d. 

appraremre — as. 

- 

slot ajov er nja 

tritf— a rough 

rm, Ifh T.rtnnal show — a.s. 
'• having the form : 
rt m o ng n a. if is a mere 

determinate shape — sis. * the earth was 

without form and void." Tih / 

•• he took on him the fbraaofa ■ervant,"4cc 
in its meaning. 

and applies to a complex 

form is generally applied to individual nb- 
i mr tgsiem oi government comprises 
i forms of in" 
cracy and democracy, without In 
either despotism or anarchy. 

i» the La- 
tin <U and pendeo, and literally m 

deo, to hang, de, from ; and when the oi>- 

ject comes after the rerb, as in tbi 

the preposition following I 

depends on the nature of the pre) 

n b, and whatever hai 

any power is consequently dependent on 
that , red from 

the bat in sub and srrvia, and literally 
mean- nre, SMS, under; and, by 

a parity of reason, whatever ear* 

any power is subservient to that power. 

For a further illustration of the am 
propria*.- pn positions in fbUowing verbs. 
participles, noons and adjectives, see the 

latter part of the A ihoold Ih' 

borne in mind, that many words having M 

prefix- 1 1 l>e fbilowad by par- 

ticular prepositions, and thai tin n 

casional exceptions to the above rule ; but 
a correct observance of the mean 
prefixes will t>e of much w 
mining the succeeding prepositions. 
12 See section 4. 

13. See section 5. 

14. Because convey is derived from thp I-atm 
O0H and vtho. winch means to carry; and 
whatever is carried must necessarily be 
conveyed to some pit. ntly to is 
always the appropriate on 

Question 11 of Lesson X X 

15. Prorotjue means to put off, and u 

the general sense, deferring for an inderi- 









16. In 



- 

ittonal as- 

w&mnm 

- 

rtghl line may l>e hon lieular, 

• i the horizon. 

law 

the just 
laws 

beir own 
-. the ri<jht 

1 " ?! I. 

Most w.iv from St. 

- 
outward side- f a piece 

-as. u Let 

i :eil a st«»ry right. 11 h. 7Vr- 

• 

■ni your 
i> in" t he 

(if laud. 

il. civil. 

thorn i - 

criminals. (Verb.) l?th. To do justice — as, 
torvjht a:i injured person. 4c 
IT. T : .t mi »rs, an 1 

wer by the km?. 

is occasionally used m a more CTtendod 

22. In tbe pi M rise, namely : wise 
men— as, ■ Groves where immo; . 
taught." In the singular, sage adi;. 

.a. nations. 1st. The name of a plant 
used in cookery and miliar, 
soned ; r He drinks swje tea" 

2d. Prudent— as, " a sage counsellor." 
3d. W"t.« — as, " sage ai\\ 

23. A patriot -»un- 

:: -ports and del 
and its inter' - n mean: origi- 

•s to fight in the 
e, a hero; 
a brav- •.<• hold in Con 

rally and fkuralively ; as " a champion for 
the tr . 

SSON XX. 

1. By tru ' • -s, Oct. U. 1774. 

3. The prttenrf 

r is not so 

• 

»ut the 
liter. 

th l;ne. 

7. Restrain means to I 

yood a certain pitch ;— suppress, to keep 






I from coming mto no- 

illg in public. The nouns in 

tins msi ,. difference aa 

■• be nnclit injure bit c 

I had apprehended, 
ion 1. 

MOIltV Of 

mind, r«- ,i or imaginary, in the « i 
and implies hatred, and soinetim s 
--ctnitempt, or the act of d< 
by Dr. V 

• a moan opinion aflb 

thai ;i thing iuaj l>e ton conteni 

i is in some 
term. 1 treated his insaliou 
with mi 

ded linn with iinmii!. 
10 See sec ion 6, 

ral, and c m 
transactions ut even description ;— a com- 
ii communities, 
i 
made :iu agreement to discus 

>n B. 

ire the lowest parts of anv structure, 
undation lies under ground, i 
stands above. The ftmmda urn I 
ports some lar?e and artificially 

"ids a Bim iIq pillar. 
xsu of the low monolith marking the 
: the large elm-tree, under which 
William Penn made, with the 1 
tribe of Indians-, -the only treaty never 
broken.'* is a plain square stone. Hut few 
of the Grangers who sojourn at Philadel- 
phia ever visit Kensington: fewer >',ll 
make a pilgrimage to the above humble 

memento of an art so i'ar-rearlun- m its 
conseqm ure.N ; bul none neglect Mia: mag- 
nificent '• home of the orphan." Cir ml < ol- 

Lege, which stands on a firm and massy 

foundation. 

nn and rrstrut are : 

buns of ite- same verb, they bavi i 
a distinct acoepta ion. Restrict applies 
only to the outward conduct .—n strain, to 
the desires, as well as to the external ''on- 
duct. Bern? much restricted in I 
annual allowance, he wat 

Strain, Unwil] 

§:..r d. splay. 
non 7. 
16. Erpervncc may mean ei'her the act of 
bringing to Light, or tbe thing bro 

-trii! ugnmea the act of trying, 

from try ; in Latin, tento, I 

mine, search Kxp'ruwi, or in 

has been tried, serves to had us to moral 

truth ,— trial, being in prof 

character of uncertainty. I will 

know it to be 
. e x per ie nce, hut I an, 
' i 












24 



APPENDIX. 



armed, defied the robber, retained bis seat, 
and kept bis money. 

19. See section 9. 

20. Change, in French, rhongrr, is proba] 
rived from the middle Latin, enmbm, to 
exchange, signifying to take *ne thing for 
another; altn , from the Latin, otter, an- 
other! signifies to make a thing otherwise. 
The scholar, in using this book, is at lib- 
erty to change any marked, or in (act any 
oilier word or phrase lor another, provided 
that by BUCh substitution he does not ma- 
terially alltr the n 

21. "In tins manner," or "on tins wisp." 

22. Revere is denved from the bat in re and 

vereor, and means to regard with fear min- 
gled with reaped and affection ;- vene ra te 
is from the Latin eeissror, and means highly 
to regard, reaped or esteem. A 
noeensA maj be applied to human beings. 
On account of their character and endow- 
ments, m spp icable to inani- 
mate as well as animate 
ought to venerate all truly k<"><\ men while 
living, and to rem n tin ir tueinur 
they ere dead 

23. oi the meeting and of the 

iid continents 
21. '• 'i imc ami again,'' •* again and again," and 

" more than 
25. Several ; 1st fl m will 

soil your coal a ilh duel 

tinge as, l o 

;kl In farming, in /< 

gown has an N '. tam*h 

— as. Honor brooks imi soil. 6th Mould, or 
upper si i nium <■/ i a oil ot the 

west. , oid rich, 

7th land, country as, w « l m our native 
soil 
2G. s« e l ' . Question I 

div. • d words m the 191st, 

192d. 193(1, 19 

206th, 208 h. and 209th lin< 
Bidered definitions ; the designated word* 
in the 189th. 194th, L96th, 197th, l99th,2U2d 
and 207th hues, may he considered syno- 
nyms ; the designated words in I 
196th, 200lh and 210th, maj be o 
as words and phrases conveying m 

meaning of the text, yet tM WOIUS UBSd 

are neither definitions nor synonyms of 

those marked Strictly speaking, t htrt- 
are no synonyms in section 11, but if one 
phrase conveys the same meaning thai an- 
other phrase does, then those plira-es 
would be synonyms; phrases, as well as 
words, may be synonymous, and for ad- 
vanced pupils, composing at proper tunes 
synonymous phrases OoaatltUiOS a most 

interesting and useful exercise. 

27. The two most important battles were the 
battle of Lexington. April 19th, the battle 
of Bunker's Hill, June 17tb, 1775. 

LESSON XXI. 

1. July 4th, 1776. 

2. By the Representatives of the United States 
in congress assembled. 

3. The proposition was made June 10th, 1776, 
but confess wisely took time to consider 
the subject in all its bearings. 

4. See section 1. 

5. Destroy is derived from the Latin de and 
stnio, and literally signifies to pull down, 
to demolish ;—<iisso!ve is from the Latin 
dis and sotvo, and mean* to melt, to disu- 



nite, to separate. The former won 
denotes violence, the latter may b 

from it ; thus, Merchants often n 
dissolve their partnership and destroy their 
cm | 

is derived from the I^atin >U end 
c/arus. and means to make know 
bsh ; we m id of mouth or 

by writing. Avow'n from 
votfo, and m< 

knowledge and justify ; wi 
..or si word of moot 

vidua ~ arc war; individuals 

avow theii seutimeota 

con-: .1 2.) 

•rmer elucidation, Leeaoa XV., Ques- 
tion 16, Page 18, apj 
13, 1 1. i 3. 

!— gay, :urv. cheerfuL Trivial — con- 
tempt, bu triding. pelt) . » me mm 
liouslv iijhi ami airy without < • 
hinia i uier. 

; 

— injui 

. Iz-sson XVJI , 

' lldlX. 

ot many Clesea>--eelected, but t , 
may b< 

teat 
iilatiam — reducing to nothing. Dr- 

BtrudUM of a U"U><- mat I 

a tornado, but its m >l annihi- 

I ■ 6 

Emolu- 

solartes. 

li. many stales in th - 
perquta 

mines deceiving others for pur- 
• >r ambition ;—ot/tn 

1 the company by : . 

his conversation. The merchant, sa his 

. forgot he Was 
w Upon the : 

:is applied 
to manual apparatus. ; In their 
application, /< "'. a contemptible 
instrwnmt. a useful auxiliary. The tools 
of the mechanic are the ms.rnm>nfs of his 
A brawling politician is the toot 
of an intriguing den andid. or 

an eloquent and ingenious orator ;• 
instrument in effecting the objed ofa party. 

39, 40, 41. 12, see section 9. 

43. riuntlrrftl—ciirrivd ruthless 
lagea — stealthily obtained 

conquered citiea, and rapa- 
cious soldiers pillage their private dwell- 
ings. 

44. Brethren— men social like brothers. Bro- 
thers — children oft lie s;tme parent 

ral tnothers may be brethren of the same 
social fraternity. 



4?. It was 

men ami children, burnt " 

Committed ' 

innocent 

■ 
i 10. 

may 1» 

a 12. 

9i d1 Cre- 
ator; ' I who sustained and 

upheld out 

SS N XXII. 

- v th«B oufHnr. The 

latter comprehends, only exterior parts or 

ticolari isome of the 

Ik.uik! d winch the .* 

curat ively. ' . 

. :t, lo l>e pe:: 
your • 

. as there riven, it siirn: 
tcntr. to compos?, which is the - 

I, it generally 
select and pot »>>k, or 

of dn r - tod ar- 

range separate papers, laws, or COJ 
a ho -v system. 

4. The artic - ration. 

5. They an re un- 

:i had do! l>een dis- 
posed of in any way by the British 
bat, heme within the e> 

- ;' the colonies, these lands 
pas s ed ooft of the possession ol 
along with tin 

of the United States m the manner ex- 
plain* The term \ 
main has been applied, of 

- ran Republic. 

and southwt | and territories. 

and are statedly sold to private individuals, 
B, at the 
minim 

bbc aoo- 
aeld iii the neighborhood of the 
- 

6. Advantage reap- nnsic 

mor, and r.inve- 



aaiiml-iy kl an i.iv.i 
/arrif' 

Case It wuuld have 



1 find 
: great 



ed a ludicrous | 



8. Adteu is the French ' n 

elliptical form of / comm-mL 

fou to God. Hence its u»e for Jareuxll Jn 



■ 

i 

• from one 
inge. As 
cannot be d< 

proxunation lo it. the latter baa I • 
»ly in.- former in this an I 
folio ■ 

S 

12. 1st. To j w ascis 1 Imfa pen festenlay, but 
have mislaid it. 2d. To m 

- 
quite different from the way in which he 
hmi it. 3d. To be urged A 

• 
til the ulanning 
father. Ith. To conta in T he 
I, bill it d»il not 
rims public. 5th. 1 

; three hundred dollars a ■■• 
i high price t 

13. < omiiioii d.ui_. i 

14. \t the time of the Declaration of Ri 

\6. By the title of the UmleA States. 

17. Admit is a general term, and has but a 
complete 
d its* if, and its meaning ■ 

1 was admitted inl 

int. and rerj eased by 

my In end. 

13. '1 inadequate to the 

i nation d government. 

• CBOSe tlity form a compound noun, and 

ted by hyphens, winch 

show that the words are to be taken to- 

ier. 
'• \ a.nlv," "to no purpose," "without ef- 
fect." 

In the congress of the confederation, dor- 
imr the lutionary war. 

and thnst umediately fhtlowing. 

At Mount Vernon, the residence ol I • 
w ashington. 

■ dent ; manit - 
world; publicly known ; known to (hsad- 
• ; hence almost always med in an 

and bo d . ba therefore m iy 

: f>r notorious 
rime of which you -;eak would ap- 
more stfartap, and il not bt 

mitted by Mich a m I 

21. '1 hey art- not. / 

all the individuals composing tbi 

ii. and si-riutii-s 

the ii. a) 
25 Thev are. The t«-rm 

m l in njatheni 

win. 

i liberty and the common law of 
gross OOJ "Pif— as, 



APPENDIX. 



Deeds are often rnproswd on 'parchment. 
•3d. To talc- in undue quantities — as. Rulers 
sometimes cnaross the power of the peo- 



ple, <fcc. 
4. ft v 



wns a mark of more respect, and carried 
wiMi it more immediate authority; more- 
over, it would be disseminated among the 
people by means of the newspapers. 

5. See section 2 

6. It is ;i iiguratcra expression, and means that 
it should be read in a prominent place or 
places, so that each and every individual 
in the army might understand it 

7. There are two kinds ;— first, an a ggre gate 
corporation is any number of pen ma au- 
thorised by law to act as a sniffle indi- 
vidual, or any society having the was] ca- 
pacity of transacting busmen at s single 

person. Corporations have usually the 

power of filling vacancies that occur in 
their body ; hence they continue forages, 

unless otherwise restricted. Si 

sole corporatioa consists of one person 

only and h ,.s a bishop. 

H. See section 3. 

'.». Whok is used substantively here, and de- 
notes the w hole h Ulg. 

10. From the British ftuiiament. At the tune 
of the revolution, all forms of • 

in thi> country 

that they sr< re in RmrJsnd In the Bn i>ii 

Parliament all matters of great importance, 

and ettpectslly those which efiect 

body of the people, sre usually n 

a committee of the whole 

tin? rules of Congress, at the present time, 

are essentially the MM :ts thOSS of Hie 

Parliamenl of England. 

U. The cliaruiau Uf the committee of the 
whole ri-es ; the speaker of the BOOM 
re occupies his chair ami calls the house 
to order. It may be remarked here, th it 

commi t tees of the whole are sometimes 
very noisy and disorderly. 

12. 1 he sense of i he en!i:e assembly is bitter 

ascertained. The members are not re- 
stricted by parliamentary usage, because 
each member ipeaka as often si be plessai 

13. See section 5. 

14. To avoid tautology. Matters, bj used in 
the 90th hue, signifies the entire bosinesi 

contaun d m the resolutions. 

15. Because to is the appropriate preposition 

which should follow Ottght: COStOOi has 

sanctioned the use of tkomld without any 
succeeding preposition, and the addition of 

to in the latter case would be ;u> improper 

as its omission in the former. 

16. 1st Instate ready — The minister m 

paiin-j his sermon. 'Jd Ibjb — The farmer 
tapreparmg Ins ground for the spring. 3d. 
To adapt — The author is preparing his 

book for schools. To provide — The ants 
are prrjMrtfW their Winter supplies. 

17. That it might be written in proper form 
and with due care. It is the business of a 
committee of the whole to discOSi simply 
general principles and block out the work. 

18 It is, both in this country and in England. 

19. Because the resolution, on the 10th of June, 
was not passed ; but was, by vote of con- 
press, held under consideration No reso- 
lution can be considered passed till it re- 
ceives the legal sanction of a majority of 
an assemblv. 

20. Of. 

21. 1st. A tool — Axes, hoes, and hammers are 
instruments of husbandry. 2d. Subseri'unt 
to tlie production of any eff t ct—A bad man 



is the instrum'itf of rum to others. The 
distribution of the S l iy be an 

vistrunvnt of extensive reformation in mo- 
rals and religion. ;kl. .4// 

— A rlute is a musical in*/i 
law a irritnti) contain 

— A deed of conveyance is an instrument 
in writing. 5th. Applied to persons The 
governor, the agent of the British crown. 

mi instrument of oppression to the 
colony. 
22 Because congress, previous to t lie a! 

of the constitution, only one 

body. 

23. Adapted is derived from the Lstin a 

and signifies to fit, to make suitable ; adopted 
is from the Latin ad <>pt<<, and m 
to take or n 
one's own. We ha ■ tajitrd to 

our wants. The skilful husbaudina 
all modern improvements in agriculture. 

24. Nee section ft 

2o. Monianent — an outward and visible remem- 
brancer ; memento — a mental, oblique inu- 
endu of memorial A hint, a significant 

wink, may bt ut solid mate- 

rial", are necessary I 'ion of a 

mmnimmt. 

it on. 
is derived from the T-atin offendo, 
(of ami fendod an 

Bt, to insult, to hurl, or wound ; — an- 
:i 'in the l.a'm awjo, and - 

of the mind, excited either bj real or sup- 
posed injum s. In ' 
rions, ; eu rery a u aa r f shoot 

- .ml are notunffi 

trifles 

and atujry should be usually fol- 
lowed by irit't before persons, and at or 

' in all other < 
2!» In its ii, ; or compreh- 

30. A i ill., Question 

11. I lit. 

31. Charyod whirlpool on 

the .-oast of Sicily; it was ancient 

it. on 

longer dreaded by n 

quasi i t<» h ive moflh dirain- 

isik d its viol, n.-e its present o 

int of the ro<-k ScpUa and the whirl- 

' harytniis see osl die- 

tionary. 

32. AsUstvs w a fibrous mineral, usuad 
white or gray color. Tin- finer b 

have been WltlUghl into g 

which are incombui 
formerly used for shroudi 

now employed in the manufacture of iron 

safes. 

33. A trope. A trope is a word or i i 

used in a different sense (rum what it pro- 
perly signifies ; or a word 
its original signification to another, for the 
sake Of giving lift or emphasis to an idea. 

34. To s.«ners, in the 186th line 

35. Treason 

36. They are usually so considered, and in the 
eyes of the British government all the 
leaders of the Revolution were guilty of 
treason. 

37. A trope. See answer to 33d question m 
this lesson. 






3S. A metaphor. A metaphor is ■ wo 

5 
S 

_ i bv the brail 
ss . 

ny that 
occurred duri 

.'ii by American t. 

l\ and of CoL 
tiled. 

\X1I1. 

ie preamble. 
i 1. 
a .<. 
mean to afunaflWa, iimjwm with 
I to the mind, and estoMisa, with re- 
ft report is con- 
repotatioo is est 

plied to things more immedi- 
■ . . 
oomprehenda welfare, and likewise all that 
v father is 
natur 

and b cperienoe avar- 

pmty through life. 

kken from among others, and 
•%• (1 with 
VH c maj 
choose a book out of two. Put we - 
from a p;trr. . . library. 

7. Distributed is a general term, meaning al- 
lotted to several; — apjjoifioaed signifies 

a wise 

prince apportions to each of his minis' ers 

an employment i oited to his peculiar qaaU- 

.e business thus distributed, 

proceeds with regularity and exactitude. 

8. Actual is applied to the thing done ; — ual, 
to the 

I real u> i he imaginary. 

Put few, 

if any, rtnl object* of compassion among 

tself. whether told or 
• 
" Baring the pnvdeee of a vote om that 
qut Ml — " 

10. Class n order. Men V>e- 

r order. Dunne 
worthless 
class, from all orders, obtained the supre- 
macy i as possessed 
■1th 

. only for a time, 
action from ' ; — tran- 

sient, 

: i tiie moment A transient 
glance will show the ndmg on 

a St.; rary. 

the inten- 

■ 

.i>mj by a varn 
juuietiria bo . ... ■ . r . '.• ■ ••■ ..•-. 
H Jafaeaer ■ jen»-ral. and nearl) a lied to 



very careJe-v» i 



- . — comfort, th( 

line ill 

our >■■ i 4 or bad, om 

will i . 

naval 

t:i these 
amen 

mj >< utiiuei I - 

. and. Peine limited to no 
- quantity, may be la 

dl place, aacfa 
ad bj a spot or 
dot. l.r instance, "I know the pl/icr 
where my ancle a buried; but, ai he was 
interred by strangera, who neglected to 
mark his grave by a atone, 1 am unable to 
designate th< 
17. See section & 

lb. fttony a ny crime which. }>v the ancient 
law. incurred capita] punishment Bread 
peace— any disturbance ol the tran- 
quillit] i ither with n 

the community or an individual member 
ol i" - are both general, in- 

cluding several particular eases or varie- 
ties of crime. Those guUty of Jekmj arc 
public offenders, traiton to the common- 

tO society in an nnini- 
iicut degree: those guilty or simple breach 

8*001 have offended in a less BggTa- 

mannerand agamal a smaller portion 

Bty. Murder, arson, dec, are Jdo- 

nirs; assault and battery, riot, Ac, are 

19. Spctch — harangue, oration. D'hntf — dis- 
pute, controversy. Speech is the abstract 
term, and primarily implies utterance ; de- 
Ixitc is concrete, and signifies both apeak- 
utar and disputing with others. \ 
simply an address; a dih.it? iaoj 

tested diacosaion. A speech maybe an ad- 
dresa to an audience; mdebak may he a 
discussion before an audience. >', 

me, rfahati two or more speakers. 

conveys no allusion to contention, 
but aV a \N.ir of words, and 

sometimes angry strife. 
•• We use great plainness of sprcrh." Paul. 

"Behold, y< | mil debate." lsa. 

20. Office siffmfies either t In- duty performed. 
or the situation in which the Jul 
formed. An - I t.is*. or BOUM 
performance; — B chnnje im 

ability ;— we have always a «n< thing to do 
s ' . look ■ii> r in 
ing youth 
ir more importance than till 
any civU mag 

Used in reference to tin; 

■ 

: ' he a at is <!•■- 
th to the wealth and the morals 
• cowrinnatiow 

LESSON XXV. 

o, cotupouni 
Uteral una manner , 

I h^ more 

mpreben- 



28 



APPENDIX. 



John, who is ;i good scholar, an excellent 

draughtsman, and Lfaw jc an e.e^ant pen- 
man, was also with the party. 

3. ll means again, -rvecomudcr, to consider 
a tain. 

4. I means to. Je/journ, to [or till] a day. 

5. Adduce, to (/rflto to ; eqjuin, to join *o ; ad- 
rnir, to s^nd /o; advert. to /ur?i /o, <fcc. 

6 It means not. Disapprove, art to aj'prove. 

7. It is prefixed to the prefix ap. 

8. Dmgree, noi to aqr<r ; duallow, not to al- 
low ; disbelieve, not to beluve ; dislike, not 
to lite, Aic. 

9. It means before. Provide, to #c/ [or make 
ready] before. 

10. Five, as follows : rr-j twice, 

and rc-am-sider and its variations three 

times. 

Re-con-dncA, [duco, to lead,] to conduct 
hack, or again ; re-om-vey, [veho. to cany,] 
to convey hack or to its former place, 6lc. 

12. See section ft 

13. A mawffsto ; which is a public declaration 
made by the siipn me authority of the 

slate, setting forth iti claiming 

nghi for itself, and appealing to the civil- 
ized world tor the rectitude of ita 
U. See Leeson XVIL, Sectioa L 

15. live, as follows: provide four times, and 

promote once 

Insurrection is a general term; r 

in i good of tconrding to the 

nature of the power against which one 

rises up; rebellion is more specific, and is 

alw ays taken m t lie had sense of unallowed 
opposition to lawful authority. 'I 

reckons in America, at the beginning of the 
revolutionary war. were i natural oo nse - 
quence or the usurpation of unwarrant- 
able authority by the Bntiah government, 
winch wm pfeaecd to style them rebellions. 

Some political truths were maintained by 

those who engaged in the insurrection 

headed by W at T> ier, in the reign of Kich- 

ard li . but their movement failed because 

the body of the Knulish | K 

verse to them and their principles for ob- 
vious reasons The rebellion winch cost 
Charles I. of England Oil lite, pn | 
the throne is an insecure scat even for a 
comparatively good man. 

i& Eigiu. 

19. Ten. 

20 Fifty-six square miles. 

21. Eight miles square is 8x8 = 64 square 
miles, of which area Bl square miles would 
be but the length of one side, a mile in 
width 

22. See section 9. 

23. It denotes act of, or state of being. Capita- 
tion. the act of numbering by the head. 

24. In eight, as follows: munition, importation 
twice capitation, proportion, enumeration, 
regulation, and appropriations. 

25. It 'means to. Appropriation, the act of 
making, or the state of being made pecu- 
liar to. 

26. In this case it is a prefix to the prefix pro. 
It is originally ad, which has many forms, 
for which see Lesson V.. Appendix, ante. 

27. See section U). 

28. The term imports in applied to that which 
is imported or brought into a country from 
another country or state ; exports, to what. 
is conveyed from one country to another. 
The trade of a state ;s in a nourishing con- 
dition w hen ths exports exceed the imports. 

29. There is one. 
30 Controid (now spelled control) is the only 



word in section 10 diflfe ring from present 
usage. 

LESSON XXVI. 

1. See section 1. 

2 Or is a cun- raction of the Latin nr. a man. 
or is from the same radix. It mean* an 
agent, ;ls elector, an aijent (or man 

3. Actor, one \\Im acts ; creditor, one who cred- 
its ; governor, one who governs, or the 
agent for governing, <fcc. 

4. The words choose and choosing are spelled 
chusc, chusing, and the word two-thirds is 
given thus, twothtrds. In this la- 
the Constitution do< 

for in Section 7 of Article I. (p. 125,) the 
parts of the word are writU 
tiro thirds. 

5. A natural (or na'ive) born citizen of the 
United States means a person born within 

the hunts of the American Republic; — n 
citizen of the United States el the time of 
the adoption of the Constitution 
foreigner who was then an inhabitant of 
the country. Washington was a native- 
born citizen of the United States, and Com. 

Harry was a | adoption of the 

' ulinn. 
•I'v-iive thousand dollars ■ 
7. An Of th is a solemn declaration, madi 

sal to God tor the truth of what is 

sou i . and re- 

nounces In^ favor if the declaration is 

<>r, if it is a promise, t lie ; 
voices the retribution of God should it not 
be fulfilled. Takiiu is called 

I .\nn(1i malum is a solemn declara- 
tion, made under the penal l ics of perjury, by 
persons who conscientiously decline taking 
an oath, to which, in law, it is held eqoh a- 
lent. As the witness declined taking the 

• a account ol 

judge directed the clerk to adm. 

ajhrr, 

n 2. 

9. The compound word commas 
written without the hyple 
tnaiultr in 

10. Four tm • moni are counted ; 
namely, advice, and appointment 

the singular and once in the plural form. 

11. a - ate of being at a distant 

place or not m company. It is u«ed to de- 
note any distance indefinitely, either in the 
>.\ n, or country, or in a foreign 
country, and primarily supposes a prior 
presence. Recess )s applied to a wjthdraw- 
a remis- 
sion or suspension of business or procedure. 
During 

auenl I of the 

multitudes who visit the metropolis to 
hear the debates, the city of Washington 

has B Comparatively deserted Bf 

12. Ah signifies from or away ; unseat, (ens, be- 

.,(-/ away. Rt 

aruic; recess, (rrdo. to go, \c.) a moving 
buck, or stsil e - >I back. 

13. See answer to question ol of Lesson XIII. , 
ante. 

II. See section 3. 
1"). Sec section t. 

16. It means in place of, as, viceroy, M place of 
the Kitu. dec. 

17. In several , 1st A voluntary deviation from 
the rules of moral rectitude or of pn>- 

Iiriety — as. The vice of druuKenn 
)epiavi:y or corruption of manners — as, 



APPENDIX. 



29 



. 1 trick- 
sy. Ti - 

An iron or wooden press, with . - 
used I ith, carpeuti 

holding 

• and riled it to 
the required - 

am 

Ban 1. 

Li In sc-. n trrnty. 

other writi 
• or item in an account ; or a condi- 
turn or stipulation m a bargain— is 
jection was made to the tilth art: 

. the hill contained many articles ; 
He d.i\ not fulfil the conditions of the se- 
cond artsek of nor agreement. "i\. A. point 
Lh or doctrine, or a proposition in 
5, I'he thirty-:." 

of great article. 

spearr. 4th. A distinct part — as, 

of human duty. — Pa.'cy. 6th. 

A particular commodity or substance — as. 

1 bougnt a table and several otlit - 

6th. In qrammnr. a part o( spe e ch placed 

>r <m, and 

71 0, In the a- Lath), in 

• 

ith ; in the lm - 

ami navy in tin- Unit : for the 

talcodl - tstiesoftht navy. 9th. 

Lords l 

I 
laid be- 
. including II • 
bills for 1,1.-. 
lords articulars. — Robertson. 

XV., and 
WI. 
I . ery wide application ; 

Of principle, b i-died or 

• 
ilarly their - 

v rule. — 

scribed by the authority 

maud do, and 

pal la 

Id. Isitc of na- 
it (if the 
■ 
h>lie«: - prior to 

any p I tas o> na- 

ture that mm 
other. — in'ir :• 

:' any human Lasts o> 

ammal nature are - 

i. bodies 
are performed — as. . a of the 

rinciples In- '••• 

S- 

■f ecclesaa.Htic.al Roman law. 9th. 



ttatmU laaj is thai enacted bj 
the lerisUtire power, and promulg 
recorded in writinr; called, in detail, sta- 
ke 10th. 
in I rale of ac- 
tion, denriug its authority from loi 

menu n • d by 

judicial tribunals. Asthia law cannot he 
to j.,.h,i 1T( , statutes, its principles 
• be found only in the n 

ial deci- 

. a town,] 

a law of ■ citVt town, or private oorporu- 

tion. rjh stearic tear; the isntfcotioan of 

»r the code prescribed to the lews, 

stinguinhed from tb< 

wmial law ; the Mosaic institutions 

which prescrilie the external i 

crrrrnnn;>.< to be observi d bv the JeWS, as 

distinct from the s*j whicii are 

Of perpetual obligation, ltth Pte ()td 
Testament— It it not written in yourteo, I 
said. V.' are rods !— John, x. 15th. The 
institutions <>t Moses, as distinct front the 
other unrts of the Old Testament- -as. I he 

lair sod the prophets, pvjli A pile or 

axiom oi science or art— as. In. 

cation or t><>etry 17th /."'• martini 
or martial lam — the nnle for goreming an 

army or military force. 18th. Mirmc hnrs 

- for regulating aarigatioa and tl»e 

coiiuiM rnal intercourse Of nations. ] r th 
Cvmmu ml law. lair merchant — thi 

by winch trade is regulated between mer- 
chants. And assure] other distinctive 

phrases, or meaning of minor importance, 
Kthelossfe/tearioisf,whii b have been 

already defined and illustrated in the body 
of the 'hook, The aboTe definitioni afford 
the scholar a Wide ietd for the construc- 
tion of omaaal sentences ; let ever)' pupil 
improve the opportunity. 

6. In fourteen, as follows: f'mercss four 

nontinnancc, constitution, ceastfls 
twice, QSafessiou, compensation, cwwnnitted 
twice, cssifurf, and corruption. 

7. The clause commencme with the 51st line, 
and ending with the 

8. AttaintUr is an immediate and inseparable 

if a judgment (without trial by jury) 
(>t' dea* ii Bf OSJl laWTJ : the CUSttnOJUCaceS of 
which to the pe r>ou' at taint ed are forfeiture 
Of lands, tenements, and hereditaments ; 
corruption wf t//oo<l. by which he QM no 
longer inherit or transmit an inheritance ; 
and loss of reputation and of cil 

generally. According to the <"im,~ 

fender slons pays these penalties, 

which have no effect upon las descendant* 

9 1st Unclosed, not »hnt as, an open door, 

■ i t*»ok. <n»n • . • stared— 

ea, The open air. an seen vessel :vl Not 
,r obstructed as, an <n*n road Ith 
Pmbuc as, In ansa court 
oasasrs— aa, opmiunise tth. \"' 

baring an air oi Irankness and snm-ritv— 

as, \n oaea oesnstenance. 7th i 

i or eiosed— BB, All open ac- 

connt 

a 1. 

,l<nyiiui of a nirht or supposed rnrht 
; . loan i >i w :u:tH foi w.»rk i 

t.. deensod . a tit// t- > anything in 
asesston <<i another as. Ins house 
. 
, ctnimed "r d\ 



30 



APPENDIX. 



15, 



Union is the sta f e of be ng joined, or 
formed in'o a compound b «.ly or m xnre; 
siaies joined, in which sense it appro IC ies 
to roiit'derntion, which is appl ed 
to a c.>mp;»e: for mutual support ; league; 
01 alliance, particularly of princes, nalions, 
or states. 

Perfect union should subsist between all 
the me m ben of a family. Soeonfidera- 

tum of states can hSBg exist wi bout a 
aniON of aims and actions among itt com- 
ponents. I'eilsh t .iiose traPors who would 
dissolve the conf' df ration ! 
16. See answer to the Inst question of Les- 
son 111., also that to question 36, Lesson 
X IV. 

lion 3. 

ion 4. 
The word tabor, which occurs three tiroes 

is spelled labour. 
Twenty- one. 

Seven. 

DUf'rmt is the more indefinite term ; it is 
opposed to singularity ; bol KWIUl ■ em- 
ployed positively to ezpresa man 
derived from the Serb shnt, and signifying 
s|dit or made into n 
winch may he either difertni or alike. 
I have here n veral b i i al sub- 

i he same <) asase docs ni ' 
<i lii nnt persona intta 1 have 

stefered from the headache aessi 
hit. u . 

Pun is not only more generally ■> 
has a more comprehensive meaniiisr thsa 
porfssn, which is a particular sort of divi- 
sion. Portion is applied to individuals; 
pari, to persona and things 

The pupil asks, ' what part of thi^ 

am I to study; the teacher answers, the 

first parsgraph is your portion. 1 I did not 
re© ive any pari of the profits of thai ad- 
venture, although by agreement my jntrtion 
should have been considerable. 
A convention is a simple informal meeting 
of pers o n s , generally oi one aeeghb whood ; 
sometimes, however, the members of a 
convention are from very d - 

Compared with each Other 

is an assembly called foraspecia] p 
it is m religious matters \n h it 

is in civil ones S. e alsu the am 

questions 16 and 29 of Lesson XVlU.,anie. 
Con means together or with Conn 
[mi.o. to coraej the itote of being (ot hav- 
ing) come ienefAer ; cssrvocn/so*. [seen, to 
call,] the slesj nf toeing celled sssnvatr,. 
Condole, [deles, togrtevej to grieve with; 
consort, [sort, to o<>.\ to £o intb. Ac 
Jsnr. in its general acceptation, means a 
rule, and is sometimes synonymous with 
aVeree, dec, ns h.is been before eta ad. 

Statute is commonly applied to Ihs 
a legislative body consisting of repreeentsr 
tives, and is consequently more definite 
than foe. 

Though the act you mention is not ex- 
pressly prohibited m any statute, it is un- 
doubtedly against the l>>w. The Statute de- 
clares plainly enough tiie objects to be ac- 
complished, but it does not provide pro- 
perly for their execution. See also the 
answer to question 5, ante. 
See Article VI. 

Lund signifies an open, even spice, and re- 
fers strictly to the earth; country signifies 
lands adjoining so as to form one portion. 
The term land, therefore, proper.y excludes 



35. 



aa 



the idea of habitation : the term country 
excludes that of the earth, or the 
which it is composed In an evtei.. 
plication, however, these words may be 
used for one another 
The land of 'he valley of the Miss- 
generally rery rich; and the va • 
isdtsined to form a most important part 
of our country. All men take plea! 
travelling through a cultivated 
Woe to the man who flees when b 
try is in danger. We should all love our 
native (and, Ac 

Bd nntiiit'istariciin/jHre mostly 
employed to - 

either in contrast or in direct oppot 
each other; they co r re s pond neat 
sef,bot point out opposition in a more par- 
ticular manner. Till D which 
nevertheless is peculinriy proper; others 
wherein nottoithstandtng is preferable. The 
examples of Question 36 give suae instan- 
ces in winch iheycanuot be substituted for 
each Other, and others in which tie 
be uved indifferently. 
1 le h.s acted shamefully . is 
account of the regard I bai 
1 will be a friend to him A 
all 1 could say. he persisted in his slander- 

irgee against yon. There are many 

- who w,il. when in a reasoning 
mood, admit the futi ity (if a belief m ghost 
' iwiuvj) 
these same individuals can n,-v. : 
lonely churchyard in a dark night without 
an uneasy feelinx approaching to 
probably by an imlu 
of tales heard in childhood. They 
pique themselves upon their strict morality, 
and iji 

nut of many thl ut Willi moral 

principle. 

I to any natural en- 
dowment, or any acquirement whs 

for place, office, or employment, or 
' - 

. power or r. 
Prerequisite h 
previous 

An ncqusintan 

a prereoumii to the admiasiou of a young 

man i ition de- 

fines the qwUifications of 

signifies put together with art ; done, 
put in order or brought to 

not make without doing, but en 

without mo 
10. An en in, ' have 

you dont what I desired V The workman 
answers, ' Vex, sir. I have mule tin 
v<iii ordered ' When the scholar shall 
have ' 

part of Ins task relating to this 
may be considered a 

41. In the sense here used they an 

nioiis. the only difference being tliat ' 'in 
witness s set phrase is . 

met with, whereas ' in testimony whtreoJl 
is not so frequently i 

42. He bore untmss to the truth of the main 
points affirmed by your counsel, and his 
Ustimonij had a powerful efl 

aesf was self p ssassaedand would sot suf- 
fer himself to be browbeaten. Th 
do not rest on the testimony if n single his- 
torian, dbe, 

43. The Preamble has 1; Article 1.151; Ar- 
ticle II., 54 ; Article III , 21 ; Article IV.. 






aa 






APPENDIX. 



31 



VII.,!. 

I 

. 

V1L, 1; 

vi . and vn. 

rtide II., 4; Ar- 

wnr. 
v i. 
e n. 

laic, the thine specially chosen or marked 
out. borrow tluir weight from son 

from the 

; \ and 31 of Lesson XX VI I., 
ante. 

grill avoid much trouble by making it 

a ru!t | nr in all CM 

by nt> . though 

m all 

[Latin. ■ only taken in the 

H raint, or 

ami : iblic. 

• 9 the freedom of 
speed. 

'i by the will of 
hi» oMtker. The captive gained his liberty 
through an accidental r> 

uns. 
bat which burdens, 

r unea- 

■ 
; is any injur. 

is done; gri< i tlune: as 

i 

9. The fa n firmn, is 

roperiy need lor iaatrnroeol 

i . 

ins for armor ; hut the 
uvafKms. from the ' ■ • 
m-'iy be emp 

rms. but 
I 

- it-* OIV 

ationally 

- 
pons, according t<» its id indeft- 

s arms ; status, 

ail? weapons >\ anris, 

■ 

• ill. 

■ 



quiet , 

peace and quul. A* ;. 



d by such unwelcome 
. be retired to bis room avt Idle, 

in it . 

thr 

toed from 
the beginning to the comi letion of any 
nod indefinite, 
and is either taken by bo 
by design; rumiki 

. for a particu When 1 

told him in the kin thai be 

d in an awk* 

to be quite disph ai 

Irtida iv. 

D WW I.. 
nntr 

Article V. 

if<. In their general ■coaptation, dui 

which :i peraoo is bound, by any natural, 
moral, or legal obligation, to pay, do, or 
perform ; tenia a Labor of body or mind, 
performed a! the comman 
or tor the benefit of anothi r 

( y are lynonj moos, 
difference beuig thai duty is geueraily pre- 
oi i\> d by the preposition on, whi • 
admits of both in and on. Inst • 
all to refrain from profanity. He rendered 
me co.n1 jeroica The man is ool of err 
re 3 on in the naval $er- 
noe. He has se< d acre < . and baa proved 
himself every inch ;i soldier. Thai was 
pony is on duty 
> ut did duty in Mexico, Ice 

17. Both danger and jeopardy mean i 

to death, loss, or injury; risk; hazard; 
peril. Jeopardm applies to peril at band; 
danger, to peril more remote Thougb 

these terms convey very nearly the same 

moaning, they cannot be used m the nine 

connection .:, | >r instance, in 

the phrase 'you are m danger y>i losing 
your life,' we cannot supj.lv jeopard* tor 
darujtr, hut would be forced lo say 'your 
life is in jeopardy.' In Uns latter ease, 
however, danger could be put for jtopardy. 

18. In the sense of a return for seiv.< 

both are obligatory. HimjwHMMoiii is an 

act of justice, lor as 'he service performed 

involves a delit. the omission ol paying it 

would be an injury to the performer. Kc- 

muneratwn is a bight 

turn ; it is a matter of equity d< 

Upon a principle of honor m t:i 

it, and (inters from the ordinary oosv 
. e of i he m r\ ice 
and of the return. Compensation i^ made 
to inferiors or subordinate persona 

. thougb ii'. t in 

- work, 1 owe bim notbing It you 

will lend me your aid m tb 

m tn, 

SWlfl I 

«(• BM 

of human 

i 

em .un'.s 



30 



32 



APPENDIX. 



only to a misdemeanor. The punishments 
of crime are commonly corporeal ; those of 
misdemeanors, frequently pecuniary Indo- 
lence unci vice afford an easy transition to 
misdemeanor* rod crimes. 

22. Cause is the thing happening before, and 
producing another; reason, the thing act- 
ing on the understanding. Every reason is 
a aiusf, hut every cause is not a rtason. 
The end of a cause is i he effect ; the end of 
a reason is the conclusion. It" you were to 
ask him the csmseofsuch strange conduct, 
he could not probahly render a single rea- 
son. 

23. In law, the course of m easu re! in thp pro- 
secution of ac ions i> denominated proceed- 
ings. Pr oce ss in the w hets comae at pro- 
ceedings, in a cause real or personal, civil 
or criminal, from the original writ to the 

end of the suit. Original j/roctss is the 
means taken to compel the defendant to 
appear in court, meem process is thai 
which issues upon some collateral or inter- 
locutory manner pending the suit. Final 

p rocess is tie- proceai of execution. Taken 
in their common sense, jimcndnuj is the 
more comprehensive. ;ls it simply . 
the general idea ol the manner Of going 
on; while proctss applies to tilings done !>y 
rule : the former is considered in a moral 

point of view ; the latter', in ■ scientific or 
technical one. Becoming angry, and ac- 
tuated by a spirit of rerenge, hi 

the whole inorrss, which w:ls a very un- 
fair proceeding, as he had previously bound 

himself by a solemn promise not to re- 
veal it. 
21. It has but one compound sentence. 

25. See Article VII. 

26. Three. 

27. See Article VI 11. 

28. Used as in Article VIII they share the same 
idea of something given or done to secure 

peace or geod behavior, or a* ■ voucher 

for the appearance of a person to stand a 
trial. Bad and sicunly are not, however, 
used indifferently; for instance, we may 
say. ' I went his security,' and ' lb' is out on 

bail,' and also 'I v\eut his txul,' but we 
C innot say ' He is out on srntn/y' Unit is 
also used for the person who pro 

release of a prisoner from custody, by be- 
coming surety for his appearance in court. 
It is either singular or plural. Stcunty is 
protection, or that which pTOtei 

doni from fear or apprehension; confidence 
ot safety ; safety; certain' v A chain of 
forts was cite ed lor the s> runty of the 

frontiers. The navy nonatrtutes the sson- 

ntyot ourcoum.ercial marine. This sense 
ol si unity proved fatal, as it paused him 
to neglect making any preparations for de- 
fence. A nation often owes its seanity to 
its former acts of prowess, a.<\ 

29. See Article IX. 

30. See answer to question 18 of Lesson XX., 
ants. 

31. See answer to question 24, Lesson XXV11I. 

32. See Article X. 

33. Both terms are used to denote either all 
the residents or citizens of a town, county, 
district, or nation, or a portion of them; 
they have, however, this difference, that 
inhabitants implies persons taken sepa- 
rately, and people refers to individuals taken 
collectively or as one body. Both are also 
applied to animals, but in this respect ?;i- 
habitants has the more general use. The 
•people of Philadelphia, Boston has over 



one hundred thousand inhabitants. People 
bnnff misfortunes upon themselves by mis- 
conduct, and then exeiaim ai.-i.mst fortune. 
The ants are a people not strong, yet they 
prepare their meat in the summer. — Prov. 
xxx. Lions, leopards, and other I 

ire in'mbitanlsoi that wild and beau- 
tiful region, 

34. See Article M. 

35. State is that consolidated part of a nation 
in which lies its power and gr< 
commonux-al(h is the grand body of a na- 
tion, including both government and peo- 
ple', which form its commonweal t>i or row - 
momnal. The ruling idea of the word 
state is that of government in its 

stract sense, but the term rowi"/ 

refers rather to the aggregate body of men, 

and their possessions, than to the 

inent of a country. State is applied to 

communities, large or small, living under 

any form of government ; camm 

more appropriately to republics. We may 

look m vam amount he ■safst^af the old 

world for many of I 
own favored commonwealth. 
3b\ Distant sum Hies remote in place indefi- 
nitely ; foreign, belonging to anothi 
or country. Therefore Canada ii 
to New York ; and It \ 
Mexico, though the countries det 
- contiguous 

other hand. Portland, Me . and N 

leans, La., aie merely itistant from and not 
Jorrujn to each other, bOCaUSS bota are in 

the United states, though very far apart. 

Article XII. 

38. Assemble is simply to come together; meet 
is lo come together for a particular pur- 
pose. Both are applied to the gathering of 

an indefinite number of • 
this respect assemble is more comprehcii- 
• than meet. 

If no Ihr pUn the a.'.r, r»r n"*U mtMWtbtt, 
And mtm* >n battle ■hock, the rarih will tremble. 

mestioni 16 and 

38 of Lesson XVIII . ante 

I m voting. Ballots are 
of different colors ; i ilorgive 

an affirmative ; those of another, 

urn. Ticket is a written or printed paper 
given instead of a ba/.'ot, as hem? more 

convenient in pub i from tins 

circumstance, tickets are often called bal- 
lots. Two black bails be M found anion? 
the Itallots, lie was declared not to have 

been - -clock, P. M., the polls 

a/ere closed, and the jud_. 
Count the tickets. 

•40. A collection of objects brought in 

kind of order is the common idea of these 
trims A Ust OOUSil s of little lie. re than 
names arranged under on.' ano her in a 
long narrow line; PUktfogm iuvolvt 
details than a sim| i 

only names, but ual - and cir- 

cumstances. You hold in your hand hut 
a mere list, but here is a catalogue, wluch 
probably contains what you seek for. 

41. Prtsnice denotes a hems: in company near 
or before the face of another ; Of 
ties a being in open view of a 
almost any distance, from proximity to 
comparative remoten -s. [fa man is blind. 
we may be in his presence, without lieing 
in his sight, which in this 
istence ; we may also be in the sight of an 






APPENDIX. 



33 



individual without beini; in his i 

. in tht 
- Pt the House Tin 
took place m the av ; i/ of thfl 
our men. desirous of his good opinion, 
fought with sot .it ihej 

temy off the held. 
uielooe, unbar, unlock, or 
to rem i and ex- 

it sral of 
I to a letter, oi 
writiug or document. ' Did roo I 

■ \ < s. hut 1 did not 
,ly detached.' ' No 

lor that, the act is still disbonor- 
anle.' Somebodj has OBOkfld my desk. 
■ door, kc 

43. Thane two words ran be boot uoutiaetod 

rb their positives Great is applied 
• . dimensions m which tiling 
m or increase ; large. to a 
tent, and quantity. It should l>e the aim 
n to st cure the grea 
e taryrst numher. 

44. Than two words have an extensive appli- 

- 

a the surface or up(>er 

C. by it ; upon 
od might perhaps he 
wholly dispense d with " — 11- 'uter. Your 
book ■ e table. I DM 

ii.y right band. New v.. 
I the Hudson. He 

i uterprise. He bad • 

I upon) his head, and a black 

- ark. Upon, liowever. 

be used for on in such a ; 

'put ■ I Neither can on be 

t upon in the expression 'to 

r form of speech for 
i 

•* upon is 
UM.-J in den with 

y of the Amendments is 

46. Th lance 

. t'<»r we tm 1 thai the 

i i with capital 

a period 

or are important m themselves; and the 

sperm..- enpcaptioa oi 

.t. The 

■ ■ 

M 

klitiunal 

■rtt-r than the 

* PHI "• ; the 

bC latter, 
- ippnaitioa that those BOQH in 

with the 

■ 
50. In 

a the 



SSL In the Const it u' ion, 'J? tunes, in the Ainend- 

liit : 
M in tin Constitution, 94 tunes, in the Amend- 

lllt'!.'- 

55. In the Constitution. 71 times, in the Atnend- 
ments. 1 \. 

56. In the Constitution, V. times, m the Amend- 
ment 

A - 1 he cancelled paragraph is omitted 

m all these and the following am 
53 Eleven; a, i 

and at. 
5$. In order that its sound may correspond 

with thai oi the first letter of the word to 
winch it is prefixed, and thus render the 
compound word euphonious. 

ise its tranters intended to have its 
meaning perfectly onderatood, even bj the 
plamt- and most uneducated 

minds; it was therefore neceasarj to avoid 

thing in the V i ubiguous 

or obscure. 

60. This quest ion answers itself. The in quent 

recurrence of the same word or words in 

the same paragraph is called rrp titmn; in 

prose it is rarely elegant, and. indeed, its 

use is only sanctioned in the preparation 
of constitutions, treaties, legal documents, 
Ac . in which strength is the mam object ; 
m poetry, however, it is often singularly 
fuL R/*j>ct.ition di.iers from tautology 
(which is tiie reiteration of the same 
meaning in different words, or tin 
occurrence of the same words), and also 
from oataehresu (or the use of the same 
word m different senses). 

Of clearness. 
62. Ad means to; con. together or with ; prr, 
. pro. for, forward, forth or out , and 
ob. in the way, against, out. 

US, equal. 6cc] equal to; 
..'rate, [antrum, the middle] to bring 

to t'i> eentn . wito, t> hanr or 

■ nu i it btjor- ; proiYer, 
[/em, to carry or bring;] to brinu forward or 
. "Vtrud'e, [irudo, to thrust j to thrust 
in t'i> M 

61. While the American Manual may be used 
by beginners with great advantage, it is 
also adequaU to the wants of comparatively 

advanced pupils, who should conn nhate 
all tin ir powers of mind upon the suhjects 
of which it treats rhai heinous crime 
was evidently committed with 01 I 
pease: the perpetrator, who was caught 
almost in the act, seem, d so d 
that I pr o f fered my services to The officers, 
in order that he might be more sa 

to a place "I security . — ;he> civilly 

declined my ai !. i wring that tlu 

not oh!; in!' an u ij iimmi unc 

so manifestly hum 

66 Ottlj 

■i ir. 

til ition of the United S 

i ah their nouns with a 

. in u m writing and printing. 

nouns a a g] ince. Dissavantagi 
. designated 

rued, the 

the stu lent can- 

indance of 

>H 1. 1 OOUfUMOU. 

• terminea 

; the ' oii- 

irt of this 

: the Supreme 



34 



APPENDIX. 



Being must- always commence with a ca- 
pital; this is also the case with all proper 
nouns and their derivative adjectives, and 
with all words which begin periods ; con- 
sequently in words as above necessarily 
emphatic, no distinction could be conve- 
niently made, were all nouns headed with 
capitals as formerly. 

70. As has been repeatedly shown, their or- 
thography differs occasionally from that of 
the present day. In the use of capital let- 
ters, the Constitution does not agree with 
itself, for in Article I., section 5, page 123, 

"\ve have 'Yeas and Nays ;" and in section 
7, page 125, " yeas and Nays ;" in section 8, 
page 126, we see " Post Offices and post 
Roads;" in Article 1., section 5, page 122, 
the word •' Behaviour" appears, but in Ar- 
ticle 111., section 1, page 135. it is given, 
"Behavior." All these instances are evi- 
dently mistakes as well as peculiarities. 

71. They were no doubt occasioned by over- 
sight in the clerk, and so crept into the 
engrossed copy ; this being read by the 
clerk, the members of the con ven. ion 
could not, of course, detect errors appa- 
rent only to the eye. 

LESSON XXIX. 

1, 2, see section I. 

3. 1st. Corporeal frome — The lady's constitu- 
tion was impaired by over-exertion. 2d. 
Temperament oj mind— That gentleman has 
a constitution so mild that even the most 
unexpected difficulties have never annoyed 
him. 3d. Form of governnvnt — The con- 
stitution of England is ditfereut from that 
of the United States. 4th. Supreme law— 
The constitution of the United Stales is 
paramount to all other authority in the 
Union. 5th. State of being— -The constitu- 
tion of society is such in China that the 
people are totally ignorant of the blessings 
of a republican government. 6th. A sys- 
tem of principles — The Bible is the moral 
constitution of mankind. 

4. In our country, the constitution secures to 
the people the right of electing their own 
governors. In England, the rulers are he- 
reditary. 

5. It is accurately and clearly defined in 
writing so intelligible that it can be under- 
stood by all. 

6. 7, 8, see section 3. 

9. 1st. Noun — A preamble usually precedes 
the enactments of a legislature. 2d. A 
verb — Legislatures preamble their enact- 
ments. 

10, 11, see section 4: 

12. None ; those that tend to administer most 
to the welfare of all the people have re- 
ceived the most numerous and artful in- 
terpretations ; the only code of perfection 
(the holy Scriptures) lias been incessantly 
resorted to by the designing and the wicked, 
and numerous efforts have been made to 
secure its tot;d annihilation ; hence the 
necessity of universal intellectual and mo- 
ral intelligence aiuoug the mass of the 
people. 

13, 14, see section 5. 

15. See section 6. 

16. See the first part of section 6, terminating 
at legislatures, in the 74th line. 

17. See section 7. 

18. The meaning of a word or sentence is that 
which the person writing or speaking 
wishes to convey by it ;— the signification 



includes either the whole or a part of what 
is understood from it. 1 know the general 
signification of the terms used by that au- 
thor, but 1 confess myself unable toialaom 
his meaning. 

19. See section 8. 

20. The signification of both terms is nearly 
the same, but comment generally implies 
censure. Among his m;.ny observations i 
delected not a lew ill-natured comments. 

21. The words are very near alike. The latmt 
is the secret or concealed, in cases where 
it ought to be open ;— the hidden u dor- 
mant, and may be known to none though 
concerning ail. The means of accomplish- 
ing his Uittnt motives were as yet hidden 
even from himself. 

22. Of the opposition to the adoption of the 
Constitution. 

23. Both signify full of power. Powerful ap- 
plies to strength as well as power \— potent 
to power alone, iu which sense it is a 
stronger term than the former. The cele- 
brated Charlemagne was a powerful man. 
as well as a potent prince. 

21. See section 10. 

25. Tilings must have some sort of connexion 
with each otuer to form a series, but they 
need simply to follow in order to form a 
course. After delivering a course of lec- 
tures, he altered the matter in a degree, 
and had it published in a series of numbers. 

26. Practice simply conveys the idea of actual 
performance ; — custom includes also the 
accessory idea of repetition at stated pe- 
riods. By imitating many prevalent prac- 
tices, you will help to establish bad customs. 

27.- It meant primarily a statue of the goddess 
Pallas, or Minerva, representing her as sit- 
ting with a pike in her tight hand, and a 
distaff and spindle iu her left. The safety 
of Troy depended on the preservation of 
this statue ; hence palladium is applied to 
anything that affords effectual defence, 
protection and safety. 

28. See section 1 1. 

29. Perfect signifies the state of being done 
thoroughly ;— complete, the quality of hav- 
ing all that is necessary. The book of 
which you speak is complete in all its parts, 
and nearly perfect in its style. 

30. To see is the general term, and maybe 
either a voluntary or an involuntary ac- 
tion ;— to perceive is always a voluntary ac- 
tion. 1 had seen him several times before 
I perceived the great change in his appear- 
ance. 

31. Of the duty incumbent on all Americana, 
without distinction of age or sex, to under- 
stand the Constitution thoroughly. 

32. Eight is the general term; — proper ex- 
presses a mode of nght. Right is abaulute 
and admits of no coinparuMfh, fur what is 
rnjht cannot be more or lews so— was. and 
will always be right ; but proper is relative 
and allows gradation, as something assy 
be proper to-day that was not so yesterday, 
and will uot be to-morrow,— or it may be 
more or less proper. Though it may be 
proper to conform ourselves in a measure 
to the habits of the company in which we 
mav happen to be placed, it can never be 
right to hear a member of such company 
slander an absent person, without defend- 
ing the one attacked. 

33. See section 13. 

34. Raised may have a good or an indifferent 
meaning \— elevated is always used in the 
best sense. George raised himself by his 



APPENDIX. 



35 



busin William wu 

for his superior ten. us 

35. £nj t. ami 

. g 

- 

36. See section 14. 

the pro- 

1 1 be able to be- 

38. Z'.. 1 cir- 

- 
- - (if that whi - d or fo- 

- 
- 

39. It of t lie people per- 

flation oi the priuc 
he American palladium. 

LSOU Ml It ;— 

an- in 01 Aho do not act 

liner. 
41. T:. t xcept that mam is 

• may mean either the sea. as 

c otinent, in dis- 

■n Island. tiering lived for 

- inamly upon the avow, 1 can 

sure ' • the bow of the 

d the horizon, 
nour. LfcO the mam. 

■ 
signifies made holy ; — con*> 
made I 

ited upon a h i 
45. To TfjfUxt is a mode of thinking, and to 
ponder a mode of rerlectm-. 

• 
.'• mind ; — m | 
we dwell u • 

i are often but 

iirh re- 

mto me. 

. to rtjUcl upon these 

a 11 the cour>< 

16. Of the bo ^all numl>er of per- 

- 

abou*. ition. 

47. Caladau ric term; o onaji li;, 

farmer comprehends 

anthm ral : the 

ren num- 

• n from a 

<\j express** a 

•yment. 

. rbiiow- 

■ felicity here, 
and bhss her 

it brand is onl 

50. It 

md aye, - ' 

•n, and 
1. To the liberal - 

to fro:: 

lived. 



80 



une of Chriatnpher Columbus. 

...... r.e.L 

•:i 2 

n the execution 

the work, or sun nine the 

. and the 

ins; • 

5. In th< 

- ■ ■ 
nthoul usin • 

■ nations had been made for 
i the fori 
. 

6. Of the security afforded to all I 
honal jadk 

il ion of motion ; 
- 

ib >r. The til 

irtably as 
p «s>ihle. 

8. We may l>e disturbed inwardly or out- 
wardly, but can be nicemmfed only from 
without When uneasy though - 

our niimls. friends do a kindness if tuev 

infer 

9. From the Latin m. dr, and pendeo, to ban?. 

i, and d» 
■i < ly on. 
- icond prefix, in, signifies not. Hence 
ulf.nl tognitius Literally in, not. dr, 
from, pendeo, to Ha i . ; /mm. 

the first syllable 
word. 

ire generally produced by a 

wont are en- 

red by a collision of opinions. Dis- 

ei are peculiar to large bodies <>r 

communities of people; content* 

d.vidnals. Distention* not only tend to 

alienate the minds of men from each other, 

not to die i >f society ; con- 

- roy the happii 
family ;— both are alike contrary to the in- 
junctions of the holy scripl 

14. Dis signifies asunder. Du. 

from tiie Latm amnio, to think. and dis, 
asunder; and literally means to m 

drr or apart, bu" in its general ac 

matt is & an the Latin conn 

fiefl a | 

thin. . 

i 1 IX. 

i of all dif- 

firora in- 
juries. . 

I, and be 

carried 

or mil. 

" t'nvei'1 with q'i»rr< '. 

^.■ool girl hf-r improTinf task euj^y*." 

m 13. 



36 



APPENDIX. 



who study the American Manual will dis- 
countenance quarrels and dissensions. 

17. Every is universal in its signification . 

is restrictive. Each relates to two or more ; 
every always relates to many. 

18. Every person should use all reasonable ef- 
forts to disseminate intelligence and mo- 
rality, inasmuch as each has an 

that may contribute to the weal or woe of 

■. !io may live in Bgl 
2d Every tree m the orcha 
but each tree produces its p<-. uutu 

cause the happiness an. I | 
nations depend upou it. 
20 See answer to qnreUnn 4t, of I 

XXVI ii., OH**. 

nm 6. 

24. The Rcbolar thereby gams a better and 
more extended knowledi; 

gunge, which contains aboul 80,000 words, 
but a r portion of which 
is to be found in any spelling I k. 

25. By the pracl oe of spelling « 
the pupil i ecouies cr tics 
with all the lillle pa 

. are far more diificul 
woids. 

LfiSSON XXXI. 

i, 2 See s< ''i.. u l. 

3. biheritcm '<■ which mils upon a 

ciuitl or other person, as the n 

tive of a d< oeasi d ana at 

legacy, a bequi si ; particular thio 

tain sum of nxmej . 

IM nt. 

lent from ln>mc at the >'• 
his father, some | retended frien li 

securing il for lum ; bul no his n turn. 

nt . r co rip etelj b iffling th< 

had the goo I fbrtuni 

two thousand 

tive. 

5. Among [or amo 

w ii n ; conjoined <u . 

number. Between, [or betwixt, which is 
the same thing, and not obsolete.] in the 
intermediate I ;<> dis- 

tance : from one to 
two or more, in common or p u 
having mutual relation t<> two oi 
noting difference or discrimination. His 

which lies between Balura 
Washington, has quite a ronian . 
as tin- house stands among 
is almost hidden by 

Things go better beUoeen Jami i and Philip, 
than belwi en unj i ther two amtrng all my 
friends. These tour men own the tract 
between them, and have Buch a mutual 
good understanding,that a like p trty could 
not perhaps be" found among a ; 
Perfect harmony exists between the fami- 
lies. Learn to judge betwa n the 
and the true. 

6. It is not. 

7. One familiar phrase, g-iven al 

that it may lie properly used of an> Whole 
number exceeding one. 

8. See section 3. 

9. See answer to question 104, i^( Lesson XI 1 , 
ante. 

10. Geographically, ocean is used forth 
body of water which cov< rs m 
three-fifths of the ice ; il is 

usually considered in five great parts — 
the A' lautic, Pacific. Indian. Arc 
Antarctic oceans; and its smaller compa- 



rative, though often really large branches, 

are called sx/s, as the Mi < 

&c In general application the] 

plied almost indifferently, 

sure having its peculiar office m phrases 

Thus, 

•ropriety. 'To 

. 
waves 

m these words, aad 
time, 1 and • til 
11. See section l. 
- 

. d mutters ; consecrated, to 

il ma> 

war an 

u 
. for they </" i tin ir sub- 

stain B 

I 

inily. 

in Ireland and Scotland ; il 

! 

'! lie old Iru 

of Israel 
OT Indian 

IT. Bi fra 

of timi 

: 
19. During the dark n , 

want 

ii' pr% 

Both on an a person 
moner . irquis. earl, ■ 

or baron. In its original and !>ro i 
peer means an equal. Ac 
law. t very man indicted for an 
must |„. tried by a jury of I 
reidm and lh< 

sit m the British House • : 

of tt:-' nvb'ts lead a dissolute I if 
23. 1'- ca 

possess - ,,] „f the 

. had it been intended 

to gii e the J . .t would have 

bi i ii wi ;•:( ii tyrants. 
21. It once happen* d that a careless clerk had 



APPENDIX. 



37 



read the follov 

church. — '• A ntmn gi 

unfortunately chanc 

he people understand that 

- 

- i. the prod' 
- • :• The 

manufacturing and 

. 

S 
31. T s a per- 

edto vote 
I buy and ln> .; 

i u who 
ect by the king's U " 

- ite between a 
- : lie may bold land 

lv. both mean 
a dweller, but citizen carries with it the 

or c.v, sqnare shape, 

. to the 

- 

- 

re cotn- 
, a sort of Light, 

Id on condition 
t(f his lord not 

nd him- 
■ 

itKMial ftnij of the U 

lo them- 
: treasure and 

t 'he practicability of a re- 

ir or rolumi 

- 






■ 
neediej I 



s ■ arfecl whole, 

- s I for a definition n^ '. 

SS N \.\XII. 

L Asi lMtrr 

- 
imbecility and rum rol 

2. 1:. 

! 

S. Bj • 

the : 

icle I. of tu< 
lion 2, page 119. 

ituiion, Article I. .section 2, 

>n I. 

stitution, Art. 

96 to IS 

tioO, 

i 10. 
e legislatures. 

• ion of the places of ohoce- 

D 11. 

'N XXXIII. 
I to 7 5 dilution, An. 

8 to 1 S stitution, Art 

sections I and 5: also Coostitu- 
123 to 125. 
S 

what 

i 
ive and bindi 

- 

' 'ominonly tax 

is undi laid upon polls, 

i 

Lation or exporta- 

37. '1 

-. but they do 

Levying or puy- 

I \mII l>e 
mptly paid. I 
an inland duty ia,d mi articles produced 
i country, and 

.. are 

■ 



38 



APPENDIX. 



39 to 42. See section 7; also Constitution, Art. 
I., section 8. 

43, 44, 45. See section 8 ; refer as before. 

46, 47, 48. See section 9. 

49 to 54. See section 10. 

55,56,57. See sec'iou 11. 

58. 50. See section 12 

60, 61. See Lesson XVII., section 4, page 73. 

62, 63. 64 ii 12. 

65 to 68. See section 13. 

69 to 73. See section 11; also Constitution, 
Art. I., section 8, page 127. 

74. Insurrection is used for a general rising op 
against the established go?emm< 
answer to question 10. Lesson X\\\ ante. 
Riot is applied to a nuntihu.us disturbance 
of ttie pence by three or more persons, 
mutually aiding iml assisting each other. 
whether the act they originally intended 
to perforin was in itself lawful or unlaw- 
ful. The Pennsylvania 'whiskey in-ftirrrr- 

tn,ii' happened soon slier the establish- 
ment oi our pit sent governmenl 
occur occasionally in different parts of the 

C Hi,, 

■ a 15. 

77. The dty of Wssbjugton, in the District of 
Columbia. 

78. By Washington. 

70, Ni. See sec km 16; also Constitation, Art 

I . sect i. .u 8, page I9B. 

HI. W.ml of p.c.v.-r to in. ike w'u 

effective, "'cm enacted, is the 
govei aments; and from th< 
cession I of their ky<- > 

biiny ion ikc> them. 

LESSON XX XT v. 
l to t. See section l ; also Cons itati "'. Art I , 
eectia i 

'inn 2 
8 to U. See section :i ; ;< 

questions of Lesson XXVII. ante. Refer 

eg in questions 1—4. 
12, L3. See section t 
li to is. See sections 5 and 6. 
19, 20. sec section 7. 
21. Sec section 
22 to 2 t itution. Art. 

I., section io, pp. 128 and 
26 to 29 s.-c section U). 

30. Sec section 1 1. 

31, 32. Sec section 12. 

33,34,36. See section 13; also Constitution. 
Article II . secli, .n 1. peg) 

36. The chief ordained to rule our country's 
miuhly sons, d-nns no pn tensions J rom he- 
reditary right— here, no famous wiirrior, 
grasping as a roeoer, can read power by 
mean* a/ bayonets; — and as our 

fiom' prowih; to the law v .. 
ief from all such despots kim:-. tremble 

for their authority and see with rhiujnn, 

throngs moving with unrrstr,u 

towards open polls, where, exempt from 
military coercion, they s, Unify deposit their 
votes. Note.— The words in italic are not 
in the originals. Of course the 
this example and that of question 81 of 
Lesson XXXUI. a;»Jc, can be given in many 
different ways. 

LESSON XXXV. 
1 to 8. See section 1; also Const., Art. II., 

sec. 1. pp. 130 and 131; and Amendments, 

Art. Xll.p. 145. 
9, 10. See section 2. 

11 to 17. See section 3. 

18 to 21. See section 4. 



22 to 28. See section 5. 
29, 30. See section 6. 
31, 32. See section 7. 

33. See section 8. 

34, 35. See section 9. 

36 to 3 • i 10. 

40 to 42. See section 11; also Constitution 
Article II., section 2, page 131. 

.XXVI. 
1 to }. S 

Von 2. 
9, 10. See section 3. 
11, 12, 13. Sec section *. 

- one that owes alleeianc 
ign, and is governed by his laws. 
The natives of Great Britain are si 
the British government The n i 
the United StaU s, and natural 
>i the federal 
meat. .Men in free - - are sub- 

18 well SS ci' 12 ''lis. they 

and frenchis) 

e b >UUd to obey the I.e. 

to ques- 
tion I--, of Lesson XIII . also that to ques- 
tion .;] of Lesson XXXI. ante. In this 
country, a good ciii 

in net of immed:;i ■ 

A thins 

: a thing 

iiction is 

e and rapid, ruin is more sure 

and Complete. 1 lie (.'est' 

i nuance in your p • 
of life will be the dtstnrtwn 
ind the rum off your 

■ ■ .u IX. ante. 

■ji 'I hey do i 

tod as an 

author. 

•:on 0. 
3D, ;i See section H>. 

in 11. 
36 to 12 See lection 12; a so refer to the Con- 
stitution. 

IN XXXYIL 
ion l. 

8 to 1 i S 

>;iv 1 and 5. 

■ 

•J"' to 32, See section 9. 

33 to 36. See sec: ion 9; also refer to the Con- 
stitution. 

'X XXXVIII. 
See sections i and 2. 
ion 3. 

0. 10. See seel ion 1. 

11 to 16. See sec' ions 5 and 6 
17 to 20. See sections 7 and 8. 

21. See section 0. 

22. Gun is a general term, comprehending all 
instruments of destruction 

barrel or tube of iron, or o r 'ier n.etal. 
fixed in a stock, or on a carris| 
which balls, shot, or other deadly 
are discharged by the explosion of gun- 
powder, with the single exception of pis- 
tols. The larger species of guns are named 



APPENDIX. 



3!) 



5 

. : the name is now given to 
s ti 
• gvns. The 

■ 

men carry paw*. 

S 

y nail -arms ; m I he lat- 
it-r. they ;ire onm KM. 

>ii 9. 

- 10 and 11. 
31. In a jui-y trial, a man is lodged by his 
l, who will naturally feel Bympathy 
for lam; in a trial by court-martial, his 
conduct is examined and passed upon by 
who have but little in com- 
,;m. 
. >a 11. 
. 12. 
. ills eventually upon the 

n 13. 

40. The | 

11. It llv. 

a if. 
45. Because usage has u lnnsr. 

IN XXXIX. 

See section 1; also Amendments. Ar- 
iV. 
3 U> t 2, and Amendments, Ar- 

id VI. 
7, 8, 9. See section 3. 
in, ii See section 4. 
no 5. 

D 6. 

ion 8. 

i 10 
. 11. 
I 12. 

D 13. 

36. lkoau«»e if thev have the pn»per talent to 
fill the office 

i 
u poor. 

of the national Union. 

- 



■are. 
• our public pr 

- 

ive no real hap- 
piness 

LESSON XL 



9. See m 



tion ti. 

- tion 10. 
11. 
S«e 

■«>u l j. 

. ami Zeuo . in 
BC8 and Pliny. 

• .. nea ;n Gret os, and Cioavo in 
Rome. 
34. s. e -• ction 15, 

Mini: should be done m Um 
imperative pi 
a \m should all aim, nm oulv be 
atlained through extensive knowledge; 

.i wlio negta • 
prove upportunitu s is inexcusable. 

39. V- fiir the cause of Christianity must he 
advanced by action; belief, alone, is not 

sulliciint. 

3SON ILL 

1 to 4. See section 1. 

5. All the ii,- lety. 

6. That the attention of the community 
should be steadily directed to education, 
so that it may bespread throughout the 
land Also an absorbing desire i'> learn 

Bg ill the srhol.ir's mind : this, bow- 
ever, v\ill be more or less excited by the 
good teacher. 

7. 8. See section 2. 

9. Our forefathers, who received instruction 
from the examples of their ancestors. 

10. It refi-rs to the prophetic sentence written 
by the 'ringers of a man's hand' upon the 
wall of lVishazzMr's palace at Babylon. 
As the characters could not he deciphered 

i 'astrologers, Chaldeans, and sooth- 

S, 1 the king had recourse to Daniel, 
who explained them to decree the con- 

3 nest of the Assyrian empire, and the 
eath of Uelshazzar. The prophecy, as 
all know, was strictly fulfilled that very 
night. The whole Btory is sublimely told 
of tiie Book of Daniel. 

11. A trope. 

■ 'ion ti. 
• >n 7. 
a 8. 

SON XLII. 

. -!1 1. 

2. Thai it is • ay of dav 

3, if tin - <>r to dis- 

| Life w« re perma- 

,e might l>e corrupted, or \M 
1 vision niurht be uncoi 

tide. Bui 
tniiatkm of twelve men set 

\ to remove undue pn 

■i .'. .:i from ' be 

it i- 

•:i 1. 



40 



APPENDIX. 



7. For the reason that judgment on impeach- 
ment only extends to their removal fro u 
office, utter which they are liable to be 
called to answer, and tried for their crimen, 
the name as any other citizens. Bur if 
life eouU he taken as an etJ ct of impeach- 
ment, a man who had oner escaped con- 
viction on such trial, eonkl he re-arrai<rned 
and re-tried to mm a jury, and so have ins 
lit'.; twice put iu jeopardy. 

8. They can not 

'.). By the nfficera of a court-martial. 

10. There can. 

ii. See section 2. 

12. 13 See sec urn 3. 

14, They are very nearly Bvnooymons, and 
mean purpose or aim Ik ran is a general 
term, an I aho more rague than object. 
We may entertain a design for ■ king Lime 
without taking; measure* to accomplish it; 
hut we usually try to effeci an object as 
so.m as possible. Well knowing thai he 
had an object in qneationing me.J t aikcare 
not to let him penetrate my di I , 

16. See section 4. 

18, ]*, . See see ion & 

18, 19. Si i 

30, 21 Set- section ?. 

22 They do not 

23. Two km. Is. 

21. An officer m each couutv to whom is in- 

trusted the execution of the i 
England, eheriffe are appointed by >lm kmc. 
In the United States, tnej 
the legislatures, or by the people, or ap- 
t) tinted and commissioned bj 
2.5. The office, m England, is judicial and 
ministerial; hen-, it iv mostly or wholly 
ministerial. The inn If or de- 

pui iee, ■ and criminal process 

throughout his comity ; hi 
mil and pril 

keeps the peace 

26. A. schedule, containing the names nfper- 
aonasuminoned by thesheriff; hence, stone 
tjrjifral't/, the whole jury. 

27. road is a jury, as above ; all 
hoard \m h ita edges inserted in th 

of a thicker i irrounding frame ; as. ■ dour 
panel, hmmi is • kind of rustic saddle. 
He knocked an hard si the door thai he 
broke through a i><mr'. He lost 
consequence of the breaking ofhMjaniaeJ- 
girth. 

28. Twenty-three. 
29,30, 31 See see- ion 8. 

32. Any whole number that cannot he divided 
by 2 without 1 remainder. 1 is the Brat 
odd number. 

33. See section 8. 
34 See section 9. 

35. Sworn means caused to take na/h : affirmed. 
caused to take affirmation. Fat the dinar- 
s' eii'-e between oath and affirmation, see 

answer to question 7, Lesson XXVI., ante, 

36, 37, 38. See section 10. 
39 to 42 See sec jon 11. 
13 to 17. See section 12. 

LESSON XLUL 

1. 2. See section 1. 

3, 1. See section 2. 

5. An nviictnunt is a written accusation or 
formal charge of a crime or misdemeanor, 
preferred to a court by a Brand jury; also 
the paper or parchment containing the ac- 
cusa ion. '■ in law, a presentment, property 
speaking, is the notice taken by a grand 
jury of any oifcnce from their own know- 



ledge or observation, without any bill of 
indictment hud before them ; as, the prr- 
tentment of a nuisance, a libel, or the like ; 
on winch 'lie officer of ihe Court must al- 
terward frame an mdictm 
p ir y presented can be put 
" in a ui iv geueral v ueul oom- 

nds inquisitions ind in Uri- 

ments."— BtactuUme. Thi 

it means 
the act of ottering .. 
the indictment itself Thi 
the word is limited to accusations 
jurors. 
f>. See section 2. 
on 3. 

I uld then declure that the 
foreman should write all three pta 
the buck of Lite bill. 
10, 1 1 See section 3. 
12. 13. See section i. 
Lion & 

: >u ») 

tion 7. 

i .u 10. 

a 11. 

an 

hen it can be changed into eaves! with- 
out destroying tie - 
39. When ii cm i»- changed into on!v without 

to. When i' aaving 

i. see. 
41. Among the Rosso**, cainsi meant a citizen 
who pit bisaseli under Lb 

man of* distinction and influence; 
- to a lavv- 
- ooi lor advice and direct ion 
in a question of law, or coram I 
m mage nenl the pr 

defence ol a suic, m a court ofjUHtice. 
Patron, with the Roman*, 
who n 

■ man o! 
rank under I ction another 

placed himself; hence, in fine 
who count* n . protects 

either a person or a work, in t li- 
the old distinctions Iron and 
c/irnt. a> above, are very oddly intermin- 
gled . I ^ lords de- 
r protection, he is bis cheat's patron, 
but inasmuch as be is supported by the 
fees paid him by h a client, the km • 
tin- tawjft r's patron 
secUoa 12. 

. w .U..1 not. 

17. A^ t . e from fal- 

lacies of judgment, the court mn*iit be 
\\ rongfully, j d to this 

or that sale. Junes, finding I 
work was already done by tk< 
would not iroub.e ihemselv -s with an ex- 
am. nai m of the in 
much mischief would hap 
such neglect. W hen, on the exp 
tiieir term, the jurymen should return to 
society, instead of think. n? for tin 
they would be apt u> tat\e a: second di.ind 
the opinions of any man who Bright ad- 
vance pretensions to learning oi 
ence. 

>. See sec- ion 12. 

LESSON XL1V. 

1, 2,3,4,5. See section 1. 



APPENDIX. 



41 



6 It is true 1 

iu the minority. 

ef judge 

- 

-• 
■ 

ai uieui- 
bers. :. words in 

aave so prefixed 
it for such a length of time, thai it has be- 

. - 
. can l»e eivt-n for wnln,. 
II the definite article and community 
•i it. 
10. 11 So 

Ml 4 

:t the bot- 

••i 7. 
S 

■•> or it Weft 

31 When • which it 

.33. When it coanotlu sentences, being neither 

. >n 9. 

36. Set - 

37. It nee s privati >n, 

punish.] 

38. It si-.. 

derst<< to be je 

'. and m- 

[noceo, to hurt.] not hurling. Infinitely, 
l/uus. the end. bound, or iimit.J without 

unfit 

39. J urors.tr.ers— returned. - 

K requisite nunv- 

ve suitable jurors. 

40. 41. . d 11. 

D 13. 

. i4. 

I LV. 
. :se it to be chanced. 

- I 

. 

there must e/ 
wasting ; a better or a v\ 



i— a ten- 
ling in nun oi 

mine 

>nling to 

In* All j 

but th i in i> !).•, I.,, 

.'urs. 

18 s« 

' that cnunsrl 

i.n ;i noon singular used in the pie i 
n 7. 

ilar or plural, accord- 
ing to 

24. it n 

2o. Hu m a n ity means kindneai n !•< nesolencc; 
oeasrai txceUmcy implies many good quali- 
i ne fornier, applying to one attri- 
bute, is determinate; the later, having 

■ nance to many things, \s \ i 
I imttcii i> a judicial netl r deli- 

e from the charge of an offence, 
and as the prisoner, who wasc .mined dur- 
nig the trial, thereby sains lus I 

I) hi >us in this 
nsf. though they art- no' generally so. 
27. The cleannf ol the guilty 

mr esenanees possess the pardon- 
in.j power, 

• ...ii 9 
- - two iO. 
S3. The "ii.- vsii .i baa sustained the loss. 
34. They ar- and should receive 

condign punishment. 

. rat.ir. 

whom it has been si dated. 

R Yes -ii ia q e Li d by Webster, lUjense. 
B, L Set a -ion 11. 
io to I i 12. 

i etiou ia 

,1 ) t. 

r.trarv to law ; unjust, r m- 

tr.ny to j in ice an i right, itkgai has re- 

to human laara alone, and before 

■ i ii \s;ln impossible for 

.'. though many might 

be unjust. Owing to unperfectione ever 

attendant upon man's a 
U'jahty, and their C STS occa- 

. at variance. 
51. See section 11. 

LESSON XLVI. 

1. Duties — common noun, plural number, 
is in ' 

by the nrep<»ition to understood. With 

the ellipses fully supplied, the sentence 
WOQld read ' to tO 

2. Relative proooun.third person, plnml num- 

i duties for its antecedent, ob- 
snd governed foj ' should un- 
derstand ' 

3. B< fore the verb by which they are gov- 

.(II 

■ to in- 

■ 

i 

• rnor will 
'-ririnii.il. 



by fire. 






42 



APPENDIX. 



Condemned * - horrid manner 

I 

ll 
him t n 

tion, which was general)] 

t!i<w i 

resy in past times, when d< 

have burnt each other, und< 

ankful that we 
live in an age w i i 
Christianity i> beginning to he ondi 

ing men, we 

tin ir opinions. | he world m jIov 

i:n!c.(i ti> discover thai ergtunaats and 

s are immaterial, and 
that they cannot be refuted, npn 
■ 

ve that 

: i» . videui ' 

• t.irth of Chi - 
dnilth inclusive, were in Mi- 
ami th( :illd ><• 

on, opto the h 
m the 
reader 

\\ hich happened I 
birth is determined backwards in a 
manner. 

'1 he v'. inhabit* 

■ 

prahenda /'/ 

my journey I fell in with 
», who abominated a 
novationa 

It 19—dmu mac means a hn 
. ;i demon , 

•n\ in of it—- 1 
ius; und< 

inity. 
ion t 

to have flourished long in I 
as to have had origin 

tin. 
Because the name of the shell which had 
inscribed on it the note of c mdenination, 

rocan. 
Before and at the revoldtkm. 
It means gnai 

secured to the English people many im- 
portant rights and privileges Th - 
is also given to a chnrter granted to the 

u the ninth year of Henry 111., and 
confirmed by Edward I. 
From King John, A. D 

ind & 
The individuals from whom meal | 
living in tins country hai i 

those towliom we owe lung 

ntaJ most of our laws. 

Very highly. 

The wresting of the hfngna CJurrla from 

King John, and compi 

kings to confirm it; t 3 of the 

. kc 
See section 7 

Confide* - .'. \v e 

always trust when we confide, bat we do 



• 
cations 1 put ron/uimct in 
knew his qualifications an 
of Ins honesty, hut hi 
the /■■ 
That th trBRfl — a thin? | 

able in all men. but moc 
so, for 
high pi 

<w the 

in fairly, or brilie. or infloi 
any underhand man 

instrument ; tear, to - 

or pulling, with or without a 

The an ..f nut in,; may I • 

more i 

pull out by tli* \ 

tllariotl first mentioned i» tl 



35, In the* 



the 



xmmI is Hi ..■ 



The i one. 

tl word; referring to an; 

38. ^ • ild he 

•m! hand I 

i li». 

ii 11. 
rause if the 

thing else than the easiest 

• :,fin. 

• i start from. •■• 

from, with the utm - 

ral prin- 
ciple. 

45. 1!- 

v kind of mi 
and v.. 

n 13. 

: honor, of 
distin • 
distinction, 
attach 

cordu - 

on, and offiie should bt a 
. of merit. 
49, 90, 61. See section 14. 



APPENDIX. 



43 



SS >N XL VI I. 

km i. 

ion 2. 

? anarchy or political confusion. 

•;' society in made 

• iker innocent were 

1 by the stronger guilty: — when 

man took the law into his own 

dry avenged pen mal 

i .v was admin- 

id familiarly known to 

Lynch Law 1 — or as it waa of old at 

Jedbnmi, In Scotland, and called 'Jeddart 

it is written, 

• 1 !/iw ; 
Hoic j;i the mom they hang and draic, 

: m jwlgiiunl aj'tcr.'' 

- >u 4. 

10. The] 

11. It is nod that ' misery Lores company.' ami 
the same is true of guilt The vile, on 

• v. cease to re- 
. leavor to inveigle the 

unwary in order that their own degtada- 
tnm may t>e mergi d in some degre 
of their fellov - occur of 

the eaticeoM nt of the idle i 

12. 13 See section 5. 

to question 13 of : 
IX. ; also that to question 15 of Lesson 

I A t VI., 

15, 16 See section 6. 

IT. By so means. 

IS. It implies the ' reformation' of the crimi- 
nals spoken of. 
S< e section 7, 
21, 22, 23 See section 8. 

wlterXy persons proved to be in- 
.<■ Crimes fur which they were 

■ 'ted. 

r to question 2 of Lesson XIV , 
ante. 

26 to 2 . 10. 

. 11. 

36. With respect to man the increase is un- 
limil 

37. I he hfe of ma>, I hat it is im- 

• for any one individual to make 
v branch 
of kit- ■ 

that in 

been a steady I the be- 

E". r how much 
-,ied much more re- 

- to be done. 

i.VIII. 
1. 2. 3. \ See 

- 

! 
21 to 21. See se 

F.iJt. we are 

30. 31, 32 

nod every 
duty. 

31 See' sec" ion 9. 



36 

in 
n. 

16 



S term in and Robert Morris may he 
name I » w bo were the archi 

hi ir own fortunes 
; in many res| 

.. r was considered t I 
.iilies. 
They : . . onward. 

Undoubtedly. 

\e harder. 

>i 11. 

. to the lot o[ all. 

S 

in incumbent 

nun is the point on winch a 

. • • m in ij be 

a prop, but a pros IS dy :i fulr 

crum. The legs of a table may ; 

;iroy^. as they support the top or leaf, but 

rally applied to a temp irary 

- si ol many 

things . a st,.nf. or even the earth itself, is 

van. In Lifting 
a firm fidenm is needed, and a prop is 
often used to iaa been gained 

section 13. 
51. See SOCtiua 9. 

5S N XI.1X. 
1 to 16. See section^ 1 and 2. 
•;ons 3 and I. 

•. >ns 5 an 1 6. 
•i8 to it S 
1 ^ t o 1 7 v 

. lines 192 to 199, section 8, the same idea 

is twice '.riven. 

49. In order to make a stronger impression. 

50. 51. See section B. 
83 to 67. See section 9. 

68. It is the occurrence of the same letter at 
ginning of two or more words suc- 
ceeding each other immediately or at short 
intervals. The following quotations are 
r« markable instano a of tUhteratkm. 
"The lordly Don /eaves his /onely /air." 
" Begot (>y //utohers, tat 6y bishops 6red; 
flow ftigh Ua famor . 

6ft The instances here gtvefl are of three or 
34, 253,277.281, 

for that— inter- 

iki — another. 

- !. though many 
01 them are no' gi 

females — 'j 1, sound— oh tin, r< 

■ 

. influence 
- author, 
writer— trembling, quiv*ring — 
Bjg— friendly, I 

dweller^. Livers— pronounced, enounced— 

form. 

a isdom— 

i it— < sink, fall- 
in, the more . 

tughters— reader, person- 
hand, palm- . • 

sound - 
..i. halt w ithin— frank, round — truth, 

i kind 
73. 'I 

' 

It of 
•tewardslup to our Crea 



:' our earthly 



31 






44 APPENDIX. 



SPECIMENS OF OLD ENGLISH POETRY. 
The following is a description of Robert, surnamed Courthose, 1 eldest 
son of William the Conqueror : — 

"He was y-wox* ere his fader to England came, 
Thick man he was enow, but not well Ion;;; 
Square was he, and well made for to be strong. 
Before his fader, once on a time, he did sturdy deed. 
Whan he was young, who beheld hnn. and these words said: 
•By the uprising of Gud, Robelyn me sail - 
The Courthose, my young Bon, a stalwart knight sail be;' 
For he was somewhat short, so he named hnn Courthose, 
And iie mi^ht never after this name lose. 
He quiet of counsel and speech and of body strong, 
Ncv.r yet man of might in Christendom no* in Paynim, 
In battail from his steed could bring hnn down." 

The death of Matilda of Scotland, wife of Henry I., is chronicled by 
Ilardinge as follows : — 

••'11;, r;st s thousand WM full rlrar, 

one bandied « Ice ' and t] i 

Whan fOOd 000011 Maude w:is dead ai»d laid on bier, 

At Weetouni as well was ■ 

I R heaviness of wlneli, the kin- I M • 
1 \ .rmandy then went, with i. 

The duk.« William, and there with did won.** 

FREEDOM. 

(John Barbour, 1 Ltfa century.) 

"A! freedome is a DOOUl thine! 

DOJD to liaifT liking! 

lie . WJfU\ m 

The two following arc from Chaucer, n few years later: — 

T B E W I F E . 

•• \ good wife was there <>t' beside Bath, 
r.ut siio was some deal deaf, and tfa the,* 

Of rloth makm- she hadde s'irh a haunt." 
She passed them of Vpres and of Ghent." 

THE MONK. 
"A monk ther was, a fayre for the maistrie, 
An outrider, that loved venerie; 8 
A manly man to hen an abbot able. 
Ful many a damte lmrs hadde he in stable : 
And whan he rode, men might his bridle here 
Gingeling in a whistlin? wind as clere. 
And eke as loude, as doth the chapell belle, 
Ther as this lord was keper of the celJe." 






i Short-stocking. 3 Xor. & DweJl. I Custom. 

2 Grown. •* Also. 6 Harm. 8 Hunting. 




T H li O R I G I N A L 

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 



TO ALT. TO WHOM THES 

:' Delegates of the States affixed to our A ctituj. 

WHEREAS the rvie<:ates of the United States of America in Congress assembled, did, on the 

ember, in the Year of our I ord «>ne thousand seven huudn d and m 
md in the second Year of the Ind 
■ >n and perpetual Union between tin 
Rhode island and Pi itions 

Delaware. Maryland. 
. .7„ :— 

'■ion and rrr-,* ■ 'nisrt's 

■ mia. 

. Independence, and 
md Right, which is D 



UL Thesai 



verally enter into a I : Friendship with each 

other, for their common Di I i their mutual ami _■ 

ling themselvi - made 

upon them, or any of them, on Account of Kei .. my other 1 

ART. IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual Friendship and Intercourse among 
the People of the different Sta'es. in this Union, the free Inhabitants of each ol 

and Fugitives from ill be entitled to all Privils 

: free Citizens in lh< 

ss to and from ... I i ajoy therein all the PriviU 

-)';o!i<. ami Restrictions as the Lunabit- 
i event 
erty imported into u ■ of which the Owner is an 

S, or Restriction shall In' laid by BO) 
on the Pi 

If ai r charged with Treason. Felony, or other high " mam 

be found in any of the Uniti -nail, upon Di 

~.aieut or executive Power .in which he fled, he delivered I 

;o the Stale having Jurw; 

b, Acts and judicial 

mled 
.res shall be annually appointed, m such Manner as the Legislature 

• r any of them, at any Ti Ui 
oder of the "> 

. shall be ca] in any 

and while tli 
as Members ai 

I I have 

- 
- 

r 



46 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. • 



No two or more States shall enter into any Treaty, Confederation, or Alliance whatever be- 
tween them, without the Consent of the United States in Congress asseml 
rately the Purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how lorn,' it shall con mue. 

No State shall lay any Imposts or Duties, which may interfere with any Stipula Li 
Treaties, entered into by the Tinted States in Congress assembled, with any King, Prince, or 
State, in pursuance of any Treaties already proposed by Congress, to the Courts of Prance 
and Spam. 

No Vessels of War shall be kept up in Time of Peace by any State, except such Number only, 
as shall be deemed necessary by the United States in Congress assembled, for the Del 
such State, or its Trade ; nor shall any Body of Porces be kept up by any State, in Tune of 
Peace, except such Number only, as in the Judgment of the United States, in Congress assem- 
bled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the Forts necessary- for the I 1 - : 
but every State shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined Milii armed 

and accoutred and shall provide and constantly have ready for Use, in public Stores, a due Num- 
ber of Field pieces and Tents, ami a proper Quantity of Arms. Ammunition and Camp-equipage. 

No State shall engage in any War without the Consent of the United States in ( 
assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by Enemies, or shall ha certain 

Advice of a K< solution being formed by some Nation of Indians to invade such State, and the 
Danger is so imminent as out In admit of a Delay, till the United States in Congress assembled 
canoe consulted : nor shall any state grant Commissions to any Ships or Vessels of War, noi 
Letters of Marque or Reprisal, except it be after a Declaration of War by the United > : 
Congress assembled, ana then only against the Kingdom or State and the Subjects thereof, 
against which War has been so declared, and under such Regulations as shall be established 
by the United States in Coi by Pirates, to winch 

< -i.se \ i ss4 Lb ol \'< ar may be fitted oul for thai < locaaion, and kept so long aa the Danger shall 
continue, or until the United States in ' iall determine othei a 

AKT. vll. When hmd I State for the common Defence, all officers 

of or under the Rank of Colonel shall be appointed by the Legislature ol 
ivelv, by whom such be raised, or M1 such Manner as such State shall dim 

ail vacs the State wh • the Appointment 

A RT. VIII. All ( barges Of W ar. and all other Kxp**nsfS that shall he incurred for ti i 
inon Defence or general Welfare, and allowed by the United States in l ongreaa assembled, 
shall be defrayed oul of a common Treasury, \\ Inch shall be supphed by the several SI 
Proportion to the Value of all Land within each State, granted to or surveyed for any Pei 

such Land and the Buildings ami Impr-»\ einents thereon shall be estimated, according tOSQCfa 
Mode aa the I nited Mates m i .n, .. d shall from Tune to Time direct and appoint. 

The lazes for paying thai Proportion shall be laid and levied by the Authority and D 
of the I. gislatures of the aen ral States, within the Tune agreed uim.u by the i 
Congress Resembled. 

aRI IX. I lie I : Congreaa assembled shall have the sole and exclusive Right 

and Power of determining on Peace and War. except in th< rth Ar- 

ticle—of sending and receiving Ambassadors — enleniiR into Treaties and Alliances, pi 
that no Treaty of Commerce snail be made, whereby the l« «rer of the rea 

States shall be restrained from imposing such Impost* and duties on Foreigners, as their own 
People are subjected to, or from prohibiting the Exportation or Im 
Goods or Commodities whatsoever— of establishing Rules for deciding, in all < as. s', wh il 
tuns on Land or Water shall be legal, and in what Manni 
Forces in the Service of the United States shall be divided or appropriate,; 
ol Marque and Reprisal in Times of Peaci —appointing Courts for the Trial of Ptracii a and Fel- 
onies committed on the high Seas— and establishing Courts for receiving and determining 
finally appeals in all < laaea of Captures, provided that no Member of Congress, shah 

pointed a Judge of any of the said Courts. 

The l nited States in Congress assembled shall also be th on Appeal in all Dis- 

putes and Differences now subsisting, or that hereafter may arise between two 01 
concern m- Boundary, Jurisdiction, or any other* a use whatever; which Authority shall b 
be exercised in the Manner following. 'Whenever the legis irity, or 

lawful Agent of any State in controversy with another, shall present a Petition 
stating the Matter in Question, and praying for a Hearing, Notice thereof shall be given t)f Order 
of Congress to the legislative or executive Authority of the other State in Controversy, and a 
Day assigned for the Appearance of the Parties by their lawful Agents, who shall th< 
directed to appoint, by join! Consent, Commissioners or Judges to constitute a Court for hi 
and determining the Matter in Question ; but if they cannot agree, i 

Persons out i\\ each oi the United Stales, and from the List of such Persons each Party shall 
alternately strike out one, the Petitioners beginning, until the Number shall be reduced to thir 
teen ; and from that Number not le.v» than seven, nor more than nine Names, as Congress shall 
direct, shall m the Presence of Congress be drawn out by Lot, and the Persons who.se 
shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall l»e Commissioners or Judges, to hear and finally 
determine the Controversy, so always as a major Part of the Judges who shall hear tin 
shall agree in the Determination : and if either Party shall neglect to attend at the D 
pointed, without showing Reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall 
refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three Persons out of each State, and 
the Secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such Party absent or refusing: and the 
Judgment and Sentence (A~ the Court to be appointed, in the Manner before prescn!>ed, shall 
be filial and conclusive; and if any of the Parties shall refuse to submit to the Authority of 
such Court, or to appear or defend their Claim or Cause, the Court shall nevertheless proceed 
to pronounce Sentence, or Judgment, which shall in like Manner be final and decisive; the 
Judgment or Sentence and other Proceedings being in either Case transmitted to Congn ■ 
lodged among the Acts of Congress, for the Security of the Parties concerned : provided that 
every Commissioner, before he sits in Judgment, shall take an Oath, to be admuustered by one 






ARTICLES op CONFEDERATION*. 47' 

■ S 

All Control erstea 

insdic- 

- 

•• laud 

• 
: 
- i 
The I 

the eeneral 

Sums of 

- 

■ 

:id to make i 
ber of white Inhab ' 
the Legislature of each S'ate : 

p them id a - at the Expeus S ind Lhe 

: 

1 shall, on i 

.tier than it> 
. r of Men than the 

State. such S i Number cannot b s 

u, and equip ;t- 

Lothed, 

.red, and withm the Tune agreed u.i by 

The ' ~ ■ ed shall nev . :mr qrant Lt I 

er into Tu ■. 

- 

I 
. uber of 1 iti i 

S 

any Tunc wil 

i.. in* 

oi the said Jour ... > •-,..•..- .s ar arwve excepted, to lay before the legislatures ol 

I BKable ' • ' ■■ " ''• " ' !" ' H I i ii ' > . in • * un > - v ••• In ' ' ' v. 

3ff ILCWin.l.i i '• - - ;i:'< !• -:i'i .n. ..!. 1 ii.mi:..' in the Mexsures of the Uni'ed 

',".'. '.'.'' /' »>'.'•• '• ., s .,,, i, ].-,s v.j - l i \ I::,.-- "ii '•• I agree 1 !..b. nine S .it.-s 






31 



48 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 



art YTII Even' State shall abide by the Determinations of the linited States in C 
A k! in all Question? which by this Confederation are submitted to tlieui. And the Articles 
a f HS^frdS Mil n ^1 be n' 1,1^ observed by every State, and the Union - 
ol thwContederation snail ueiu j hereafter be made in any ot them, un km 

Cr^on*' s^dVhy^ Courts oV the United Slate., and be afterwards confirmed by the 

^^h^'tthatfSeased the ereat Governor of the WozM to incline the Hearts of th*- 
totei r£m^nt 1 , 1 «' 1 <res S to approve ot and to authorize us to rali.v 
the Ps aid Artie es of Confederation and perpetual Union ; Know YE, that we, he umh 
Dele-tefv virtue of the Power and Authority to us g.ven for that Purpose, do by the* 
n g n i, } N .me and in Behalf of our respert.ve Constituents, fully and entity ■*! 




£b,n\u^ be inviolably observed by the St* 

resDectivelv re present, and that the Union shall be perpetual. . 

!E witness W li-'re. f. wu have hereunto set our Hands in Congress. Done at 1 hiladelr.hia in 
thfsTateof Pennsylvania the ninth Day of July in the Year ol our Lord one thousan, 
hundred and sevenly-e.^ht, and in the tuiru Year ot the Independence ol America. 

On the Part and Behalf of the State of New Hampshire. 
JOSIAH BAHTLETT, J,,1!N WENTWORTH, Jon. August 8, 1778. 

On the Part av<! Behalf tt) Massachusetts Bay. 

JOHN" HANCOCK, .IM.IKKV, i\\n : K, IX H, 

SAMl 1:1. ADAMS, S DANA, .\W1LLL IIULIl.N. 

On the Part and I! ! ; ' Provuience Plantations. 

WILLIAM ELLERY, HENRY MAR( HANT, JOHN COLLINS. 

On the Part and B ' onnccticut. 

ROGER SHERMAN, OLIVER WOLCOTT, ANDREW ADAMS. 

SAMI EL Hi N T1TI 3 H08MER, 

On 0m P<-it and I Stctt 0/ Wm IV*. 

jas. diam:. i i;a 1 1.« WK DUJER, gouv. morris. 

Oi the Part and Behalf of the State of New Jersey . 
JNO. WITHERSPOON, Noi H. SCTDDEK.de, 

(>•» flhl JtoH o/jJ B» half of the State of Pennsylvania. 
RQBT MORRIS, JONA- BAYARD SMITH, Jos REED, 23d July, 1778. 

DANIEL ROBERDEAB, WILLIAM CLINGAN. 

On the Part and Behalf of the State of Dclairarc. 
THOS. ITKEAN. Feb. 13, NICHOLAS VAN DYKE. 

JOHN DICKINSON, May Oth, 

On the Part and Behalf of the State of Maryland. 
JOHN HANSON, March 1. DANIEL CARROLL, do. 

On the Part and Behalf of the State of Virginia. 
RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS ADAMS, FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE. 

JOHN BANISTER, JNO 11ARVIK, 

On the Part and Behalf of the State of North Carolina. 
JOHN PENN, July 21st, 1778. CORNS. HARNETT, JNO. WILL: 

On the Part and Behalf of the State of South Carolina. 
HENRY LAURENS. JNO. MATHEWS, THOMAS HEY WARD, Jun. 

WILLIAM HENRY DRAYTON, RICHARD HUTSON 

On the Part and Behalf of the State of Georgia. 
JNO. WALTON, 21th July, 1778. EDW^D. TELFAIR, EDW. LANGWORTHY. 

[JVbr«.--From the circumstance of delegates from the name itat« baring signed the Article* of Confederation at different 
times, as appears by the dates, it is probable they affixed their names as they happened to be present in Congra*, after 
they had been authonaed by their constituents.] 



1 N I) E X 

IX> Tilt: SYNONYMS, AND OTHER WORDS, EXPLAINED 
AND [LLUSTftATED IN THE APPENDIX 



s 

and «,!.. <]iti\<twrt, applied to words not properly he- 

'■> ,,f " *■* °t - Tbe numbers are ^fan. thu fmtn; second, 

t+ft in Appendix. Words twice given are twice elucidated. 

U». Q. P. | Lc^ u. r. 

-declare wi. 8,94 

Axioms— self-evident truth- rxii. 25, 25 
A\v. M uix. SO, 35 



| 

it'. V 

sts xlvi. 

H, (J I \ v i . 

\\1. 

\ Dl —history mil 

• ly— c irrecUy xvi. 

Acknowledge d — re< 

Aeq li re — rece ive, I .. ix. 

i ' xiv. 

Actual— real .wtv. 

Ad prefix journ. M xxv. 



Adieu — farewell — good-bye • >xxii. 

og— contiguous w . 

Adjourn — prorogue six. 

ster— contribute ... . \iv. 

I— ro \vn '1 rxii. 

Advmnc is a ea t — pr o g reo a i on . • .vi. 

Advantage— beneil \vi.' 

Affirmation— oath. U rxvi. 

Affirmed— sworn, L* xiii. 

Affront— insult xv. 

..ions xxxi. 

I Mil. 

:it— contract ... 

at— -covenant rv. 

- —compacts xx. 

Alliteration, M., ilix. 

likewise xxv. 

Alter—change r>v. 

ged xx. 

tie — friendly 

en, U., xxxi. 

M. i 

Angry— offended axiii. 

in >n— destruction . xxi. 
fix -propriations, 
■ 
—feared rviii. 

! ' I ' xviii. 

I \ 

x x \ i i i . 

rJii 



- M rxiii 

Aaeembl. — on 
Assem 1 

M 

Authority — p igtk- hi. 



5 



xv. 16, 18 

44. 49 

11,98 

17, 24 
2ft, M 

5, 30 
15, JOB 

:>i, 8 
28, 41 

wm. 93,96 
47. 29 

a 25 

30, 19 
IS, 22 

!'. 16 
17 
3. 9 

7. 28 

35, W 

41. 19 

18, 36 
98, 14 
15, 21 

10, 18 

1 1 . 23 

4*. 18 

30, to 

:. 36 
l I 

13 21 

2,20 

0, ni 
96 16 

16 21 



Baffled— defeated win. 

Bail oocni ity ixviii. 

Ballot -ticket UViit 

Banner— flag rxxi. 

Bargains — contracts w n. 

Baaia foundation w. 

Demi — carry w i. 

- pn ceding, (phrases 

syu. t> . . \ \n. 

Behavior— conduct txiv. 

Beaeatli — tinder xv. 

Benefit— a rvantage xxii 

-confer \\i\. 

Between— among, V.. w\i. 

Bill of attainder — ex post 

facto law uxiv. 

Bliss — felicity axix. 

Book of laws -co<le xii. 

Borne— supported wm. 

Brands— sworda xxix. 

Breach of th i peace — felony xxi v. 
Break the seals of— open . .XXViii. 
Brethrea I 

Brothers \ ' 

Business — concerns xvi. 

But. di£ pmrU • .xliii 

By degrees— gradually, [phraa - 

syn. to) wii. 



XXI. 



17 22 

33, 33 

10, 21 

13, J3 

11. 20 

l. 95 

1 1. 27 

[35, 19 

6, 25 

37. 35 
5, 30 

3, 38 
48, 35 
119, 14 
25, 22 

4*. 35 
18, J7 
42, 33 

44. 24 

8,20 

36, 4i» 

10,25 



Calculated | 47 v 

Computed j xx,x 47 ,to 

Called— named xvii. 13, 21 

Carr y b ear avi. 11,90 

xm. :u. 1 1 

( 'atalogues— lists uviii. 40. 33 

-reason x win. 2 

• -surrender w . 27, 19 

illustrious xiv. 2fi it 

.i uiy -form xiv. 30, 18 

Change— alter xv. i. 18 

Changed -alt. red xx. 20, 24 

■ isBitndes w ii. 17. 21 

< Tboice— option rv, 

Christendom iti old M x. i - 

M ix. . 

12 i - 



(xiix) 



150 



INDEX. 



Circumstantial-minute xv. 38, W 

Citizen-subject xxxvi. 14, 38 

Citiz.ens—dcnizena xxxi. ji, J/ 

Citizens— people "»i. 48, > 

Civil code, M ^'^Jo 

Claim.S xxvii. 2,29 

Claims-rights xn. 110, 14 

Class— order xxiv. 10,27 

Class— order— rank *T« *4, • 

Client— patron, U xlm. 4 

Closing / XV ii. 

Concluding \ 

Coalescence — union 

Code - book of laws \n- 

Columbia (whence derived), xxx. 

Cow (prefix; pose x "- 

Commensurate— adequate ■ • *▼« 
Comments— observations • • xxix. 
Commonwealth— state — xxviii. 
Compacts— agreements. • 
Compensation - remuneration 



Crown-lands— public dom 

xxii. 

Custom— usajre xv. 

Customs— practices 

Customs— usages xiv. 

Cut— tear, L T xlvi. 



90, -' I 

17, 18 
112, 14 

•J. 35 
56, 13 
47. 520 
20, 34 
35, 32 



XXVIII. 

. . X \ I X . 



3, 25 



Compile, M 

Complete— perfeel 

COmpOSC ' Ml. HI, 11 

Constitute \ 

Con (pn fix sequentlyand -trai Is, 

M I 

Concerns— business xv ' 

Concert those measures syn. 

phrase to} xxil 11, -•< 

Cone irrence / ... ixiv 15 K 

Consent | 

Conduct bi baviour ixiv. 1 1 -'" 

Confederation union xxvii, i 

Confl r bestovt *xix. 

Cpnfidence trusl *lvi. 2 

( onfii Btablish xxiv. 

Conquered -vanquished xii 

Consecrated devoted xwi. 12,36 

Consecrated— hallowed xxix. -\\. 35 

Considered regarded six. 

Constant— perpetual mv. 



( institution (whence deriv. ixi* 



11. IT 

13, 35 

7 16 



Q. P 

32, 42 



Constitution, 8 \m\. 

Contempt — distlain \\. 

Contentions dissensions 

Contested - disputed xv. 

( 'ontiguous— adjoining xv. 

Continuance / 

Continuation \ 

( lontrad —agreement ivfi. 

Contract! — ha mains xvil 

Contribute —administer xiv. 

Controversy — dispute xiv. 

Conventions j ■• 

Convocations \ 

Conventions— meetings xviii. 

Convocation— assembly . . . .xviii. 

Correctly— accurately xvi. 

Counsel— lawyers xiv. 

Countenance— encourage xvi. 

Countenanced— sanctioned. . . -xv. 

Country— land xxvii. 

Course— series xxix. -J.7. : } .4 

Covenant— agreement xv. 10, IS 

Cradle— dwelling-place, 17. • .xlvi. 16, 4-J 
Crime— misdemeanor xxviii. 21, 31 



xmv. 21, •_•: 

10, 21 

'.'. 16 
18, 17 

29 Si 

l"ti. 21 
5, 20 

S l , 41 
6,20 
3, 18 

33, 30 



Danger— jeopardy 

Dealings— traffic XYfi. 

Debate— speech xxiy. 

—avow 

Declare— proclaim X*i 

Declined— refused xvii. 

- Ml 

I— baffled 

Defective— imperfect xmx. 

two ways to spell • .xlr. 
I). finition— synonym, l 

Degre . s.. ..*. tir. 

Demand— requirement xv. 

Demoniacs— possessed pen 

xlvi. 

Denizens— citizens I 

I), noted dignified \ 

D predauon robbery • . • 

\ i:n rn ;(iii-im . mm. 
Design object \lii. 

Disso 

Destruction— annihilation 

lion— ruin Lx. 

Destruction— ruin xxxvi, 

xlvi. 

. iting Btrength- 

iv. 

1 1 

• 

xiv. 

Different / 

I >i — liiiil.'ir \ 

■ 
I 

I ugnit) honor 

I lie pn ti\ -approvi 

ries— inventions xn. 

idgment. • ■ 

t ontempt 

it j — inequality 

I exhibit 

d —inclined \m. 

Dispute— controversy. 

Disp it* n w 

I rd- slight • ■ • 

contentions 

b. ...... xs x. 

Distant— foreign, U 

Distinct - separate x. 

Distributed— apportion d 

Disturb— interrupt urx 

Disunil 

Divided | x 

Done— made 

Draw ing, B \u. 

Due— right xiii. 

Duties— taxes 

Duty — service xx\ ni. 

Dwelling-place — cradle. U. . xlvi. 



10, 17 
li «i 

1 1. 40 
90, -i 

37, IS 

105, II 

l. Itl 
B, If 

18, 17 






INDEX. 



51 



Lee. i}. F 

Each ) .. .,. 

if ore, M vii. i. f) 

Elected— choseD wi. 85,34 

I— raised ixix. 3 

Elevating— developing— si length* 

I" . . iv. 3, 2 

n m 

I XN1 3 W 

Emit] (i in- nts — salaries \\i. 33. 24 

Emphasis —modulation \ i. 

Emphasis — pause— tone vi. i. ;> 

Employ — use w. 85, 19 

Empowering— authorizing. ...wi. 12, 80 

d— made \iii. 4*\ 15 

5— suj rounding xvii. 1. 80 

Encourage -countenance • ■ • • wi. 6, 80 

-objects \iv. 41. 18 

Enemj xxi. 54, 25 

9 mi. 32, IS 

S x.xiii. 3, 25 

□ >us— vast xvi. J 

Enviable, (whence derived, and 

h >w use i ix. 49, 8 

Envy— Jealousy win. 83, 22 

USS 1 /! -• «•" 

Equal— uniform xiv. 34. 17 

Essay — treatise v, 

Establish — confirm xxiv. 4, 27 

—subterfuge w. 80, 18 

Evident — manifest rvi. 17,20 

Examples— instances .win. in. 8] 

imposts xxmm. 37. 37 

Excite— incite vi. 5, 5 

\ es— pardoning power. 

U. \lv 

Exhibit— displa/ tv. B, 18 

Existing— s insisting ivftii. 11. -J 1 

-trial x\. 16,23 

-imports. U. XXI 

• facto law— bill of at- 
tainder, P xxxiv. 

«ing, U v. 2, 3 

Faculties, M iv. 4. I 

Faithful— true xlvi. 35, 42 

Famous— renowned xiv. 22, 17 

•rood -bye • xxn. 

I— apprehended xviii. 13,2] 

1 x i x . 

I mi. 106, 1 4 

r xxxi. 33, 37 

1 3 Kxi. 54, 25 

U ixviii. 38, 32 

rlvi. 5, 4 J 

Form 8... 

\: 

,;. \i\ 

Form — «■• - m\ 10,28 

I rt y txviil 

; \ i 

I 

Fulcr im — prop xiv, 



Les. q. r. 

Genera] excellency— humanity, 

>' ilv. 24, 41 

Gen ^rations— ages \\\i. 1-. 36 

xxiv. 51, 35 

xxii, 23, 25 

1 -ruled mi 

Government, M i\. 14, 7 

Government, S ix. 15, 7 

Good-bye adi u farewell- .xxii. 8, 85 
Gradual j :>. <l igrees, phrase 

wii. 10. 85 

Grandeur mag \\ . 50, -Jo 

Greai bi l arges t x\\ iii. 43. 33 

- \\ ronga xxviii. 9, 3] 

Gun — muskets ixxviii. 88,38 

Had, S x\,,. |9 85 

Hallowed— consecrated xxix. 44, 35 

Harbors— ports w 37, 19 

Hidden— latent xxix. 81, 34 

History— account riii. -J". 1 ; 

Honor— dignity Kit 

Host, a x. 54, y 

Humanity— genera] exeelli ncy, 

U Ell 

Ignorant ) lfi 

Illiterate | " T ' ■ '" 

Illegal— unjust xi\ 

Illustrious— celebrated xiv. SB, i" 

lm ( prefix -portant, M xii. 31, 12 

[m (prefix -painty. M xii v. 37. !i 

Imperfect— defective xxix. 35,35 

Imports -exports, 1 '. xxv. >. 8d 

Emposing— obtruding xxi. 37. 24 

Impost- xxxiii. 37, 37 

In prefix -formed and -flicted, 

M xii. 63, 13 

In prefix) -habitants, M xii. 50, 12 

I 1 - c m\ See M. . .xliv. 38, 41 

vi. 5, 5 

Inclined — disposed xiii. 2b\ 14 

Independent whence deriv.) .xxx. 9, 35 

Indians—sat sgi t xviii. 11, 81 

Indictment —presentment . . . xliii. 5, 40 

Ineffectually j , phrll8 . svn . to)xxii . on, 05 
in vain S 

Inequality— disparity xiv. 1. Ifl 

Infallible— unerring xiii. 8, i» 

Infirmity— weakness riii 

Infringement (whence deriv.) xi\ 

Inhabitants— people xxviii. 33,39 

i< 1 tgacy uxi 

Inheritances— patrimonies.. • .xii. 107, 11 

| il|,r " I xv. 1- 18 

Impair \ 

InofTending— unoffending x\. 81, 19 

Instanc a— examples >\ iii. 10, - 1 

Instructed -taught tit 

Instrument, S. \vm. 81, 86 

Instrument— tool xxi. 38,24 

Ins lit affront w. 11 19 

1 ■ rebellions ....xxi 

1 rioti xxxiii. 74, 38 

in. 15, J 

. .xxii 1 - 81 

lational If... tiv. 11 11 
. 



52 



INDEX. 



Inventions— discoveries. 
Italics, M 



. .xii. 105, 14 
..iii. 1, 2 



Jealousy— envy xvm. 

Jeopardy— danger x.win. 

Judgment— discretion xv. 

Juries— voters, Q, xlv. 

Juryman, M iv. 



23 22 
17- 31 
26, 19 

17.41 



Kept— retained w 18, 23 

Kingly- regal xviii< 20, 22 



Land— country x \\ h. 

Largest— greatest \ \\ iii. 

Lasting— permanent xviit. 

Latent- bidden xxix* 

Law. B xxvii 

Law— rule xwm. 

Laws— statutes uiL 

Laws— statutes ... xxvii. 

Law \ era -counsel il*« 

i permission xv. 

inheritance Exxft, 

Liberty— acquittal, U xlv. 

Liberty— freedom en iii 

trivia] utL 

-nmlar win. 

Likexx is- -al>i> I w. 

Listi catalogues en iii. 

Litcrar\ scientific, I '• • 
Loyalty, M rix. 



fade—done ixr >>■ 

•lade— enacted riii. 

Magistrate —priest, xii. 

Magna Charta, M rtvi 

Magnificence --frtandeur it, 

Main, (in opposite senses] ■ .x \i\. 

Main— ocean \ \i\. 

Manifest— evident xvi. 

Mod.' \ 

Manner— way xxviii. 

Matters— resolutions, Q • -.xmu. 

Max . B xi \. 

Meaning— signification . ...xxix. 

Meet— assemble x\\ iii. 

Meetings— convention! • ■ • .xviii. 

Memento / ■ ■ 

Monument j u ' 

Method | 

.Mod.' J 

Metonomy, M 

Mm ite— circumstantial 
Misdemeanor— crime . . 

Model— patters 

.Modern - recent 

Modulation — emphasis. 
Monarchs— sovereigns. . 
Monolith— obelisk. .... 

Moral— intellectual 

Moral powers, M . vi. 

Moslems— Turks rivi 

Motives— principles xvi. 

Multitudes— swarms xviii 

M iskets — guns xxxviii 

Mutual— reciprocal xv. 



33, 30 

4:*. :u 

21. 34 

3. 31 
18, 15 

21.41 

36, 19 
S 31 

10. -J I 
10. :» 
18, 15 

41 35 

17. 20 

13, j: 

12. 31 

1 i. 90 

18, 34 

38, 32 

25, 20 



xi. 12. :, 
38, 19 
21. 31 

6, 18 

15, 2 

10, 12 
20, 20 



KXVIll. 

. \ \ \ . 
. . .\iv. 
. . . x i. 
. .. .XV. 

. . xx xi. 






43, 19 



Named— called xvii. 

'\— requisite xii. 

sity j . . xii 

Need \ 

Need— wanl xiii. 

Neyertli 
Notwithstanding ) 

Nobles peers 

Notorious— glaring Xxii 

Oath— affirmation, xxvi 

Obelisk— monolith 

Object— design xin. 

ends AIW 

: I inns — comments. ..xxix. 

( fatacles— difficulties xxtx. 

( Obtain— procure ivi 

Obtruding— imposing \ xi. 

< toeau— main xxix. 

< teean — sea 

Offended— angry 

barge ixii 

On— upon wxiii. 

- ixvii. 

< >pen— break the seala of 

< Option- ' xv. 

< >r affix e|e. t . M xxvi. 

Orally, M 

Order clasi \' t>. 

Order— class— rank w. 

Outline— sketch sxii. 

« )\x nership— property xn. 

Pall idium, M txix. 

Panel (u .xiii 

Pannel j u * " xm " 

i v. 

Pardon forgive • 
Pardoning power- i 

I xlv. 

Pari I 
Portion ) 

Propounded | ""' 

Tati in ■>— inheritances . . .xii. 

Patron- client, U. xim. 

Pattern- model 

ists — tone, M. xi. 

I \ \ xiii. 

Peace— tranquillity 

I [uillity xix . 

People 

inhabitants \ vrl ri. 

People populace x \u. 

Perceh • 

Perfect complete 

Perfidious— tn acts 

Periods \ui. 

Permanent fixed 

permanent— lasting xviii. 

leave xv. 

instant mv. 

1 ' 
Plundered | 

Plat e — spot 

xii. 

Ponder— reflect 



. xxv 1 1 . 



.Will 



Q 

13, 21 
44. 12 

104, 14 

41, 18 

4-1. 33 

14, 19 
109, li 

5, n 

107. 11 
41 40 

1. 5 

108, 14 

11. 17 



INDEX. 



53 



xlvi. 
) 

-authority — strength • .iii. 
Power— 

- 8 m. 

Praetii -in- e istomfl ... x\i \. 

M xni 

Preamb lerived .xxix. 
Preamble, S x\i\. 

; Erases syn. 

Princip : x 

es, M v. 

Preparing S 

—qualification. I . 

x x v i 1 . 
—dictate \iv. 

indictment. . .xliii. 

strate, U . 
Principl 1,8 \i\. 

Prineip xvi. 

i If. XXV. 

Pi sa 

Proclaim— declare xvi. 

—obtain 

i Ivancmient. • • .vi. 

-fruitful \iv. 

ilcrum 

-right 

Proper!. - ? xii 

—adjourn fix. 

W 



lfare ixiv. 

xv. 

Pruden xxxi. 

Public domain — crown-la 

D 

Purpose— intention xxiv. 

Purpose— sake xv. 

i ation — prereqm 
I '. . xxvii. 

y x x \ in. 

i-h xiv 

x x i I 

Rank — 

al / 



I r, M 

; : 

Recess — abseno-, xxvi. 



xxix. 

Will. 

••IT. 



35, 18 

13, 11 

■:. l- 
3, i 

h\ 26 
41. 33 

].-.. ao 
1 1. ao 

3, :> 
H IT 
4'. 43 

33, 19 

•Jl. 36 

12, 27 

22, 19 



3T. 30 

II, 31 

4. 16 

31. 34 



tl— mutual \ 

j : . \ \ 15, 18 

XIV 

! ; - , , - 

Re/tect— ponder ixia 

declined rvil 

Regal— kingly iviil 

. . ,- 

! \ ; \ 

Relinquish -quil \; 

Remuneration— compensation 

H 31 

Renewed ) . ,. 

Renowned — famous xr 

1 1 J I 

Requirement — demand n 

Requisite— net - ....xii. n. 19 

Resolutions— matters, «1. cxiii. i i, 26 

Restricted | xv u - B 

Restrainmenl — suppression \ 

ibed >...xv. 19, 18 

: -k.-pt \\. 1- 93 

Revered— venerated u 

Revolutionary— transitional, 

'" ' XXII. 

M in. 14. -J 

Right, S x.v 

Riirht— due xiii. -Jo. 11 

Right— proper xm\. 32, 34 

Rights— claims xii. IJO, 14 

- v— strictly iii 

RioCs— insurrections xxxiii. T4. 38 

Robbery— depredation xv. 23, 19 

Ruin — destruction ix. 13, T 

Ruin— destruction xxw i. 15, 38 

Rule -law xxviii. 3,31 

Ruled— | \iii. 18, 15 

Sabbath. M xii. 0, 11 

Sacredness (whence derived), .xii. 33, 19 

\ »■ 

Sake— purpose \ 

Salaries— emoluments vm 33,94 

Support I X% 1L J 

Sanctioned— countenanced .. xv 3, 1- 
XV| 11 It. Jl 

i derived from) . ..ii. 7, 8 

art 

-literary. U I 

iii xwi l". 36 

Beeurity— bail 

9 rni pr- ti\ barbaroui M riii 

3 

- 



54 



INDEX. 



u*. a. p. 

Sentient (whence derived) vi. 4, 5 

Separate— distinct X. 30, 9 

Sept— tribe xxxi. 14, 36 

Series— course xxix. 2"), 34 

Service— duty xxviii. 16, 31 

Several— different xxvii. 23, 30 

Several— various x. 37,* !> 

Sheep, Q xlv. 23, 41 

Bheriff, M xlii. 24, 40 

Ships— vessels xv. 32, 19 

Sight— presence, U xxviii. 41, 32 

Signification— meaning ■•• .xxix. 18,34 

Si <rni tied— denoted x. 35, '•> 

Similar— like xviii. 26, 22 

Sketch— outline xxii. 2, 25 

Slight— disregard xiv. 19, 17 

Societies, M xiii. :i 1 1 

Soil, S XX. 

Sovereigns— monarch! xv. 6» 18 

Speeeh— debate v\iv. I 

Speedy— quick xxviii. 20, :<l 

Spot— place xxiv. 16, 27 

State— commonwealth ... .xxviii. 

States, M xiii. B 1 1 

Status quo, u XV. 13, 18 

Statutes— laws xiii. 

Statutes— laws XXVii. 

Step. M. xii. 78, 13 

st.p (prefix] -father, M xii. 77, 13 

Story, s i\ 

SirenL.Mii authority — power . iii. - 

Strength— power xiv. 

Strengthening— developing — 

elevating, iv. 'A. I 

Strictly — rigorously xiii. 96, M 

Subject, s vii. :t. 6 

Subject —citizen xxxvi. 

Subsisting— exifting xviii. n 2] 

Subterfuge— evasion xv. 

Supported home win. . 

Suppressing— extending, U v. 3, 3 

Suppression — restrainment . . . \\. 

Surrender— cede xv. 

Surrounding— encompassing xvii. l. 90 

Swarms— multitudes xviii. i 

Swords— brands xxix. 49, 35 

Sworn— affirmed, V xiii. 35, 40 

Synonym— definition, U i. 10, S 

System— form xix. 10, 2\! 

Talesmen, M xliv. 42, 41 

Taught— instructed xiv, 25, 17 

Taxes— duties XXxiii. 36, 37 

Tear— cut, U xlvi. 32, 42 

Temporary) . _ 

Transient i XX1% ]1 -' 

Term— word xvi. 2, 20 

Testimony— witness xxvii, 4J. 30 

That, a xliv. 30, 41 

Ticket— ballot xxviii. 3!», 32 

Times — seasons xv. 49, 20 

Tion (affix) capita-, M xxv. 23, 28 

Tone— emphasis— pause, M. ..vi. 1, 5 



l«. q. p. 

Tool— instrument xxi. 

Traffic— dealings xvii. 

Tranquillity— peace xii. 1 

Tranquillitv— peace xiv. 33, 17 

Trans (prefix) -mined, M xii. 

Transitional— revolutionary, i '. 
xxii 

Treacherous— perfidious xiv. 

Treatise— essay v. 

Trial — experience xx. ! 

Trih ■— sept xxxi. 14, 36 

Trivial— Ught xxi. 

True-faithful xlvi. 

Trust— confidence xlvi. I 

Turks— Moslems xlvi. 10, 4-J 

Ty (affix} notorie-, M xii. ! 

I ii pt«fi\ . M xii. 111. 14 

In prefix )• aided. M Xii. 113, 14 

In prefix limited, M vii. 

Und( r— beneath xv. 35, l ( .) 

ing— infallible xiii. 

mm — i qual xiv. 

Union— coalesi ence iv. 17, 18 

Union— confederation xxvil. 

Unjust— illegal xlv. 50, n 

I n offending— inoflending . ...xv. 

M vii. HI, I 

Upon— on xxviii. 

1 1 om xv 

- -custom xiv. 90, it 

l employ 

ity.8..., xii. 

Vanquished— conquered xiv. 

Various— several x. 

Vasl enormous x\ i. 

Venerated 

—poetry . , 

Is— ships w. 

Vetoed, M xiii. I 

Vice prefix . M .\wi in. 96 

xxvi. 17,28 

\ ei — it tides— changes xvii. 17. 21 

Vote I "IT, 

Voters— juries, Q, xlv. 17 n 

Want— need \, 

Way- manner \xm: 

Weakness— infirmity 

Weapons— arms XXVii 

Welfare— prosperity xxii 

Whole, u i\ 

Wills — devises \,, pi- ] } 

Wisdom — prudence xxxi 21, SI 

Witness — testimony XXVii. 41. 30 

Word— term 

Work, P | 

Writ of error, Q xxxix. IS, 39 

Wrongs— ahuses, U xxi. 17 1 1 

Wrongs— grievances xxviii. 8, 31 




REC 



The following comprise the opinions of all who have examined 
the Author's Manuscript : 



St. Timothys Ha!!, Bait. < ! 

Dear Sir : — Harm? carefully perused a por- 
:he manuscript ropy «>f your Am-Tinn 
Manual, I takegreal pteaanre in expressing my 
ninr.riion that it will prove an instructive and 
m'ercstiiur manual for the youne. ami I 
book needed by teachers for imputing a c >r- 
- uientary knowledge of the laws of our 
republic. I cannot say more in its praise than 
that I hope to be able to adopt it as a text- 
book in the institution over which I preside. 
Verv respectfully, vour's, 

L VAN BOHKKLEN, Rector. 
To J. B. Burleurh. A 
Pre*, c '-rstiy. 

Baltimore, Dec. 1. 
I have had very great satisfacrion in 
minin? a considerable portion uf**A C *n 
ary on the Com 
inteuded for the instraction of j 

at Burleigh. 
The gTee.t utility of such a work m firmly iin- 

le inn Is of th 
it will be to make the future history of their 
country, a true api 
that £'■ on their hi 

■ every stone in that basis of our 
national lib*- aust be ev ■ 

all The pis te ex- 

cellent — and the a titrate— 

the an «n combining elegance of 

style with the I id precision ; 

and the whole present ins a clear .<nd at: ; 
elucidation of the pnnci| ire the 

soul of ^rter. -oid a vivid admoni- 

ali of the du:ies appertaining' I 
who enjoy the invaluahh living 

under . >n that noblest emanation 

of najfaspired tinman intellect. Could we but 
say of e*i 

has \te- nd in acconlance with the 

author 

• and full of promise would 
be our glance forward into inc. 

BELL, 
Formerly of Trin. ' 
Nov Principal of Cambridge Acad Md 

I concur in opinion with Professor 
as to the value of the above w.irk. 
J. V. 
Inventor of tht . 

>m oj Instruct 

1 fully concur with I 

Pnnnpal oj J 

I fully concur in the a*w»re n 

Prumr<al of Pul> School. A 

32 



:irur with the above gentlemen 
in their opmion of ::. - 

Acad. 
THOS I Mai 

E A. SIEKER, PnnajMii Ristrm I 

Public I 
NATH. H THAYBH, Instm- 

aiki BtBu Ijtttrts. | ■ //. Sc. 

JOHN GALVAN, i 

L VV. MKi 'ifute. 

wm ki.y.vv O nana, A can 1 . WasKn , D. C. 

From Pardon Dans, Author of a Prarftral 
Grammar, Youth's Rrpository, <fc. 
" Whenever we CS i a habit of 

thinking as shall induce in> ind re- 

for the conclnakio aimed nt. a great pro- 
portion of the business of education is attained 

o pro- 
mote this desirable habit as thai introduced by 
J. B Burlearj the Newton 

Univ. - Lmerican Manual, a work in 

which ally in 

man from In^ eon 
nectio. v and from his interest in 

our instituti ins, is in some measure ■ politi- 
cian. I of presenting the subjects 
v, in the highest, decree interesting and 
thorough, is applicable to the general pursuits 
ot; and 1 am happy to learn thai 
ithor contemplates preparing ■ m rim of 
-books, containing similar marginal and 
other • .limine mental and moral 
deration ol - the happiest results 
must accompany their use. and their general 
introduction cannot fail to elevate the standard 
of school education. ('. DAVIS. 

PrmciiKil of M-mn! 
Philadelphia, M 

From Wright's Casket of U 
"After a sal (^ the t Atmriew m 

MsassaV w < ; can truly say it is ■ work • 
skill and accuracy. The u 

scho<i!-r.Mini. I ; ' v,,r - 

I who find it 

difficu • '••"> »n 

their children or pa terpen 

. Manual To 

uman 

of iii this v. ■ ttood 

• I 

• coun- 



(55) 



[-'BRARY OF CONGRESS 

021 051 886 T 




